PERSONALISED PRICING – OECD – November 2018 OECD discussion
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This presentation by Pedro GONZAGA from the OECD Competition Division was made during the discussion “Personalised Pricing in the Digital Era” held at the Joint meeting between the Competition Committee and the Committee on Consumer Policy on 28 November 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/ppd.
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The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because they did not want to share their wealth. The universal law of attraction is simple. We attract whatever we choose to give our attention to. If we focus on bad things, we will attract more bad things. But the minute you stop focusing on bad and focus on good, you change the pattern and now good things start coming your way.
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Chapter 10 price - the online value
VideoEgg is an online video advertising company founded in 2004 by three Yale graduates. It delivers ads to social media, video, and gaming sites. VideoEgg created AdFrames that allow users to roll over ads to watch sponsored content. Unlike traditional CPM or CPC models, VideoEgg charges advertisers $0.75 per user roll over, splitting the fee with content sites. This innovative pricing scheme differs from standard online advertising models.
Epp gabbia filippo 2019
Public procurers in the EU are under pressure to focus on price in public tenders. However, using a value-based procurement framework that considers outcomes and quality can help capture the value of innovative products. As tenders typically have strict criteria defined in invitations, companies need to develop value-based pre-tender strategies up to 18 months in advance. These strategies should identify the key outcomes of importance to stakeholders and how the company's product or solution best meets customer needs and differentiates based on quality criteria.
Leveraging Retail Margins: Getting Price Right
This document discusses the importance of pricing strategy for retailers. It makes three key points:
1. Price is the top factor influencing shoppers' purchase decisions, so retailers must get pricing right from the start. Technology now allows more strategic pricing approaches like zone pricing and data-driven key value item selection.
2. Zone pricing can still be effective if retailers understand customer perceptions of different costs to serve across markets. Selecting the right key value items based on price elasticity data can significantly impact customers' overall price impression.
3. To maximize margins, retailers should avoid blanket price matching and instead use optimization tools and customer data to set competitive prices on a subset of carefully chosen key items, while allowing more pricing
Pricing strategies1
The document discusses various pricing strategies and concepts related to pricing decisions based on market structure. It covers pricing under perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. Some key points discussed include setting price based on marginal revenue and marginal cost, price discrimination strategies, factors that influence pricing objectives and steps to determine prices.
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This document discusses how the UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) selects cases for market studies. It notes that market studies are a flexible tool to explore whether markets work well for consumers. The CMA draws ideas for market studies from various sources, including other areas of its work, problems identified by other organizations, and horizon scanning of economic indicators and consumer complaints. The selection process involves developing initial proposals before fully scoping out a market study. The CMA reflects that directly linking economic indicators to competition issues can be challenging, so it often uses market studies themselves to identify new areas of focus, such as where markets are changing.Ippc 6 georgi
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 6th International Public Procurement Conference in Dublin, August 2014. The presentation analyzed pricing practices for public procurement in Germany. It found that Germany spends over 360-450 billion Euros annually on public goods and services. The presentation outlined Germany's public procurement and pricing systems and regulations. It discussed the results of 20 interviews with companies and price auditors involved in public procurement. The interviews revealed problems with the complex pricing regulations not adapting to current economic conditions, and inconsistencies between price auditors. The presentation concluded more research is needed on connecting procurement and pricing rules, updating cost-plus pricing calculations, and developing price audit standards.
Lec 1 managerial economics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in managerial economics. It discusses how managerial economics uses economic analysis to help managers make optimal business decisions given scarce resources. Some key points covered include: the role of the manager is to make choices among alternatives to maximize firm value; firms must minimize costs and make rational investment decisions; microeconomics provides the methodology for analyzing supply, demand, production and costs. Porter's 5 forces framework is also introduced to analyze factors that impact industry profitability.
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This presentation by Miguel de la Mano, Executive Vice President at Compass Lexicon, was made during the Workshop on market studies selection and prioritisation of sectors and industries held on 9 March 2017 at the OECD Headquarters. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/market-studies-workshop-on-selection-prioritisation-of-sectors-industries.htmWeek 18 retail pricing policies and practice
This document discusses retail pricing policies and practices. It describes various methods for determining retail pricing, including demand-oriented pricing, cost-oriented pricing, and competitive pricing. It discusses factors that influence retail pricing decisions, such as political, economic, competitive, and cultural forces. Pricing objectives like profit maximization and market penetration are also covered. The document outlines retail pricing policies and strategies like EDLP, high-low pricing, and seasonal sales. It addresses challenges in measuring customer sensitivity to pricing changes and difficulties in applying pricing frameworks.
Marketing Management
This document discusses marketing challenges in changing times and strategies to address them. It notes that customer expectations have changed, with less product differentiation and greater price sensitivity. Small stores now face competition from large retail chains. The document recommends that retailers build entertainment into their stores with coffee bars, art galleries, and events to create a marketing experience beyond just products. It asks questions about how marketing affects customer value and what a marketing plan includes.
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Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
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PERSONALISED PRICING – OECD – November 2018 OECD discussion
- 1. Pedro Gonzaga (Pedro.Gonzaga@oecd.org) Personalised Pricing in the Digital Era
- 2. 2 What is personalised pricing? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Monetary Units Individuals / Groups of individuals Willingness to Pay Marginal Cost Personalised Price • Practice of price discriminating individual consumers (or small groups of consumers) based on their personal characteristics and conduct. Note: Prices are not necessarily equal to the willingness to pay!
- 3. What is NOT personalised pricing? A/B Testing – Testing different price points Targeted advertising – Tailoring personalised adverts to consumers Price steering – Manipulating search results to display more expensive products to consumers with higher willingness to pay Dynamic pricing – Fast price adjustments over time to supply and demand Other pricing strategies – E.g. Limited time deals, misleading claims that there are few products available, etc. 3
- 4. Is there evidence of personalised pricing? • Limited evidence: – Some anecdotal cases – A few empirical studies have detected some prevalence of personalised pricing in some sectors (booking, e-commerce…) • Conditions for personalised pricing: – Identification of consumer valuation – No arbitrage – Element of market power 4 Yes 20% No 67% Don't know 13% Consumers who had bad experiences related to personalized pricing in the EU Note: Among 9 798 respondents with some understanding of personalised pricing Source: European Commission (2018)
- 5. What are the economic effects of personalised pricing? Static efficiency – Potential to optimise output Distribution outcomes – Ambiguous impact on consumer welfare • Market expansion effect vs appropriation effect Dynamic efficiency – Increase of incentives for innovation – Risk of rent seeking in some industries 5 Effects may depend on the market structure!
- 6. How is personalised pricing perceived by consumers? • Literature and surveys suggest that many consumers have a negative attitude towards personalised pricing and may perceive it as unfair. Risk of trust in online markets 6 • However, personalised appears to be better accepted by consumers when: It is implemented through personalised discounts It is combined with product versioning (2nd degree PD) Consumers participate in the price-formation process (online auctions) 8% 8% 91% 33% 1% 59% Consumer response to personalised pricing Positive response Negative response Neutral response Turow et al (2005) EC (2018)
- 7. Fundamental rights Anti-discrimination rules (gender, race, religion…) 7 What policy tools can address the risks of personalised pricing? Data protection Transparency obligations Consent requirements Consumer protection Unfair trade practices Transparency obligations Competition law Exploitative abuse Exclusionary abuse What are the most adequate policy tools to deal with personalised pricing? Do they overlap or can they complement each other?