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Chapter 9
1) The document summarizes research on the nature and sources of prejudice. It defines prejudice as a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its members, supported by stereotypes. 2) Prejudice stems from social sources like social inequalities and socialization, motivational sources like feeling superior to outgroups, and cognitive sources like categorization and perception of distinctiveness. 3) The consequences of prejudice include self-perpetuating stereotypes through confirmation bias, and discrimination that can create self-fulfilling prophecies about the targeted groups.
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Chapter 9
- 1. Chapter Nine Prejudice: DislikingOthers Carol Saccaggi Psych 2C – Social Psychology 22-23 April 2013 1
- 2. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? Defining Prejudice Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members Prejudice is an attitude (a combination of feelings, inclinations to act and beliefs) Supported by stereotypes Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people Although stereotypes can be positive and true, they also result in overgeneralization 2
- 3. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? Defining Prejudice Discrimination Unjustified negative behaviour toward a group or its members Racism Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race Sexism Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given sex 3
- 4. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? Prejudice: Implicit and Explicit Dual attitude system Explicit Conscious Implicit Automatic Our actions don’t always match our beliefs/attitudes 4
- 5. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? 5 Racial Prejudice Is racial prejudice disappearing? South Africa: Study published in 2003 by Smith et al. compared young adults’ racial attitudes in 1995 and 1999. Some findings: • Small increase in tolerance, but not significant • English speaking whites less tolerant of racial differences than Black and Coloured participants • White individuals’ levels of tolerance increased more than those of Black individuals
- 6. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? Racial Prejudice Subtle forms of prejudice Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour have gone into “hiding” Labor market discrimination Patronization Avoiding criticisms Overpraising accomplishments 6
- 7. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? Racial Prejudice Automatic prejudice Involves primitive regions of the brain (amygdala) are associated with fear Critics note that unconscious associations may only indicate cultural assumptions, perhaps without prejudice 7
- 8. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? Gender Prejudice Gender stereotypes Strong gender stereotypes exist Members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotypes Most believe that men and women are different yet equal 8
- 9. What Is theNature and Power of Prejudice? Gender Prejudice Sexism: Benevolent and Hostile Attitudes toward women have changed rapidly Most see women as understanding, kind, and helpful (“women-are-wonderful effect”) Gender Discrimination Disappearing in democratic Western countries, but lives on in subtle forms Non-Western countries gender bias is still strong 9
- 11. Sources of Prejudice SocialSources •Social inequalities •Socialization •Institutional support Motivational sources •Frustration and aggression (scapegoat theory) •Social Identity Theory (Feeling superior) •Motivation to avoid prejudice Cognitive sources •Categorization •Distinctiveness •Attribution (just world hypothesis)
- 12. What Are theSocial Sources of Prejudice? Social Inequalities: Unequal Status and Prejudice Unequal status breeds prejudice (they are poor because they are not as good as I am) Social dominance orientation Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups Being in a dominant high-status position tends to promote this orientation and justification People high in social dominance tend to embrace prejudice 12
- 13. What Are theSocial Sources of Prejudice? Socialization Authoritarian personality Personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status Ethnocentricity Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups 13
- 14. What Are theSocial Sources of Prejudice? Socialization Religion and Prejudice In almost every country, leaders invoke religion to sanctify the present order Use of religion to support injustice helps explain a pair of findings concerning North American Christianity Church members express more racial prejudice than nonmembers Those professing traditional or fundamentalist Christian beliefs express more prejudice than those professing more progressive beliefs Remember that this is correlational, not causal 14
- 15. What Are theSocial Sources of Prejudice? Socialization Conformity If prejudice is socially accepted, many people will follow the path of least resistance and conform to the fashion If prejudice is not deeply ingrained in personality, then as fashions change and new norms evolve, prejudice can diminish 15
- 16. What Are theSocial Sources of Prejudice? Institutional Supports Government Schools Magazines and newspapers Face-ism Films and television
- 17. 2012 Big Movies: • Skyfall •The Dark Knight Rises • The Hobbit • The Twilight Saga 17 The Bechdel Test for Movies: 1) Two or more female characters (with names) 2) Talking to each other 3) About something other than a man
- 18. What Are theMotivational Sources of Prejudice? Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory Displaced aggression Hate crimes Realistic group conflict theory Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources 18
- 19. What Are theMotivational Sources of Prejudice? Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior to Others The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships We categorize We identify (ingroup) We compare (outgroup) 19
- 20. What Are theMotivational Sources of Prejudice? Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior to Others Ingroup bias Tendency to favor one’s own group Because of our social identifications, we conform to our group norms When our group succeeds, we feel better by identifying strongly with it 20
- 21. What Are theMotivational Sources of Prejudice? Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior to Others Need for status, self-regard, and belonging High status can only exist if someone else has low status Terror management People’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality 21
- 22. What Are theMotivational Sources of Prejudice? Motivation to Avoid Prejudice Motivation to avoid prejudice can lead people to modify their thoughts and actions Self-conscious people will feel guilt and try to inhibit their prejudicial response 22
- 23. What Are theCognitive Sources of Prejudice? Categorization: Classifying People into Groups Spontaneous categorization Social identity theory implies that those who feel their social identity keenly will concern themselves with correctly categorizing people as us or them Necessary for prejudice 23
- 24. What Are theCognitive Sources of Prejudice? Categorization: Classifying People into Groups Perceived Similarities and Differences Outgroup homogeneity effect Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members Own-race bias Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race 24
- 25. What Are theCognitive Sources of Prejudice? Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who Stand Out Distinctive people Feeds on self-consciousness Stigma consciousness Person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination 25
- 26. What Are theCognitive Sources of Prejudice? Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who Stand Out Vivid cases Given limited experience with a particular social group, we recall examples of it and generalize Can prime the stereotype 26
- 27. What Are theCognitive Sources of Prejudice? Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who Stand Out Distinctive events Stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individuals’ presumed characteristics Attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create illusory correlations 27
- 28. What Are theCognitive Sources of Prejudice? Attribution: Is It a Just World? Group-serving bias Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions Just-world phenomenon Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get 28
- 29. What Are theConsequences of Prejudice? Self-Perpetuating Stereotypes Whenever a member of a group behaves as expected, we duly note the fact; our prior belief is confirmed When a member of a group behaves inconsistently with our expectation, we may interpret or explain away the behavior as due to special circumstances 29
- 30. What Are theConsequences of Prejudice? Self-Perpetuating Stereotypes Subtyping Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule” Subgrouping Accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group 30
- 31. What Are theConsequences of Prejudice? Discrimination’s Impact: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Social beliefs can be self-confirming Prejudice affects its targets 31
- 32. What Are theConsequences of Prejudice? Figure 9.10 32 Stereotype Threat Disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
- 33. What Are theConsequences of Prejudice? Do Stereotypes Bias Judgment of Individuals? Yes, but people often evaluate individuals more positively than the groups they compose Strong Stereotypes Matter Stereotypes Bias Interpretations Affect how events are interpreted We evaluate people more extremely when their behavior violates our stereotypes 33