Native cultures across North America shared some common traits, such as a deep respect for nature and belief in maintaining balance. They were also diverse, with different environments and livelihoods. For example, the Anasazi built houses out of adobe in the dry Southwest, while the Iroquois formed a political alliance in the woodlands of New York. Trade networks also connected cultures across Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe during this time period. The rise of Islam spread religion and language along trade routes like the Silk Road. In Europe, Greeks developed democracy while the Roman Empire spread through law and a common Latin language. The Crusades and later explorers like da Gama opened new trade opportunities between Europe and Asia

1. Native American Cultures
Chapter 2.2

2. Where did they come from?
http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist383/OriginalCal
ifornians.html
• Most scientists agree the
Native Americans came
across a land bridge from
Asia during the last ice
age a little over 12,000
years ago. (However,
some more recently
discovered artifacts have
them questioning this
theory.)

3. Early Cultures of N. America
• Southwest- hot and dry
– Hohokams - irrigation
ditches
– Anasazis -houses of
adobe ( sun dried) brick
http://clio.missouristate.edu/lburt/Resources121/AnasazIndians_1.htm

4. Culture Areas
• Northwest Coast-
Mild climate;
potlatch ceremonial
dinners with gift
giving.
Read here for more info: http://www.umista.org/masks_story/en/ht/potlatch01.html

5. Culture Areas
• Southeast
– Warm, moist climate
great for fishing and
farming; the Natchez
were in this area

6. Culture Areas
• Arctic
– Groups like the Inuits
hunted seals in the
arctic waters. They used
all of the seal, including
the meat, skin, fat, and
bone.

7. Culture Areas
• Intermountain
– Groups like the
Utes lived in
cold, dry
conditions
unsuitable for
The original artwork was from 1869.
farming. They
gathered roots
and hunted http://uwlib5.uwyo.edu/omeka/items
/show/3230
mountain sheep.

8. Culture Areas
• Great Plains-limited
rainfall
– The Cheyenne and
other groups relied on
the buffalo for basic
needs.

9. What did they have in common?
1. A deep respect for nature, including animals and
the forces of nature…They believed that people
must adapt to the natural world to maintain
balance.

10. What did they have in common?
2. Ceremonies at
harvest
– Some Pueblo groups
had Kachinas, spirits
believed to bring good
harvests, represented
by masked dancers at
their harvest
ceremonies.

11. League of the Iroquois allied
Eastern Woodland groups
• The Eastern
Woodlands of NY
were home to the
Iroquois, the
“People of the Long
House.”

12. League of Iroquois
• Led by 50 Iroquois
sachems(tribal leaders)
• An alliance of the 5
Iroquois nations to end
fighting between them

13. Iroquois Women
 Owned the household
property
 Planted and
harvested the crops
 Chose clan leaders

14. Trade Networks of Africa
and Asia
Chapter 2.3

15. • During the
Middle
Ages, the
center of
all trade
was in the
Arab
world.

16. • Most Arab
merchants practiced
the religion of Islam.
Followers of Islam
are called Muslims.

17. • Muslims followed the
teachings of
Muhammad as they
still do today. These
teachings are found in
the Qur’an.

18. • As they
traded and
made their
annual
pilgrimage
(hajj) to
Mecca, their
religion
spread, also.

19. • As Muslims traded with
others in Africa, the Middle
East, Europe, and Asia,
they began the 1 global
st
age.

20. • The most famous trade route,
although quite dangerous,
was the Silk Road, which
linked China with the Middle
East.

21. • Initially, the Chinese were
reluctant to trade with
outsiders. It was an isolated
empire.

22. • When a new emperor
came to power in 1402,
he sent Zheng He to
Southeast Asia, Arabia,
and Africa.
Navigator Number of Number of
Ships Crew
Zheng He
(1405-1433) 48 to 317 28,000
Columbus
(1492) 3 90
De Gama
(1498) 4 ca. 160
Magellan
(1521) 5 265
http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=10387

23. • Later emperors reverted to
the closed door idea.

24. • In Africa the city-
states in the East and
the kingdoms of the
West were the
centers for trade. In
between lay the great
Sahara Desert.

25. • To the East was
Zimbabwe, Kilwa, and
Sofala. They spoke
Swahili, and they
were the ports that This picture taken in the 1880’s in East
Africa would be an illegal activity today.
exported African gold,
ivory, and hardwood
to India and China.

26. • To the West were the gold rich empires of
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

27. • The most important
city was Timbuktu. It
was the seat of
culture and education,
and the home of the
most famous West
African ruler, Mansa
Musa.

28. Tradition and Change in
Europe
Chapter 2.4

29. Jews and Christians
• Both believed in one
God, who determined
their laws and moral
behaviors.

30. • Early Jewish (Hebrew or Israelite) law began with the 10
Commandments.
• Christians followed the teachings of Jesus, who they
believed was the Messiah(Savior) promised to the Jews.

31. • During the time
of the Roman
Empire,
Christians
began sending
missionaries
throughout
Europe to teach
about Jesus.

32. Greeks and Romans
• Greeks had practiced direct democracy, with
ordinary citizens voting.
• Romans began as republic, with citizens
choosing representatives to govern them.

33. • Two things that helped the Roman Empire
spread:
 Law- all were equal under the law
 Language-Latin connected people from
diverse regions. It is the basis for Romance
languages today.
ROMANCE LANGUAGES:
Italian
French
Spanish
Portuguese
Romanian

34. The Crusades and Trade
• The “Holy Wars”
between Christians
and Muslims lasted
about 200 years, from
1100 to 1300.

35. • European Christians
gathered new ideas,
new goods, and new
technologies that they
wanted to have back
home.

36. During the Renaissance
• Gutenberg invented
the printing press.
More people had the
opportunity to read.

37. • European rulers developed
powerful monarchies, but
couldn’t control Muslim and
Italian merchants of the
Mediterranean area. They
sought new trade routes to
Africa and Asia.

38. The Portuguese
• Prince Henry developed
new ships and
navigation schools.
• Bartholomeu Dias
reached the tip of Africa.
• Vasco da Gama sailed
around the Cape of
Good Hope at Africa and
across the Indian Ocean
to India.