This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality psychology. It begins with definitions of key personality-related concepts like traits, temperament, and types. It then outlines four main categories of personality theory: trait theories, psychoanalytic theory, social-cognitive theories, and humanistic theories. For each category, several influential theorists are described along with their key concepts and models of personality. Trait theorists discussed include Jung, Eysenck, and Cattell. Freud's psychoanalytic concepts of the id, ego, and superego are explained. Bandura's social learning theory and Rotter's locus of control are reviewed as social-cognitive approaches. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' self-
Traits theory, its contributions and its limitations to predict human differe...Bernard Ah Thau Tan
The document discusses several theories of personality traits proposed by prominent psychologists. Gordon Allport identified thousands of traits which Raymond Cattell later condensed into 16 primary factors using factor analysis. Hans Eysenck classified traits into psychoticism, introversion-extroversion, and emotional stability. Goldberg and Costa & McCrae further simplified trait theory into the Big Five factors of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. While trait theories allow for predicting behavior and classifying individuals, they are limited as they assume personality is fixed and do not fully explain why people behave differently or allow for personality changes. An integrated model that combines aspects of the various theories may provide a more comprehensive understanding
Indigenous,cultural,and cross cultural psychologyDINGJINGYAN
This document discusses indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology by analyzing culture, ecology and cultural adaptation, epistemology, and phenomenology. It describes three approaches to explaining cultural differences - universalist, contextualist, and integrationist. The integrationist approach involves either indigenizing theories from without through external imposition, or from within through an indigenous bottom-up approach. Culture is analyzed using either a derived etic top-down approach or an indigenous bottom-up approach. Ecology and human adaptation to the environment also influence cultural differences. Epistemology and phenomenology vary widely across cultures. The document advocates for indigenous psychologies to develop theories internally and understand phenomena from an insider perspective rather than imposing external frameworks.
Raymond cattle personality theory and biographyHAMZAMUGHAL59
In psychology, trait theory (also called dis-positional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states, which are more transitory dispositions.
Positive psychology is a new approach in psychology that studies human strengths and virtues that enable thriving, in contrast to the traditional focus on pathology and disease; it examines positive subjective experiences, individual traits, and institutions using a scientific approach; and suggests ways to increase happiness through cultivating gratitude, optimism, character strengths, and flow states.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. As a science, psychology is systematic, empirical, and relies on measurement. It studies both observable behaviors as well as internal processes like thinking and feelings which can be inferred from behavior. Psychology examines concepts like thoughts, motivations, emotions, and beliefs from an objective and measurable perspective. It is distinguished from pseudosciences like astrology, numerology, phrenology, and palmistry which claim to predict events or personality traits through supernatural or unscientific means.
This document discusses psychological assessment and tests. It describes the development and types of psychological tests, including intelligence tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, achievement tests, aptitude tests, personality tests like the MMPI, and projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test. It also outlines the nurse's role in psychological assessment, which includes educating patients, observing behaviors, and documenting changes.
Behavioral assessment refers to understanding behavior by examining antecedents and consequences. It uses methods like interviews, observation, self-monitoring, and role-playing to understand stimuli, responses, and reinforcement. Contemporary approaches also evaluate cognitions. Behavioral assessment provides accurate data but can be time-consuming and subject to bias.
Traits theory, its contributions and its limitations to predict human differe...Bernard Ah Thau Tan
The document discusses several theories of personality traits proposed by prominent psychologists. Gordon Allport identified thousands of traits which Raymond Cattell later condensed into 16 primary factors using factor analysis. Hans Eysenck classified traits into psychoticism, introversion-extroversion, and emotional stability. Goldberg and Costa & McCrae further simplified trait theory into the Big Five factors of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. While trait theories allow for predicting behavior and classifying individuals, they are limited as they assume personality is fixed and do not fully explain why people behave differently or allow for personality changes. An integrated model that combines aspects of the various theories may provide a more comprehensive understanding
Indigenous,cultural,and cross cultural psychologyDINGJINGYAN
This document discusses indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology by analyzing culture, ecology and cultural adaptation, epistemology, and phenomenology. It describes three approaches to explaining cultural differences - universalist, contextualist, and integrationist. The integrationist approach involves either indigenizing theories from without through external imposition, or from within through an indigenous bottom-up approach. Culture is analyzed using either a derived etic top-down approach or an indigenous bottom-up approach. Ecology and human adaptation to the environment also influence cultural differences. Epistemology and phenomenology vary widely across cultures. The document advocates for indigenous psychologies to develop theories internally and understand phenomena from an insider perspective rather than imposing external frameworks.
Raymond cattle personality theory and biographyHAMZAMUGHAL59
In psychology, trait theory (also called dis-positional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states, which are more transitory dispositions.
Positive psychology is a new approach in psychology that studies human strengths and virtues that enable thriving, in contrast to the traditional focus on pathology and disease; it examines positive subjective experiences, individual traits, and institutions using a scientific approach; and suggests ways to increase happiness through cultivating gratitude, optimism, character strengths, and flow states.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. As a science, psychology is systematic, empirical, and relies on measurement. It studies both observable behaviors as well as internal processes like thinking and feelings which can be inferred from behavior. Psychology examines concepts like thoughts, motivations, emotions, and beliefs from an objective and measurable perspective. It is distinguished from pseudosciences like astrology, numerology, phrenology, and palmistry which claim to predict events or personality traits through supernatural or unscientific means.
This document discusses psychological assessment and tests. It describes the development and types of psychological tests, including intelligence tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, achievement tests, aptitude tests, personality tests like the MMPI, and projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test. It also outlines the nurse's role in psychological assessment, which includes educating patients, observing behaviors, and documenting changes.
Behavioral assessment refers to understanding behavior by examining antecedents and consequences. It uses methods like interviews, observation, self-monitoring, and role-playing to understand stimuli, responses, and reinforcement. Contemporary approaches also evaluate cognitions. Behavioral assessment provides accurate data but can be time-consuming and subject to bias.
This study aimed to identify student teachers' attributions for failing a Teaching English to Young Learners course at a Turkish university where failure rates were high. Data was collected through attribution questionnaires, locus of control scales, and interviews with 21 failing and 21 passing students. The results showed that failing students attributed their failure to internal factors like poor study skills and a preference for practical lessons over theoretical content, as well as external factors like unclear exam instructions, a difficult course workload, and crowded classes. Most failing students reported having an external locus of control and performance-focused achievement goals. The researchers suggested interventions to help students develop better study strategies and a more internal locus of control to improve outcomes.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human strengths and optimal functioning. It emerged in response to the focus of traditional psychology on pathology and what can go wrong in life. Some key aspects covered in the document include:
- The field was founded by Martin Seligman and focuses on cultivating strengths and living a meaningful life.
- Techniques aim to help clients identify their signature strengths and apply them through storytelling.
- Goals of positive psychotherapy include increasing happiness, meaning, and changing negative thought patterns.
- Some criticisms argue positive psychology overlooks cultural contexts and favors a Western perspective of well-being.
The document provides an overview of psychological research methods. It defines research as systematic inquiry aimed at understanding human behavior and mental processes. Various research methods are described, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Key aspects of the research process like developing hypotheses, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, ensuring reliability and validity, and addressing ethical considerations are summarized.
This document provides an overview of psychopathology and the history of defining mental health and illness. It discusses how abnormal behavior and psychology have been defined. Throughout history, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demon possession. Hippocrates first proposed a biological explanation for abnormal behaviors and thinking. The rise of hospitals and more humane treatment methods occurred in the 18th-19th centuries. Defining mental health and illness remains difficult due to variability between individuals and cultures. Studying psychopathology is important for various mental health professionals to better understand and treat disorders.
A seminar presentation I'd made for as part of my post-grad psych curriculum. Technically Jung and Alder being here is a problem for some, but it was what the faculty wanted added.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality. Some key points:
1. Freud believed personality is determined by unconscious drives and develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. Fixation in a stage can result in neurosis.
2. The psyche is divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, ego on reality, and superego on morality.
3. Defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization protect the ego from anxiety by distorting unconscious urges brought up from the id.
4. Psychoanalytic therapy uses techniques like free association and dream analysis to make the unconscious conscious, interpret transference
The document discusses several theories of personality:
1. Trait theories attempt to identify personality traits and how they relate to behavior.
2. Psychoanalytic theories focus on internal conflicts and struggles within personality.
3. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator identifies personal preferences to assist with self-understanding.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality comprises the id, ego, and superego, which represent unconscious drives, reality-based functioning, and internalized morality, respectively. Jung identified two personality types - introvert and extrovert - based on whether one's attention is directed inward or outward. Cattell identified source and surface traits as well as the "Big Five" personality
The document provides information about Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr. Subasree Vanamali, who are professors and trainers in psychology in India. It then discusses several classic theories of personality type, including those proposed by Hippocrates, Sheldon, Kretschmer, and Jung. Hippocrates identified four temperaments - sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic. Sheldon categorized body types into endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Kretschmer linked physique to personality, and Jung distinguished between introversion and extroversion.
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Behavior can be overt and directly observed, or covert and not directly observed. Mental processes include internal experiences like sensations, thoughts, and feelings. Throughout history, various theories have emerged about the nature of the mind and how to study it. Early Greek philosophers proposed ideas about the seat of mental processes. Modern psychology aims to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior through scientific theories and methods. Major perspectives that developed include structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology.
Sigmund Freud and Classical PsychoanalysisMark Matthews
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud and classical psychoanalysis. It discusses some of Freud's core concepts like the constancy principle, psychosexual stages of development, the structural model of the id, ego and superego, and defense mechanisms like repression. It also outlines Freud's early phases of psychoanalysis using techniques like free association, interpretation, and analysis of transference.
Emotion is a complex phenomenon influenced by physiological and cognitive factors. It arises from both physical reactions in the body as well as conscious experiences. The document discusses several theories of emotion:
1. James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experience arises from physiological arousal.
2. Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously rather than one causing the other.
3. Schachter-Singer theory suggests emotion results from physiological arousal combined with cognitive interpretation of the arousal.
4. Cognitive theories like Lazarus' emphasize that appraisal and evaluation of situations determine emotional responses.
No single theory comprehensively explains emotions, but most agree both biological and environmental factors interact to
Health psychology is the study of how psychological, behavioral, and social factors influence health and illness. It applies principles of psychology to understand how the mind and body interact. Health psychologists work to promote well-being and prevent or treat illness using psychological and behavioral strategies. Stress is a major factor that can directly or indirectly impact health through behaviors and physiological responses. The body's reaction to stress is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, which triggers the fight-or-flight response. Chronic stress can negatively impact the immune system and increase risks of health issues like heart disease and cancer over time if not managed properly. Coping strategies like cognitive appraisal, social support, relaxation techniques, and physical activity can help moderate the effects of stress.
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
A short note about the concept of the psychological test; introduction, definition, characteristics, needs, classification, types, and some selected psychological tests.
This document summarizes several major trait theories of personality psychology. It describes Gordon Allport's theory that categorized traits into cardinal, central, and secondary levels. It also discusses Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factor theory that used factor analysis to identify 16 main traits. Additionally, it outlines the Big Five model proposed by Lewis Goldberg comprising the traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The document concludes by noting some common criticisms of trait theories, such as being descriptive rather than explanatory and underestimating situational influences on behavior.
WILL COVER
COMMON SENSE PSYCHOLOGY
CORRESPONDENT INFERENCE THEORY
COVARIENCE MODEL
CONSENSUS
CONSISTENCY
DISTINCTIVENESS
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
ACTOR OBSERVER EFFECT
SELF SERVING BIAS
AND APPLICATIONS
EASTERN PERSPECTIVES ON POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY.pptxSoumyaSao2
This document discusses Eastern perspectives on positive psychology from various Eastern philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and their influences. Some key points made are: Confucianism emphasizes virtues like humanity, wisdom and truthfulness. Taoism focuses on harmony between opposites and naturalness. Buddhism's four noble truths explain the cause of suffering and the eightfold path to end it. Hinduism emphasizes interconnectedness. While Eastern thought is more circular and collective, Western thought is linear and individualistic. However, both value compassion and harmony, which are important for positive psychology.
This document discusses theories and definitions of emotions. It defines emotions as agitated states of mind and body that lead to behavioral responses. Emotions have cognitive, feeling, and behavioral components and involve physiological arousal and social expression. They are influenced by factors like personality, culture, age, gender, environment and relationships. Theories discussed include evolutionary theory, which views emotions as adaptive; James-Lange theory, which claims emotions arise from physiological responses; Cannon-Bard theory, which says emotions and physiology occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, which is that arousal followed by cognitive labeling creates distinct emotions.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
This document discusses several theories of personality, including trait theories, psychoanalytic theory, and social-cognitive theories. It provides an overview of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and stages of personality development. Key figures in trait theory discussed include Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, and the "Big Five" model of personality traits.
Personality develops through stages from infancy to late adulthood according to major theorists like Freud, Erikson, Jung, and Rogers. Freud proposed the id, ego, and superego develop and interact, influencing personality. Erikson described stages of psychosocial development centered around existential questions. Jung proposed introversion/extroversion personality types. Rogers believed personality forms to reach one's potential through unconditional positive regard. Major theories also include trait, humanistic, social learning, and cognitive approaches.
This study aimed to identify student teachers' attributions for failing a Teaching English to Young Learners course at a Turkish university where failure rates were high. Data was collected through attribution questionnaires, locus of control scales, and interviews with 21 failing and 21 passing students. The results showed that failing students attributed their failure to internal factors like poor study skills and a preference for practical lessons over theoretical content, as well as external factors like unclear exam instructions, a difficult course workload, and crowded classes. Most failing students reported having an external locus of control and performance-focused achievement goals. The researchers suggested interventions to help students develop better study strategies and a more internal locus of control to improve outcomes.
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human strengths and optimal functioning. It emerged in response to the focus of traditional psychology on pathology and what can go wrong in life. Some key aspects covered in the document include:
- The field was founded by Martin Seligman and focuses on cultivating strengths and living a meaningful life.
- Techniques aim to help clients identify their signature strengths and apply them through storytelling.
- Goals of positive psychotherapy include increasing happiness, meaning, and changing negative thought patterns.
- Some criticisms argue positive psychology overlooks cultural contexts and favors a Western perspective of well-being.
The document provides an overview of psychological research methods. It defines research as systematic inquiry aimed at understanding human behavior and mental processes. Various research methods are described, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Key aspects of the research process like developing hypotheses, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, ensuring reliability and validity, and addressing ethical considerations are summarized.
This document provides an overview of psychopathology and the history of defining mental health and illness. It discusses how abnormal behavior and psychology have been defined. Throughout history, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demon possession. Hippocrates first proposed a biological explanation for abnormal behaviors and thinking. The rise of hospitals and more humane treatment methods occurred in the 18th-19th centuries. Defining mental health and illness remains difficult due to variability between individuals and cultures. Studying psychopathology is important for various mental health professionals to better understand and treat disorders.
A seminar presentation I'd made for as part of my post-grad psych curriculum. Technically Jung and Alder being here is a problem for some, but it was what the faculty wanted added.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality. Some key points:
1. Freud believed personality is determined by unconscious drives and develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. Fixation in a stage can result in neurosis.
2. The psyche is divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, ego on reality, and superego on morality.
3. Defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization protect the ego from anxiety by distorting unconscious urges brought up from the id.
4. Psychoanalytic therapy uses techniques like free association and dream analysis to make the unconscious conscious, interpret transference
The document discusses several theories of personality:
1. Trait theories attempt to identify personality traits and how they relate to behavior.
2. Psychoanalytic theories focus on internal conflicts and struggles within personality.
3. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator identifies personal preferences to assist with self-understanding.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality comprises the id, ego, and superego, which represent unconscious drives, reality-based functioning, and internalized morality, respectively. Jung identified two personality types - introvert and extrovert - based on whether one's attention is directed inward or outward. Cattell identified source and surface traits as well as the "Big Five" personality
The document provides information about Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr. Subasree Vanamali, who are professors and trainers in psychology in India. It then discusses several classic theories of personality type, including those proposed by Hippocrates, Sheldon, Kretschmer, and Jung. Hippocrates identified four temperaments - sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic. Sheldon categorized body types into endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Kretschmer linked physique to personality, and Jung distinguished between introversion and extroversion.
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Behavior can be overt and directly observed, or covert and not directly observed. Mental processes include internal experiences like sensations, thoughts, and feelings. Throughout history, various theories have emerged about the nature of the mind and how to study it. Early Greek philosophers proposed ideas about the seat of mental processes. Modern psychology aims to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior through scientific theories and methods. Major perspectives that developed include structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology.
Sigmund Freud and Classical PsychoanalysisMark Matthews
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud and classical psychoanalysis. It discusses some of Freud's core concepts like the constancy principle, psychosexual stages of development, the structural model of the id, ego and superego, and defense mechanisms like repression. It also outlines Freud's early phases of psychoanalysis using techniques like free association, interpretation, and analysis of transference.
Emotion is a complex phenomenon influenced by physiological and cognitive factors. It arises from both physical reactions in the body as well as conscious experiences. The document discusses several theories of emotion:
1. James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experience arises from physiological arousal.
2. Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously rather than one causing the other.
3. Schachter-Singer theory suggests emotion results from physiological arousal combined with cognitive interpretation of the arousal.
4. Cognitive theories like Lazarus' emphasize that appraisal and evaluation of situations determine emotional responses.
No single theory comprehensively explains emotions, but most agree both biological and environmental factors interact to
Health psychology is the study of how psychological, behavioral, and social factors influence health and illness. It applies principles of psychology to understand how the mind and body interact. Health psychologists work to promote well-being and prevent or treat illness using psychological and behavioral strategies. Stress is a major factor that can directly or indirectly impact health through behaviors and physiological responses. The body's reaction to stress is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, which triggers the fight-or-flight response. Chronic stress can negatively impact the immune system and increase risks of health issues like heart disease and cancer over time if not managed properly. Coping strategies like cognitive appraisal, social support, relaxation techniques, and physical activity can help moderate the effects of stress.
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
A short note about the concept of the psychological test; introduction, definition, characteristics, needs, classification, types, and some selected psychological tests.
This document summarizes several major trait theories of personality psychology. It describes Gordon Allport's theory that categorized traits into cardinal, central, and secondary levels. It also discusses Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factor theory that used factor analysis to identify 16 main traits. Additionally, it outlines the Big Five model proposed by Lewis Goldberg comprising the traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The document concludes by noting some common criticisms of trait theories, such as being descriptive rather than explanatory and underestimating situational influences on behavior.
WILL COVER
COMMON SENSE PSYCHOLOGY
CORRESPONDENT INFERENCE THEORY
COVARIENCE MODEL
CONSENSUS
CONSISTENCY
DISTINCTIVENESS
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
ACTOR OBSERVER EFFECT
SELF SERVING BIAS
AND APPLICATIONS
EASTERN PERSPECTIVES ON POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY.pptxSoumyaSao2
This document discusses Eastern perspectives on positive psychology from various Eastern philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and their influences. Some key points made are: Confucianism emphasizes virtues like humanity, wisdom and truthfulness. Taoism focuses on harmony between opposites and naturalness. Buddhism's four noble truths explain the cause of suffering and the eightfold path to end it. Hinduism emphasizes interconnectedness. While Eastern thought is more circular and collective, Western thought is linear and individualistic. However, both value compassion and harmony, which are important for positive psychology.
This document discusses theories and definitions of emotions. It defines emotions as agitated states of mind and body that lead to behavioral responses. Emotions have cognitive, feeling, and behavioral components and involve physiological arousal and social expression. They are influenced by factors like personality, culture, age, gender, environment and relationships. Theories discussed include evolutionary theory, which views emotions as adaptive; James-Lange theory, which claims emotions arise from physiological responses; Cannon-Bard theory, which says emotions and physiology occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, which is that arousal followed by cognitive labeling creates distinct emotions.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
This document discusses several theories of personality, including trait theories, psychoanalytic theory, and social-cognitive theories. It provides an overview of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and stages of personality development. Key figures in trait theory discussed include Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, and the "Big Five" model of personality traits.
Personality develops through stages from infancy to late adulthood according to major theorists like Freud, Erikson, Jung, and Rogers. Freud proposed the id, ego, and superego develop and interact, influencing personality. Erikson described stages of psychosocial development centered around existential questions. Jung proposed introversion/extroversion personality types. Rogers believed personality forms to reach one's potential through unconditional positive regard. Major theories also include trait, humanistic, social learning, and cognitive approaches.
This document provides an overview of several theories of personality, including:
- Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud involving the id, ego, and superego.
- Carl Jung's theory of introversion and extroversion personality types.
- Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory explaining how personality develops through observation and modeling of others.
- Humanistic theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers' concept of the fully functioning self-actualized person.
- Trait theory including Gordon Allport's lexical approach and the big five factors of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Overview of major theories of personality in psychology, including:
1) Freud's Psychoanalytic theory,
2) Car Jung's, Eysencks and Cattel's trait theories (includes details on both MBTI and Big5),
3) Skinner's, Bandura's and Rotter's Behavioural and Social Cognitive theories, and
4) Maslow's and Roger's Humanistic theories
The document provides an overview of child psychology and its relevance to dentistry. It discusses several theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. According to these theories, a child's psychological development progresses through distinct phases, and their experiences at each phase shape their behaviors and personality. Understanding child psychology is important for dental clinicians to effectively communicate with children, gain their confidence, and create a comfortable environment during treatments. The document also covers definitions, factors influencing child behavior, and behavioral management strategies.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines the main types of personality theories, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document proceeds to summarize several influential theories within each approach, such as Freud's psychodynamic model, Bandura's social learning theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs in humanism, and Skinner's behaviorism. It provides details on the key concepts and structures proposed by theorists like Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, Rogers, and Rotter.
The document discusses child psychology and behavior management in dentistry. It covers several theories of child development including psychoanalytic theory by Freud, cognitive theory by Piaget, classical and operant conditioning. Factors affecting a child's behavior are discussed like the dental environment, past experiences, and home life. Behavior management techniques aim to develop positive dental attitudes in children through communication, behavior shaping, and reinforcement using rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli.
This document summarizes major counseling theories and psychoanalytic counseling. It describes counseling theory as an approach or technique used by counselors to deal with clients. Theories provide a philosophical framework to advise clients and aim to change abnormal or unsatisfactory behavior. Counseling theories are classified as directive vs. nondirective, insight-oriented vs. action-oriented, and affective vs. cognitive vs. behavioral. Major theories discussed are psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and humanistic. Psychoanalytic counseling developed by Freud focuses on unconscious factors influencing behavior. It views personality as determined by unconscious forces and developing through psychosexual stages in early childhood. The document outlines Freud's structures of personality and defense mechanisms used by the ego to
The document discusses several theories of personality:
1. It describes temperament theory which proposes four fundamental personality types - sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic - and the possibility of mixtures.
2. It defines extraverts, introverts, and ambiverts - those with a balance of extravert and introvert traits.
3. It outlines the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator which assesses personality preferences in four dimensions: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving.
4. It summarizes Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality being shaped by unconscious forces and childhood experiences, divided into the id
This document provides an overview of personality for physiotherapy and nursing students. It defines personality as the total quality of an individual's behavior and discusses its components like maturation, growth, and learning. It describes several theories of personality including trait theory, psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, and humanistic theory. It also outlines different methods of assessing personality such as interviews, questionnaires, and projective techniques. Finally, it discusses some alterations in personality including paranoid, schizotypal, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Freud's psychoanalytic perspective proposed that unconscious forces and childhood experiences influence personality development. He described personality as consisting of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates societal moral standards through parental influence. Anxiety arises when these forces conflict, threatening the ego. To protect the ego, the mind employs defense mechanisms like repression, denial, reaction formation, and projection.
This seminar consists of an introduction to child psychology followed by psychodynamic theories and its applicatioms followed by description and types of fear and anxietry followed by various behaviour rating scales and classification of behaviour
This presentation aims to make an individual understand about the development of Psychoanalytic theory, aspects related to it and specially more focus on the therapeutic approach.
It covers: Information about Sigmund Freud, Concepts given by him and about the Therapeutic approach.
Psychoanalysis is a theory and therapy method that aims to release repressed emotions and memories to lead to healing. It involves investigating the interaction between conscious and unconscious elements of the mind. Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and believed people could be cured by making their unconscious thoughts conscious, gaining insight. He proposed stages of psychosexual development and that the id, ego, and superego interact in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels of the mind. Defense mechanisms protect the ego from anxiety by repressing or redirecting thoughts and feelings.
The document discusses key concepts in observational learning including observation, imitation, modeling, and the process of observational learning. It explains that observational learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation based on observing a model. Factors that influence modeling include characteristics of the model, attributes of the observer, and reward consequences associated with the behavior.
This presentation provides information about the Psychodynamic Theories of child psychology. It is well supported with examples and illustrations for a better understanding of the topic.
Hope you like it! Suggestions and feedback will be well appreciated! :)
Child Psychology - Sigmund freud theory Ishani Sharma
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of child development proposes that personality forms from the psychosexual stages that children progress through from birth to adolescence. His theory includes three components: the topographic model of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds; the psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; and the psychic apparatus of the id, ego, and superego. Successful completion of each stage supports healthy development, while fixation can result from unresolved conflicts. Freud's theory emphasizes the role of sexuality compared to other theories which focus more on cognitive or social factors.
Personality can be summarized in 3 main points:
1. Personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. It arises from biological and environmental factors.
2. Freud proposed that personality has three parts - the id, ego, and superego - that influence behavior. Neo-Freudians like Jung and Adler expanded on his work.
3. Jung described four main personality types - extroversion/introversion and sensing/intuition that influence learning styles and decision-making. How people perceive and judge information differs depending on their dominant personality traits.
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes the unconscious mind. He proposed that the human psyche is composed of the id, ego, and superego. Freud also developed the psychosexual stages of development which focus on different erogenous zones as children progress through oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. His theories contributed to education by highlighting the importance of childhood experiences and the need for child-centered education.
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
2. 2 of 55
Topics to Explore
1. Trait Theories
2. Psychoanalytic Theory
3. Social-Cognitive Theories
4. Humanistic Theories
3. 3 of 55
Personality: a person’s internally based characteristic way of
acting and thinking
Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or
evaluated
Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including
sensitivity, moods, irritability, and distractibility
Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most
situations
Personality Type: People who have several traits in common
Personality: Some Terms
5. 5 of 55
Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas,
and principles proposed to explain personality.
Personality Theories
6. 6 of 55
Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality
and how they relate to actual behavior
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience
and personal growth
Social-Cognitive Theories: Attribute difference in personality to
socialization, expectations, and mental processes
Types of Personality Theories
8. 8 of 55
Scoring the PTQ
On the score sheet, for each item, circle the term you
circled on the questionnaire for that item. If you circled
“heredity” for item 1, circle “heredity” under both X and
Y on the answer sheet.
Add up the number of items circled in each column.
The column with the greatest number of items circled
represents the type of personality theory closest to your
own views.
10. 10 of 55
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple,
believed that we are one of two personality types:
• Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is
focused inward
• Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed
outward
Jung’s Theory of Two Types
12. 12 of 55
Eysenck’s Three Factor Theory
Hans Eysenck, English psychologist, believed that there are
three fundamental factors in personality:
• Introversion versus Extroversion
• Emotionally Stable versus Unstable (neurotic)
• Impulse Control versus Psychotic
14. 14 of 55
Eysenck’s Theory, continued
The first two factors create 4 combinations, related to the four
basic temperaments recognized by ancient Greeks:
• Melancholic (introverted + unstable): sad, gloomy
• Choleric (extroverted + unstable): hot-tempered, irritable
• Phlegmatic (introverted + stable): sluggish, calm
• Sanguine (extroverted + stable): cheerful, hopeful
15. 15 of 55
Raymond Cattell: from Devon, England, believed that there
were two basic categories of traits:
• Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas
of personality
• Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a
personality
Cattell also constructed the 16PF, a personality test identifying
16 personality factors (source traits).
Cattell: Source & Surface Traits
18. 18 of 55
Cattell: The Big Five
Cattell believed that five factors were
most important:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeable
Neuroticism
20. 20 of 55
Evaluation of Trait Theories
• Are traits as pervasive as trait theories claim? Is someone
shy always or does it depend on the situation?
• Are traits as enduring and unchangeable as trait theories
claim? Can we change our traits? If so, how easily?
• Are traits affected by social and cultural upbringing? Or are
our personalities formed at birth and unchanging thereafter?
22. 22 of 55
Sigmund Freud, M.D.,a Viennese physician who thought his
patients’ problems were more emotional than physical.
Freud began his work by using hypnosis and eventually
switched to psychoanalysis.
Freud had many followers: Jung and Adler, to name a few.
More than 100 years later, his work is still influential and very
controversial
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
24. 24 of 55
Id: Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving &
irrational
• Totally unconscious
• Works on Pleasure Principle: Wishes to have its desires
(pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting and regardless
of the consequences
The Id, Ego, and Superego
Ego: Executive; directs id energies
• Partially conscious and partially unconscious
• Works on Reality Principle: Delays action until it is practical
and/or appropriate
25. 25 of 55
Superego: Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the
ego
• Superego comes from our parents or caregivers; guilt
comes from the superego
• Two parts
- Conscience: Reflects actions for which a person has
been punished (e.g., what we shouldn’t do or be)
- Ego Ideal: Second part of the superego; reflects
behavior one’s parents approved of or rewarded (e.g.,
what we should do or be)
The Id, Ego, and Superego,
continued
26. 26 of 55
Conscious: Everything you are aware of at a given moment
Preconscious: Material that can easily be brought into
awareness
Unconscious: Holds repressed memories and emotions and
the id’s instinctual drives
Levels of Awareness
28. 28 of 55
Ego is always caught in the middle of battles between superego’s
desires for moral behavior and the id’s desires for immediate
gratification
Neurotic Anxiety: Caused by id impulses that the ego can
barely control
Moral Anxiety: Comes from threats of punishment from the
superego
Defense mechanism: a process used by the ego to distort
reality and protect a person from anxiety
Cause of Anxiety
29. 29 of 55
Regression: Ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental
period in the face of stress.
Displacement: Ego shifts unacceptable feelings from one object to
another, more acceptable object.
Sublimation: Ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a
socially acceptable one
Reaction Formation: Ego transforms an unacceptable motive or
feeling into its opposite.
Projection: Ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and
faults to others.
Rationalization: Ego justifies an unacceptable motive by giving a
false acceptable (but false) reason for behavior
Examples of Defense Mechanisms
31. 31 of 55
A Little Exercise, continued
See in class!
32. 32 of 55
A Little Exercise, continued
See in class!
33. 33 of 55
According to Freud, personality develops in stages; everyone
goes through same stages in same order. Majority of
personality is formed before age 6
Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of producing
pleasure
Fixation: Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-up caused by
overindulgence or frustration
Personality Development
34. 34 of 55
Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of infant’s pleasure comes from stimulation
of the mouth. If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop.
• Oral Dependent Personality: Gullible, passive, and need lots of
attention. Fixations create oral-aggressive adults who like to argue
and exploit others.
• Erogenous zone: mouth (oral)
Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention turns to process of elimination. Child
can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego
develops. Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a child either:
• Anal Retentive: Stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean
• Anal Expulsive: Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel
• Erogenous zone: anus
Stages of
Personality Development
35. 35 of 55
Phallic Stage: Ages 3-6. Child now notices and is physically attracted
to opposite sex parent. Can lead to:
• Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for
his mother’s affection. Boy may feel threatened by father (castration
anxiety). To resolve, boy must identify with his father (i.e., become
more like him and adopt his heterosexual beliefs).
• Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and competes with her
mother. Girl identifies with her mother more slowly because she
already feels castrated.
Erogenous zone: phallus
Stages of Personality
Development, continued
36. 36 of 55
Latency: Ages 6-Puberty. Psychosexual development is dormant.
Same sex friendships and play occur here.
Genital Stage: Puberty-on. Realization of full adult sexuality occurs
here; sexual urges re-awaken.
Stages of Personality
Development, continued
37. 37 of 55
Evaluation of
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Freud overemphasized sexuality and placed little emphasis
on other aspects of the child’s experience.
• Freud’s theory is largely untestable. Particularly, the
concept of the unconscious is unprovable.
• According to Freud, the only way that people in
psychological distress can get relief is to undergo length
therapy, to identify unresolved conflicts from infancy and
childhood.
• Freud’s view of people is overly negative and pessimistic.
39. 39 of 55
Self-system: the set of cognitive processes by which a person
observes, evaluates, and regulates his/her behavior. Bandura
proposed that what we think of as personality is a product of this
self-system.
Children observe behavior of models (such as parents) in their
social environment. Particularly if they are reinforced, children
will imitate these behaviors, incorporating them into personality.
Bandura also proposed that people observe their own behavior
and judge its effectiveness. Self-efficacy: a judgment of one’s
effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.
Bandura’s Theory
40. 40 of 55
Julian Rotter: American psychologist, began as a Freudian!
His personality theory combines learning principles, modeling,
cognition, and the effects of social relationships
External locus of control: perception that chance or
external forces beyond personal control determine one’s fate
Internal locus of control: perception that you control your
own fate.
Learned Helplessness: a sense of hopelessness in which a
person thinks that he/she is unable to prevent aversive events
Rotter’s Theory of
Locus of Control
42. 42 of 55
Evaluation of
Social-Cognitive Theories
• Social-cognitive theories tend to be overly-mechanical.
• Overemphasizes environmental influences; gives little or no
consideration to the possibility of innate personality
differences or the effects of genetics.
• Does not recognize internal human qualities such as hope,
aspiration, love, self-sacrifice
44. 44 of 55
Humanism: Approach that focuses on human experience,
problems, potentials, and ideals
Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior
patterns most characteristic of humans
Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by
genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Subjective Experience: Private perceptions of reality
Humanism
45. 45 of 55
Maslow’s Theory
• Abraham Maslow is considered father of the humanistic
movement. He observed the lives of (purportedly) healthy and
creative people to develop is theory.
• Hierarchy of needs: the motivational component of Maslow’s
theory, in which our innate needs, which motivate our actions,
are hierarchically arranged.
• Self-actualization: the fullest realization of a person’s
potential
48. 48 of 55
• Efficient perceptions of reality
• Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature
• Spontaneity
• Task Centering
• Autonomy
• Continued freshness of appreciation
• Fellowship with humanity
• Profound interpersonal relationships
• Comfort with solitude
• Non-hostile sense of humor
• Peak experiences
Characteristics of
Self-Actualized People
49. 49 of 55
Some Self-Actualized People
• Albert Einstein
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• William James
• Thomas Jefferson
• Abraham Lincoln
• Eleanor Roosevelt
• Albert Schweitzer
• Mahatma Gandhi
50. 50 of 55
Carl Rogers: American psychologist; believed that personality
formed as a result of our strivings to reach our full human
potential.
Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony with his/her
deepest feelings and impulses
Self-Image: Total subjective perception of your body and
personality
Conditions of Worth: behaviors and attitudes for which other
people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard.
Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable love and approval
Positive Self-Regard: Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable,
worthwhile person
Carl Roger’s Self Theory
52. 52 of 55
Evaluation of Humanistic Theories
• Many of the Humanists’ claims are untestable.
• Humanists may have an overly-positive, rosy view of
humankind. They do not look at the “dark side.”
• For the Humanists, the cause of all our problems lies not in
ourselves, but in others.
• Maslow’s characterization of self-actualized individuals is
very biased toward a certain philosophical position.
• Most of the people Maslow identified as self-actualized had
rather serious psychological problems.
55. 55 of 55
Interpreting the Briggs-Myer
Extraversion: sociability, energized
by people, lonely when alone
(75%)
Sensation: practical, trusts facts;
learns through ex-perience; wants
to deal with what’s real
Thinking: prefers the objective,
logical, analytical
Judging: prefers closure, wants
deadlines, feels more comfortable
once a decision has been made.
Intraversion: territorial, enjoys being
alone, private, drained by people
(25%)
Intuition: innovative, fantasizes; future
more attractive than the present
Feeling: prefers the subjective,
personal, values
Perceiving: resists closure, wants
more & more data; values the
open-ended; pressure to decide
stressful