This document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major empires and developments across Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. It discusses the rise of absolutism, global trade networks, coercive labor systems, and religious rivalries during this period. Specific empires and regions highlighted include Ming China, Tokugawa Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, western European powers, African kingdoms, Russian states, and Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
History of Thought - Part 4 from the Renaissance to the Industrial REvolutionpiero scaruffi
History of Thought - Part 4 from the Renaissance to the Industrial REvolution for UC Berkeley lectures (2014) - Excerpted from "A Brief History of Knowledge" http://www.scaruffi.com/know/history.html I keep updating this presentation at http://www.scaruffi.com/univ/slideshot.html
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Periodization
Age of Exploration
Start of Political Revolutions
3. Overall Themes
Absolutism – centralized government
Global Trade
Consumerism (3 S’s)
Rise of Europe
Coercive Labor
Religious Rivalry
Decline of Nomads
4. Circa 1300
• Population Decline and growth
• Black Plague (@1348)
• Feudalism in Japan (Kamakura) and Europe
• Yuan dynasty in China, Kievan Rus under
Mongol rule
• Rise of the Inca and Aztec empires
• Mali at its height
5. Circa 1300
• Delhi Sultanate in South Asia – rise of Islam,
decline of Buddhism, competing power bases.
• Founding of Ottoman Dynasty (1281)
• Continued decline of Byzantium
• Trade circuits in Mediterranean, Indian
Ocean, South China Sea, Trans-Saharan and
across the Eurasian steppe.
6. Think about it…
• Predict what trends will change and which
will stay the same.
• As the world continues to become more
integrated circa 1300, predict which societies
are in the best position to take advantage of
new technologies and new discoveries. Think
about virgin soils, location and luck.
8. MING CHINA
• Yuan (Mongols) out – Ming Dynasty proclaimed.
• Revival of Chinese culture
• Neo-Confucianism (strict social structure)
- Emperor - scholar-gentry - farmers - artisans - merchants
• Population Explosion
- agriculture (champa rice)
- public works (reforestation, irrigation)
• Chinese goods like paper, porcelain, and silks were in demand
throughout Asia and Europe. Europeans were allowed to come to
Macao and Canton to do business.
• Active traders in Indian Ocean (major ports were Hangzhou,
Quangzhou, and Guangzhou). Traded for silver with Europe and Japan.
9. Ming China and Absolutism
• Hongwu removed chief minister position
• Established a bureaucracy
• Developed Imperial City and the Forbidden City
• Killed rivals, ruled through terror (public beatings)
• Civil service exam (stopped family connections)
• Chose imperial wives from humble families
• Limited number of eunuchs
• Censored writings
• Continued subordination of youth to elders and women to men
10. Exploration and Decline
Emperor Yongle – eunuch Zheng He
- 7 voyages between 1405-1423, collect tribute
- Stopped: too costly, internal factionalism,
domestic concerns.
Decline –
poor leaders,
corrupt government,
public works fail,
foreign threats (Japanese ‘pirates’ and Manchus from North)
* Conquered by Manchus
12. Tokugawa Japan
Oda Nobunaga – started unification
Toyotomi Hideyoshi – continued and launched attacks on Korea
Tokugawa Ieyasu – 1600 – consolidated power, unified Japan,
became shogun
“Ieyasu ate the pie that Nobunaga made and
Hideyoshi baked.”
13. Tokugawa Japan
• Ieyasu created new capital at Edo.
• Did not continue Hideyoshi's overseas expansion plans
(Korea), but concentrated internally.
• Led bureaucracy and controlled daimyo
• Ensured Tokugawa succession
• Agriculture increased - improved farming techniques.
• Welcomed trade at first – muskets, gunpowder for Japan’s silver
• Closed Country Edicts - Restricted foreign trade
• feared foreign conquest
• Banned Christianity (threatened loyalty to the shogun)
• Banned Western books
• Only Dutch and Chinese could trade at Nagasaki
• Ensured rigid class structure (Neo-Confucianism)
ISOLATION for the next 250 years.
14. Empires: Ottoman 1281-1914
• 1350’s – Initial Ottoman Invasion
of Europe (Osman)
• Janissary Corps raised to be loyal
to Sultan
• 1453 – Ottoman capture of
Constantinople (Sultan Mehmid II)
• Suleiman the Magnificent
advances to Hungary and Austria
• 1683 – Failed Ottoman siege of
Vienna
15. Ottoman Empire
Led by Sultan
- absolute monarch, political and religious authority
Bureaucracy – vizier (real power), granted on merit
Janissary protected Christians and Jews (diverse empire)
Gunpowder civilization
Land empire
DECLINE –
Sultans neglect power
Vague process of succession
Empire too large
Corrupt officials
Lack of change in military technology
16. Empires: Mughal India
1526-1739
• Babur invaded and conquered Northern India
• Empire based on military strength
• Akbar – Religious tolerance. Attempt to combine beliefs into new
religion to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects: Din-I-Ilahi
• Indian textile trade – value to Europeans
• Patronage to the arts (Shah Jahan)
• Aurangzeb – No religious tolerance
17. Decline of Mughal Empire
Corruption/neglect
Army behind the times
High taxes
Lack of tolerance
Peasant uprisings
Foreign invaders
18. Rise of the West
Turned initial disadvantages into advantages
19. Age of Exploration
• European exploration
Why then?
Why?
Who and where?
• End of Ming Treasure / Tribute Voyages / Zheng He
21. Empires: Portugal
• Search for Maritime route to Asia
• Advanced naval technology: caravels, carracks,
astrolabe and compass
• Established fortresses along the Gold Coast – sugar
plantations and African slave labor
• Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama: Malindi, Sofala
and Kilwa, Calicut and Goa, and later Macao
• Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil – sugar
plantation
22. Brazil: Plantation colony
• Portuguese due to
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494
• African slave labor used
to support the
plantation complex
(sugar)
• Largest producer of
sugar in world first half
of 17th C.
24. Empires: Spain
• Reconquista ended with the fall of Granada
• Columbus’ voyage
• Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru
• Took over existing tributary empires: labor
(mita), silver, gold, and foodstuffs
• Demographic impact: disease, death, and
mestizos
25. Empires: Dutch
• Dutch East India Company – In 1660, employed 12,000 people and
had 257 ships. Sought monopolies and large profits.
• North America (fur trade along the Hudson river, New Amsterdam)
• Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
• Capetown South Africa – way station
• Southeast Asia – spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands, cloves in
Melaka and pepper in Banten)
26. Empires: France
• Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIV
“ I am the State”
Palace of Versailles
• Mercantilism
• Territorial expansion in Europe and
fur-trading colonies in Saint Domingue
(Haiti) and New France (Quebec)
27. Empires: England
• Limited Monarchy and the
emergence of Constitutional
Monarchy
• Civil Wars: Commonwealth-
Charles II – James II and the
Glorious Revolution – Bill of
Rights
• Enlightenment Ideas
• Colonies in Americas
28. Iberian Peninsula vs. Northern Europe
- Catholic - Protestant
- Agricultural - Manufacturing
- For crown - For trading companies
29. Americas 1450-1750
• Conquest – arrival of Spanish in western
hemisphere
• Population impacts: disease, racial
intermingling (Castas system)
– Peninsulare, Creole, Mestizo, Mulatto,
African, Native American and Zambos
• Columbian exchange
• Colonial societies
• Encomienda System
30. Changes in Trade, Technology
and Global Interactions
• Exploration
• Gold, Glory and God?
• Empire Building
• Cartography
• Commodities
33. Commodities
• Coffee beans used
first in Yemen and
then later in Europe
and the Americas
• European using
chocolate technology
from the Aztecs 17th
Century
35. Empires: African
• Characteristics of:
Stateless societies - organized around kinship, often
larger than states, forms of government
Large centralized states – increased unity came from
linguistic base – Bantu, Christianity and Islam, as well as
indigenous beliefs
Trade – markets, international commerce, taxed trade of
unprocessed goods.
36. African Empires
Slave Trade – Europeans on coast with African middlemen
Slaves in exchange for firearms
• Benin – Eware the Great
• Kongo – King Afonso
• Asante – Osei Tutu
(Asantehene)
* Centralized kingdoms
37. East Africa – Indian Ocean Trade
-Swahili trading cities
-Zanzibar – clove plantations
- Trade with Ottomans – ivory, gold, silver, people
38. Empires: Russia
• Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification
and development
• Increasing absolutist rule and territorial
expansion by 16th Century – Ivan the Terrible
• Multicultural Empire
• Boyars, Cossacks, serfs
• Role of Russian Orthodox Church
• Peter the Great accelerated westernization
process
40. Cultural and Intellectual
Development
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment
• Patronage of the Arts
41. Comparisons
Be able to compare the following:
• Imperial systems: European monarchy vs. a
land-based Asian empire
• Coercive labor systems
• Empire building in Asia, Africa and Europe
• Russia’s interaction with the west compared
to others
42. Conclusions
• What are the major themes that seem
apparent?
• What global processes are in action?
43. Do You Know Your Stuff?
Using the regions below, explain how each exemplifies
the ‘Big Picture’ themes of the time period.
Ming China - Tokugawa Japan - Ottoman Empire -
Mughal Empire - Western Europe - Africa -
Americas - Russia
Absolutism
Global Trade
Consumerism (3 S’s)
Rise of Europe
Coercive Labor
Religious Rivalry
Decline of Nomads