The document discusses key elements of health and safety management systems including the Deming cycle of plan-do-check-act. It also covers occupational health hazards like chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic hazards. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is discussed as a means of preventing exposure to various workplace hazards and factors like selection, maintenance and requirements under Indian law are summarized.

1. UNIT -2 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & GUIDELINES
Key Elements of a Health and Safety
Management System
The answer lies in a simple management model know as the Deming cycle
Managing occupational health and safety is important and there is no doubt left that if
businesses have to survive then organizations have to manage their occupational
health and safety risks.
 The answer lies in a simple management model known as the Deming cycle.
This cycle is also known as the P-D-C-A cycle or the plan-do-check-Act
cycle. It is a cycle which remains rotating continuously. It starts with:
o Plan: This involves setting up a target and
planning of how it can be achieved.
o Do: This involves implementing the plan in
a systematic way.
o Check: Periodically the targets set, needs to
be checked whether they are been achieved
or not and whether the results achieved are
in line with the expectations.
o Act: This step closes the cycle indicating whether any improvements
need to be made for any un-achieved targets and at the same time
deciding on new targets, for those are achieved.
The above cycle is used in creating management systems like ISO 9001, ISO 14001
and OHSAS 18001.
ILO (INDIAN LABOUR ORGANISATION) LEGISLATION
There are 47 ILO conventions and 1 protocol ratified by India.
HEALTH AND ENVIROMENT SAFETY (HSE)
HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) is a set of processes and procedures
identifying potential hazards to a certain environment, developing best practices to
reduce or remove those hazards, and then training employees for accident prevention,
accident response, etc.
HEALTH AND ENVIROMENT AS HUMAN RIGHT ISSUE
Human rights and the environment are intrinsically intertwined: a clean, healthy and
sustainable environment is essential in the enjoyment of our human rights. On 28 July
2022, the United Nations General Assembly declared that everyone on the planet has a
right to a healthy environment.
HEALTH AND ENVIROMENT AWARNESS PROGRAMME
Environmental Awareness Program
The National Environment Awareness Campaign (NEAC) was launched by the
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India in 1986.

2. It aims to create awareness on environmental issues among a wide group of
stakeholders.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS IN INDUSTRIES
…Safety.
... Chemical.
... Biological.
... Physical.
... Ergonomic.
... Work organization hazards.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL PHYSICAL HAZARDS IN INDUSTRIES
Physical hazards are a subtype of occupational hazards that involve environmental
hazards that can cause harm with or without contact. Physical hazards include
ergonomic hazards, radiation, heat and cold stress, vibration hazards, and noise
hazards.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN INDUSTRIES
There are many types of hazardous chemicals, including neurotoxins, immune agents,
dermatologic agents, carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens,
pneumoconiotic agents, and sensitizers. In the workplace, exposure to chemical
hazards is a type of occupational hazard.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN INDUSTRIES
Workers may suffer from respiratory diseases, skin diseases, allergy, heart disease,
cancer and neurological disorders. Specifically, samples … Some also suffer physical
injury or illness.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL MECHANICAL HAZARDS IN INDUSTRIES
The following are some common hazards associated with machinery:
• Crushing Hazards. ...
• Shear Hazards. ...
• Cutting/Severing Hazards. ...
• Drawing In Or Trapping Hazards. ...
• Stabbing or Puncture Hazards. ...
• Friction or Abrasion Hazards. ...
• Entanglement Hazards. ...
• Impact Hazards.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN
INDUSTRIES
Workplace violence and occupational stress, for example, are psychosocial hazards.
Health hazards include chemical hazards (solvents, adhesives, paints, toxic dusts, etc.
An occupational hazard is something unpleasant that a person experiences or suffers
as a result of doing their job.
COMMON WORK RELATED TO OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
The major occupational diseases/morbidity of concern in India are silicosis,
musculoskeletal injuries, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive lung
diseases, asbestosis, byssinosis, pesticide poisoning and noise induced hearing loss.

3. OCCUPATIONS INVOVLING RISK OF CONTRACTING THESE
DISEASES
Workers who suffer from silicosis are even more susceptible to infections such as
tuberculosis. Miners are also at risk of developing other lung diseases such as chronic
obstructive lung disease, coal workers pneumoconiosis and even cancer, due to their
exposure to stone dust.
MODE OF CAUSATION OF THE DISEASES AND ITS EFFECT
Causation. A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Among the
simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for
infectious disease. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an
environment that brings the host and agent together.
What are the three methods of detecting diseases?
Diagnostic Techniques
…Immunohistochemistry (IHC) IHC offers several distinct advantages when
compared to traditional identification methods.
... Special Stains. Special stains are useful for detecting bacteria, fungi and parasites in
tissues and culture materials.
... Molecular.
... Microbiology.
... Electron Microscopy.
METHODS OF PREVENTION NOTIFIABLE OCCUPATIONAL
HAZARDS
4 steps to prevent occupational diseases and accidents Eliminate or minimize risks at
the source. Want to keep. ... Reduce risks through engineering controls or other
physical safeguards. ... Provide safe working procedures. ... Provide, wear and
maintain personal protective equipment.
COMPENSIATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
As per the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1923, if a worker, during the course of
employment, contracts any disease specified as an occupational disease by the Act, the
employer is liable to pay the required compensation.
EVALUATION OF INJURIES
An injury/illness evaluation helps to determine the extent and nature of a health issue,
necessary or recommended medical treatment(s) and referral(s), a proper rehabilitation
protocol, return to play, verification for medical insurance and payment, and
documentation of the frequency of health issues.
MEDICAL SERVICESE IN AN INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT AND
ITS FUNCTION
What is the role of medical services?
An efficient health care system can contribute to a significant part of a country's
economy, development, and industrialization. Health care is conventionally regarded
as an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health and
well-being of people around the world.
• What is a function of a healthcare facility? Health facilities are places that
provide health care. They include hospitals, clinics, outpatient care centers, and
specialized care centers, such as birthing centers and psychiatric care centers.

4. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AUDIT AND SURVEY
What is meant by occupational health audit and survey?
OHS audits target identification of strengths and weaknesses within an OHS Program
operating in a workplace to ascertain effectiveness of OHS policy, plan and execution
in areas such as responsibility, authority and accountability with the help of hazard
identification and risk control, training, communication and such .
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION WORK
The prevalence of water and vector borne diseases, respiratory, dermatological and
eye problems, injury and high risk behaviours were reported to be high among
unskilled and semiskilled construction workers
• What are the steps to responding to a medical emergency?
Medical Emergency Procedure
1. Call 911 from any office phone or cell phone.
2. Remain calm and stay with the victim/patient until help arrives.
3. Provide first aid if you are properly trained. ... Call building security (if
off-campus).
4. Ask for assistance to keep crowds from gathering around victim.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
INTRODUCTION: - Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective
clothing, helmets, gloves, face shields, goggles, facemasks and/or respirators or other
equipment designed to protect the wearer from injury or the spread of infection or
illness.
REQUIRMENT: - General requirements says that all PPE has to meet these minimum
requirements: Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which
they are designed. Be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed.
Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions.
ASSESMENT: - How do you do PPE assessment?
5 Steps To Effective PPE Assessment and Selection Conduct a walk-through survey
of work areas to identify workplace hazards. Look for all the basic hazard categories:
... Consider sources of risk. Observe sources of: ... Organize data. ... Analyze data. ...
Select appropriate PPE.
TYPE OF PPE – NON RESPIRATORY
What Everybody Ought To Know About PPE Requirements
• Head protection: Hard Hats, Helmets.
• Eye protection: Safety Goggles.
• Ear protection: Earmuffs, earplugs.
• Face protection: Face Shields.
• Hand protection: Different types of gloves.
• Foot protection: Steel boots.
Body protection: Vest, Jackets.

5. Where are PPE used?
The construction, mining, chemical and pharmaceutical industries are among those
using PPE on regular basis.
...
Personal protective equipment or PPE is equipment used to prevent or
minimize exposure to hazards such as:
• Biological hazards.
• Chemical hazards.
• Radiological hazards.
• Electrical hazards.
• Mechanical hazards.
• MAINTAINCES OF PPE :-
• PPE must be properly looked after and stored when not in use, e.g. in a dry,
clean cupboard. If it is reusable it must be cleaned and kept in good condition.
...1. Employers should monitor and review Checking regularly that PPE is used
. ...2. Safety signs can be a useful reminder that PPE should be worn.
REQUIREMENTS OF PPE UNDER FACTORIES ACT AND
RULES IN INDIA( RULE 82 OF FACTORIES ,1948)
What are 5 guidelines for using personal protective equipment?
Wearing PPE such as gloves, safety glasses, earplugs, and hard hats can help
protect employees from workplace hazards.
...
Here are some tips.
• 1 Examine the environment. ...
• 2 Train employees. ...
• 3 Maintain equipment. ...
• 4 Consider comfort. ...
• 5 Learn more.
RESPIRATORY PERSONAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is a particular type of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE), used to protect the individual wearer against the inhalation of
hazardous substances in the workplace air.
• What are the respiratory personal protective equipment?
Examples are filtering facepieces, half and full-face masks. Loose-fitting facepieces –
rely on enough clean air being provided to the wearer to prevent contaminant leaking

6. in (only available as powered respirators or BA). Examples are hoods helmets, visors,
blouses and suits.
RESPIRATORY PPE DEVICES CLASSIFICATION
There are two main types of respiratory protection—air-purifying respirators (APRs)
and atmosphere-supplying respirators (ASRs). Each respirator type provides a
different level of protection based on its design. Therefore, it's important to choose the
right type of respirator for the specific exposure.
➢ WHAT ARE THE 5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HAZARDS?
The aim of this guide is to help you understand the different categories of hazards, so
you can confidently identify them in your workplace.
Biological Hazards.
Chemical Hazards.
Physical Hazards.
Safety Hazards.
Ergonomic Hazards.
Psychosocial Hazards.
Hazards can be classified in several ways; they can be classified as natural,
anthropogenic, technological, or any combination, such as in the case of the natural
phenomenon of wildfire becoming more common due to human-made climate change
or more harmful due to changes in building practices.
The six main categories of hazards are:
• Biological. Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, insects,
animals, etc., that can cause adverse health impacts. For example,
mould, blood and other bodily fluids, harmful plants, sewage, dust and
vermin.
• Chemical. Chemical hazards are hazardous substances that can cause
harm. These hazards can result in both health and physical impacts,
such as skin irritation, respiratory system irritation, blindness, corrosion
and explosions.
• Physical. Physical hazards are environmental factors that can harm an
employee without necessarily touching them, including heights, noise,
radiation and pressure.
• Safety. These are hazards that create unsafe working conditions. For
example, exposed wires or a damaged carpet might result in a tripping
hazard. These are sometimes included under the category of physical
hazards.
• Ergonomic. Ergonomic hazards are a result of physical factors that can
result in musculoskeletal injuries. For example, a poor workstation setup
in an office, poor posture and manual handling.
• Psychosocial. Psychosocial hazards include those that can have an
adverse effect on an employee’s mental health or wellbeing. For
example, sexual harassment, victimisation, stress and workplace
violence.

7. SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS
➢ What are the different types of respirators?
Elastomeric Full Facepiece Respirators are reusable and have replaceable canisters,
cartridges, or filters. The facepiece covers the face and eyes, which offers eye
protection. Filtering Facepiece Respirators are disposable half-facepiece respirators
that filter out particles such as dusts, mists, and fumes.
➢ What factors should you consider when selecting a respirator?
There are six factors you should always consider when choosing a respiratory
protection device:
The Level of Respiratory Hazard. ...
• The Type of Material the Respirator Is Made Of. ...
• The Respirator's Weight. ...
• How Comfortable the Respirator Is. ...
• Donning, Fit Testing and Proper Use. ...
• Care, Storage and Maintenance.
INSTRUCTION AND HINTS IN THE USE OF BREATHING APPARATUS
Activate the first breathe mechanism by taking your first breathe. It should activate
firmly with no evidence of blockage or hard effort applied. Repeat this 2-3 times, then
take a breathe and hold it for 10 seconds, listen to any audible leak around the facial
area, paying extra attention around the neck area.
MAINTENANCE IN THE USE OF BREATHING APPARATUS
Low or empty cylinder: Cylinders should be cleaned, low or empty cylinders should
be refilled, or replaced with full units. Components and face pieces: Shall be cleaned,
checked for excessive wear or damage, sanitized, and checked for proper function.