The document discusses several theories of personality: 1. It describes temperament theory which proposes four fundamental personality types - sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic - and the possibility of mixtures. 2. It defines extraverts, introverts, and ambiverts - those with a balance of extravert and introvert traits. 3. It outlines the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator which assesses personality preferences in four dimensions: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. 4. It summarizes Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality being shaped by unconscious forces and childhood experiences, divided into the id

2. Personality
• Is the sum total of all the factors of
physique and constitution and all
enduring, underlying tendencies that
determine the characteristics behavior
of a person.
• Also prefers to the acquired habits of
an individual, or the characteristic
ways in which he does things.

3. Personality types

4. Temperament
• Four temperaments is a proto-
psychological theory that suggests that there
are four fundamental personality
types, sanguine (enthusiastic, active, and
social), choleric (short-tempered, fast, or
irritable), melancholic (analytical, wise, and
quiet), and phlegmatic (relaxed and peaceful).
Most formulations include the possibility of
mixtures of the types where individual share
two or more temperaments.

5. Extravert
Introvert
and

8. Ambivert
A person who has a balance
Of extrovert and introvert features
In their personality.

9. The 16 MBTI personality Types

10. The 16 MBTI personality Types
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) Step I is based on
Carl Jung’s theory of psychological type. It indicates your
personality preferences in four dimensions:
Where you focus your attention –Extraversion(E) or
Introversion(I)
The way you take in information – Sensing (S) or iNtuition (N)
How you make decisions – Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)
How you deal with the world – Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)

12. Theories of Personality

13. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory,
1. Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory of personality is
somewhat controversial and is based on three main
assumptions:
1. Personality is governed by unconscious forces
that we cannot control.
2. Childhood experiences play a significant role in
determining adult personality.
3. Personality is shaped by the manner in which
children cope with sexual urges.

14. • Freud argued that personality is divided into three structures:
1. The id is “ the primitive, instinctive component of
personality that operates according to the pleasure principle”.
2. The ego is “the decision-making component of personality
that operates according to the reality principle”.
3. The superego is “the moral component of personality that
incorporates social standards about what represents right and
wrong”.

16. • The id, ego and superego are arranged into
different layers of awareness including:
1. The conscious layer – this includes
thoughts or feelings we are fully aware of.
2. The preconscious layer – this includes
information just beneath the surface of our
awareness.
3. The unconscious layer – this includes
thoughts, memories, feelings and desires
that we are not aware of, but that greatly
influence our behavior (see Figure 2.2).

18. • Personality development:
– Freud believed that the basic elements of adult
personality are in place by age five and result
from the outcome of five psychosexual
stages.
– In each stage, children must cope with distinct
immature sexual urges that influence adult
personality.
– Fixation results if the child fails to move
forward from one stage to another, and is
usually caused by excessive gratification, or
frustration of needs at a particular stage.

20. 2. Jung’s Analytical Psychology.
• Jung also focused on the role of the
unconscious in shaping personality.
• However, he argued that the unconscious is
comprised of two layers:
1. The personal unconscious (this contains
the same material as Freud’s unconscious
layer), and
2. The collective unconscious – this contains
traces of memories, shared by the entire
human race, inherited from our ancestors.

21. • The collective unconscious does not contain
memories of distinct, personal experiences.
• Rather, it contains archetypes – “emotionally
charged images and thought forms that have
universal meaning”.
• Jung was also the first to describe the:
– Introverted (inner-directed), and the
– Extroverted (outer-directed) personality types.