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Psychology_Personality
- 1. PERSONALITY
- 3. Personality is an all-inclusive term that covers appearances, abilities, motives, emotional reactivity and experiences that have shaped a person to his/her present person
- 4. Origin of Personality 1. Heredity 2. Environment
- 5. Characteristics of Personality 1. Physical - bodily built, height, weight, texture of the skin, shape of the lips, etc.
- 6. Characteristics of Personality 2. Mental - range of ideas, mental alertness and ability to reason, to conceptualize, etc.
- 7. Characteristics of Personality 3. Emotional - one's temperament, moods, prejudices, bias, emotional response, like aggressiveness, calmness, etc.
- 8. Characteristics of Personality 4. Social - relations with other people, likes, dislikes, social responsiveness, concern for others, etc.
- 9. Characteristics of Personality 5. Moral - one's positive or negative adherence to the dos and don'ts of his society, his value systems, moral principle, etc.
- 10. Characteristics of Personality 6. Spiritual - one's faith, beliefs, philosophy of life, etc.
- 11. Factors of Personality Development 1. Inherited Predisposition This means that we are only predisposed, through heredity, to develop patterns of personality which are not set or fixed but which are only tendencies.
- 12. Factors of Personality Development 2. Abilities These, too, may be inherited or acquired. One's intelligence, inherited through genes and honed by various experiences, makes one's abilities distinctly one's own.
- 13. Factors of Personality Development 3. Family and Home Environment These play a most vital role in personality development. One's early associations are in the home. As the individual matures, the influence of the family group in emotional responses, attractiveness, outlook, religious affiliations, etc. cannot be overemphasized.
- 14. Factors of Personality Development 4. Culture The setup of families is shaped by culture. This is the model which the family consciously or unconsciously fits the personality of the child. It is transmitted through language, mores, traditions, belief of groups or individuals.
- 16. Aspects of Personality I. Constitutional Type or Type Theories A. Physique or Body Types a. Hippocrates - Greek physician who suggested that there were four “humours,” or basic substances in the body— blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm
- 18. b. Galen - Roman physician who identified four personality types, each involving an overabundance of one of the humours active and confident quick to anger and violence sad and depressed slow moving and emotionally flat
- 20. c. William Sheldon He bases his theory in the three layers of tissues in the human embryo— the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
- 21. Endomorph- is fat or tends towards roundedness, heaviness and a preponderance of visceral development Mesomorph- is well-proportioned, and well-muscled or tends towards stockiness Ectomorph- is thin or tends towards a long, stringy, and skinny body
- 22. B. Behavior Jung's Personality Theory - separated individual into two types: introverts and extroverts - developed by Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Carl Jung
- 23. introverts - They are withdrawn and tend to avoid social contact. - Their orientation tend to be inward toward self. - They tend to run away from reality and are often governed by absolute standards and principles and lack flexibility and adaptability. - They are preoccupied with own thoughts.
- 24. extroverts - They are outgoing and trying to interact with people as often as possible. - They are sociable, men of action, whose motives are conditioned by external events. - They have the tendency to direct the personality outward rather than inward the self. - They often accommodate readily to new situations and directly oriented by objective data.
- 25. II. Trait Theories Traits - are elements of personality that are inferred from behavior Traits are important and enduring qualities of a person. We use trait words all the time to describe others and ourselves.
- 26. TRAITS moody rigid pessimistic unsociable passive thoughful controlled even tempered sociable talkative easygoing carefree touchy aggressive changeable optimistic anxious sober reserved quiet careful peaceful reliable calm outgoing responsive lively active restless excitable impulsive
- 27. A. Allport's Trait Theory Allport recognized that each person has certain consistent aspects, or “predisposition to respond to environmental stimuli in certain ways.” - developed by Gordon Allport
- 28. Levels of Trait According to Allport 1. Cardinal Traits - dominate and shape an individual’s behavior - known as the individual’s master control
- 29. Levels of Trait According to Allport 2. Central Traits - general characteristics found in varying degrees in every person (such as loyalty, kindness, agreeableness, friendliness, sneakiness, wildness, or grouchiness) - the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior
- 30. Levels of Trait According to Allport 3. Secondary Traits - not quite as obvious or consistent as central traits - only present under specific circumstances - include things like preferences and attitudes
- 32. B. Cattell's Trait Theory
- 35. III. Psychodynamic A. Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious Sigmund Freud - the father of psychoanalysis
- 36. Freud's Psychodynamic Theory - emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences, repressed thoughts that we cannot voluntarily access, and the conflicts between conscious and unconscious forces that influence our thoughts and behaviors
- 37. conscious - the region in brain that poked through into the light of awareness Conscious thoughts are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment. Freud theorized that our conscious thoughts are only a small part of our total mental activity, much of which involves unconscious thoughts or forces.
- 38. preconscious - contains elements of experience that are presently out of awareness but are made conscious simply by focusing on them - not present in consciousness but capable of being recalled without encountering repression
- 39. unconscious - a region of the brain that is shrouded in mystery Some unconscious urges cannot be experienced consciously because mental images and words could not portray them in all their color and fury. Other unconscious urges may be kept below the surface by repression.
- 40. B. The Structure of Personality
- 41. C. Stages of Psychosexual Development
- 49. -the end-
- 50. IV. Learning Theories A. Anxiety Theory - developed by Karen Horney, an American psychoanalyst who revised some of Freud's theories and gave greater attention to cultural influences
Editor's Notes
- - refers to the totality of one's physical or inherited attributes as well as those psychological factors that determine one's characteristic behavior
- 1. Heredity Genetic factors influence the level of arousal of the brain and the autonomic nervous system, and that arousal levels in turn alter social behavior. 2. Environment Many researchers believe that much of the variations among people's personalities relate to the unshared environment, the aspect of environment that differ from one individual to another, even within a family. Unshared environment, becaue of its idiosyncratic nature, is very difficult to investigate.
- For example, if one's parents have "strong personalities," one is more predisposed to develop also "strong personality." Whether this is due to heredity or environment is not the issue. predispose- incline, influence, affected heredity- the natural process by which physical and mental qualities are passed from a parent to a child
- ability -the power or skill to do something -the state of being able especially physical, mental -competence in doing something -natural or acquired proficiency gene- a part of a cell that controls or influences the appearance or growth of a living thing
- Examples: 1. If the parents are strict with time, the child would give importance to the value of time as well. 2. If the siblings get to tease each other, the tendency is that each child will also tease others of their same age level.
- Culture - the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time - a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization mores - habits, manners -customs, values, and behaviors that are accepted by a particular group, culture The culture of a place is as different as the people that comprise it. The cultural patterns of the Americans are different from those of the Filipinos because of geographical boundaries, climate, and practices. The personality of a Filipino who goes abroad would be different from those of the Americans but after quite a time, the Filipino may learn to adopt to the ways and beliefs of the people there and these in a way, alter his personlity.
- Personality theories seek to explain how people acquire distinctive patterns of behavior and to predict how people with certain patterns will respond to life's demand. Because personality is so complex, we need a guiding framework to distinguish their categories. A personality theory is a system of assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality system.
- hiPOcratis constitutional -basic; fundamental -of or relating to the health and strength of a person's body substance -a material of a particular kind -the quality of being meaningful, useful, or important -essential nature, essence -fundamental characteristic part or quality -physical material from which something is made or which has discrete existence -property
- GEY len sanguine -confident, hopeful, optimistic -marked by sturdiness, high color, and cheerfulness choleric -made angry easily; irritable -easily moved to often unreasonable or excessive anger; hot-tempered melancholic -very sad; depressed -having a sad mood or feeling -tending to depress the spirit phlegmatic -not easily upset, excited, or angered -having or showing a slow and stolid (showing little or no emotion) temperament flat- dull; spiritless (walang buhay); tasteless (food)
- touchy- easily hurt or upset impulsive- tending to do things suddenly
- tissue- an aggregate (collection) of cells usually of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of an organism While all three are present in an individual, one may predominate over the others. One well-known type classified people into three somatotypes, namely mesomorph, ectomorph, and endomorph based on physique.
- preponderance- a greater amount of something stocky- short and heavy or broad stringy- having thin, long muscle Some researchers, in an effort to explain Sheldon's findings, have argued that physique and personality must be correlated simply because of the kinds of experiences different people have. -An endomorph or an overweight person may find vigorous sports uncomfortable and thus may avoid them. -A mesomorph may excel at sports and therefore take part in them frequently. -An ectomorph may learn at an early change that he is weaker than other children and consequently may become fearful and introverted.
- withdrawn- very quiet and usually shy: not talking much to other people inward - of or relating to a person's mind or spirit -directed or moving toward the inside of something preoccupied - thinking about something a lot or too much absolute -perfect; complete and total
- objective - based on facts rather than feelings or opinions
- rigid- matatag aggressive- mapusok sober- mahinahon carefree- walang inaalala; masaya lang
- Example: What might make one person angry might make another person laugh because of the way the two people are predisposed to respond, or because of their personality. predisposition- manner of behaving in a particular way
- 1. Allport argued that some people have no cardinal traits. For a trait to be cardinal, it must be the overriding factor in a person's life. For example, hatred may hav been a cardinal trait of Adolf Hitler, and love for the poor is a cardinal trait of Mother Teresa. (Hitler initiated WW II)
- 2. They are less enduring and less general than are cardinal traits, but they are nonetheless important to us all. According to Allport, these traits are the basic units that makeup personality. Surprisingly few central traits are enough to capture the essence of a person. Allport found that when college students were asked to write a description of a person whom they knew well, they tended to mention on an average only 7.2 central traits.
- 3. In fact, Allport often used the term attitudes rather than secondary traits. Examples of secondary traits might be liking to watch old movies, attending baseball games frequently, and putting off work until almost too late. These secondary traits explain why a person may at times exhibit behaviors that seem incongruent with their usual behaviors. For example, a friendly person gets angry when people try to tickle him; another is not an anxious person but always feels nervous speaking publicly.
- enneagram- a nine-sided figure used in a particular system of analysis to represent the spectrum of possible personality types - is a description of the human psyche which is principally understood and taught as a typology of nine interconnected personality types 1. PERFECTIONIST - conscientious, rational, critical, and rigid (matibay; maigting) 2. GIVER - emphatic, demonstrative, can be intrusive and manipulative 3. PERFORMER - competitive, efficient, Type A, obsessed with image 4. ROMANTIC - creative, melancholic, attracted to the unavailable 5. OBSERVER - emotionally remote, detached from people and feelings; private, wise 6. QUESTIONER - plagued by doubt, loyal, fearful, always watching for signs of danger 7. EPICURE - sensual, cheery, childlike, reluctant to commit epicure- a person who appreciates fine food and drink sensual- relating to, or devoted to, or producing physical or sexual pleasure 8. BOSS - authoritarian, coBAtive, protective, take-charge, loves a good fight 9. MEDIATOR - patient, stable, comforting; may tune out reality with alcohol, food or TV
- When you put the source traits together along with other variables in the environment they make up the surface traits, which are the traits we see and think of as personality. For example, being altruistic (helpful to other people and lacks of selfishness) would be a surface trait while source traits that comprise this would be being unselfish, not greedy, sharing, and being thoughtful. A surface trait is comprised of the source traits that can be observed in an individual and are easily observable and common clusters of behavior. Cattell considered source traits to be more influential than surface traits in studying personality.
- Out of the personality test na ginawa (16 PF), may 16 personality factors (source traits) shrewd -having or showing an ability to understand things and to make good judgments -mentally sharp or clever
- These traits can be measured by means of his Sixteen-Personality Factors Scale. The "16 PF" is frequently used in psychological research that explores differences between groups and individuals. paranoia- a serious mental illness that causes you to falsely believe that other people are trying to harm you
- PSYCHODYNAMIC- the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states -explanaton or interpretation (as of behavior or mental states) in terms of mental or emotional forces or processes -motivational forces acting especially at the unconscious level psychoanalysis -a method of explaining and treating mental and emotional problems by having the patient talk about dreams, feelings, memories, etc.
- repressed - having feelings or desires that are not allowed to be expressed - stopped from being expressed or remembered
- poke- to stick out so that a part can be seen
- - the thoughts which are unconscious at the particular moment in question, but which are not repressed and are therefore available for recall and easily 'capable of becoming conscious
- - contains biological instincts such as sex and aggression - something that is not understood or beyond understanding Unconscious forces represent wishes, desires, or thoughts that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access. instinct -a natural ability -something you know without learning it or thinking about it -a way of behaving, thinking, or feeling that is not learned: a natural desire or tendency that makes you want to act in a particular way repress -to not allow yourself to remember something
- iceberg- a very lare piece of ice floating in the ocean 1. id- is present at birth - represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious - its goal is to pursue pleasure and satisfy the biological drives - operates according to the pleasure principle The pleasure principle operates to satisfy drives and avoid pain, without concern for moral restriction or society's regulations. You can think of the id as a spoiled child who operates in a totally selfish, pleasure-seeking way, without regard for reason, logic, or morality. 2. ego- begins to develop during the first year of life -stands for reason and good sense -curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are compatible with social convention so that a person can find gratification yet avert the censure of others The id lets you know that you are hungry; the ego formulates the idea of walking to the refrigerator, warming up some enchiladas, and pouring a glass of milk. The ego's goal is to find safe and socially acceptable ways of satisfying the id's desires and t negotiate between the id's wants and the superego's prohibitions. 3. superego- develops throughout the early childhood - incorporates the moral standards and value of parents and important members of the community through idenification -holds forth shining examples of an ideal self and also acts like the conscience, an internal moral guardian -monitors the intentions of the ego and hands out judgment of right and wrong -floods the ego with feelings of guilt and shame when the verdict is negative
- According to Freud, our personality develops as we pass through a series of five psychosexual stages. Psychosexual stages are 5 developmental periods- the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages- during which the individual seeks pleasure from different areas of the body associated with sexua feelings. Freud emphasized that the child's first five years are most important in personality development. psychosexual- of or relating to the mental, emotional, and behavioral aspects of sexual development gratification - satisfaction; pleasure 1. oral stage - gratification from oral behaviors, such as sucking, biting, and chewing - conflict over weaning (detaching from a source of dependence)
- 2. anal stage - gratification from defecation (discharging waste or feces from the bowels)
- 3. phallic stage - gratification from genital stimulation - resolution of the oedipus complex genital- of or relating to the sexual organs
- -a sexual desire that a child feels toward the parent of the opposite sex along with jealous feelings towards the parent of the same sex Oedipus- the son of Laius and Jocasta who in fulfillment of an oracle unknowingly kills his father and marries his mother
- 4. latency stage - sexual impulses repressed (stopped) - development of friendship
- 5. genital stage - gratification from genital stimulation - development of intimate relationships
- She was a pioneer in the development of feminine psychology. As its central concept, Freud says that social influences in the development of the child. These include parental threats and dominion, tension and conflict between parents, being required to do too much or being mistrusted, by criticism, coldness, indifference, etc. which the child deals with in certain ways forming a pattern of "neurotic needs."