This document provides an overview of major events and themes in world history from 1900 to the present. It summarizes key developments like World War I and II, decolonization movements and independence struggles across Asia and Africa, and the rise of ideologies like fascism and communism. Major revolutions in Mexico, Russia, China, and Cuba are also briefly outlined, alongside the growth of nationalism, conflicts during the Cold War era, and ongoing issues like globalization and the environment.
Learn about the 2nd World War. Instigators, Major Events during this time period and the effects/ ending are covered here.
Not mine. My Professor made this.
Learn about the 2nd World War. Instigators, Major Events during this time period and the effects/ ending are covered here.
Not mine. My Professor made this.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. 1900 – Present
20th century and Beyond
Periodization: Why 1900?
Major Themes
World Conflict – Decline of Empire
Decolonization and Nationalism
Cold War Conflicts
Social Reforms
Globalization
Environmental Issues
2. Causes of World War I
M – Militarism
A – Alliances
N – Nationalism
I – Imperialism
A – Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
4. World War I
Promises of self-determination
Use of colonial soldiers
Machine guns, submarines, planes, tanks,
trench warfare = major death and destruction
Financial strain on empire
Treaty of Versailles
5. Wilson’s Idealism
Feb. 14, 1919 -
Wilson submits
Draft Covenant for
a League of Nations
The Covenant
becomes the
first 26 Articles of
the Treaty ,
especially the key
Article 10
What did Wilson believe
to be the answer to the
world’s problems?
Would it work?
6. The Treaty of Versailles
Lasting-Peace Peace-Revenge
War-Guilt clause- Blame
Poland is created Germany pays Reparations
Creation of the Arms Limitation
League of Nations Alsace-Lorraine to France
Germany lost Territory
No secret alliances
France controls Rhineland
Polish Corridor established
Germany forbidden to join League
Germany pays reparations, Poland is created, Creation of the
League of Nations, War-Guilt clause, Alsace-Lorraine to France,
Germany forbidden to join League, France controls Rhineland,
Arms limitation, Polish corridor established, no secret alliances
Germany lost territory
7. New Map of
Europe!
1. Which major empires
lost the most land?
Why?
2. What problems could
occur due to the
structure of the
European landscape?
8. Acts of Aggression Lead to WWII
Country Area Attacked Reason Allies Reaction
League of Nations condemned the
Japan 1931 - Manchuria China 1. Need for natural resources.
action but did nothing.
1. Distract Italians from
League of Nations did nothing.
depression.
Italy Ethiopia - Africa Other nations concerned with
2. Promised to build the new
their own problems.
Roman Empire
1. German people lived there. 1. None even though it was a direct
1. Austria (1938)
violation of the treaty
2.Czechoslovakia/Sudeten 2. German people lived there. 2. Hitler promised he was finished.
Germany -land (1938) Britain & France appeased
and didn't fight.
3. Poland (1939) 3. Desire for land. 3. Britain and France declare war.
9. AXIS POWER
Adolf Hitler (right) is
considered one of the most
brutal dictators in history.
After purging possible rivals
for leadership, Hitler rearmed
Germany into a modern war
machine. He and Italian
dictator Benito Mussolini
(left), both Fascists, became
allies in 1936. They are shown
here in Munich, Germany, in
1937.
10. PEACE FOR OUR TIME!
“My good friends… I have
returned form Germany bringing
peace with honor. I believe it is
peace for our time… Go home
and get a nice quiet sleep.”
“An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile,
hoping it will eat him last.”
- Winston Churchill
On 15 March 1939, the German army
occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia.
11. World War II
Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and
as a result of the global depression
Costs of empire
US support of anti-colonial liberation movements
Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to
choose the form of government under which they
live”
Soviets condemned colonialism
13. Japanese Aggression in Pacific
After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took over the Philippines, Indochina,
Taiwan, and many other Pacific islands.
14. Turning Points: Africa and Italy
Operation Overlord
(D-Day), 1944
Invasion of Sicily
and Italy, 1943
Operation Torch,
1942-43 El Alamein,
1942-43
15. Atomic Bomb
On August 6, 1945, during World
War II, the United States dropped
the first atomic bomb on
Hiroshima, a Japanese city and
military center. An estimated
60,000 to 70,000 people were killed
or reported missing, according to
U.S. estimates, and thousands
more were made homeless. Sixteen
hours after the attack, U.S.
President Harry S. Truman’s
report of the event was broadcast
to radio listeners.
16. Democracy in Japan
•Japan’s armed forces were
disbanded
•The American occupiers had the
goal to end militarism and ensure
a democratic government
•A new Japanese Constitution
was drafted by the American
occupiers creating a
Constitutional Monarchy that
limited the power of the Emperor
•The Japanese accepted this new
constitution and signed a treaty
that took away Japan’s overseas
empire
•In 1952, the Allied occupation
officially ended
17. The Impact of World War II
Pre- World War II World Post- World War II World
Imperialism/Colonialism Decolonization:
World War II Creation of the “Third
Great Depression World”
Western Imperial
India, China, Korea, Vietnam,
Capitalism powers are weakened
Israel, Middle
The Cold War: USA vs
East,Afghanistan
Cost of War: Millions
Fascism dead, destruction of USSR develop into
infrastructure Superpowers.
Communism Alliance Systems, arms race,
Ends Fascism – Defeat
proxy wars, propaganda, space
of Nazi Germany,
Industrialization of race, containment, domino
Fascist Italy,
theory, detente
the West militaristic Japan
United Nations: World
Atrocities: Nazi organizations created to
Mass Production of Holocaust, Rape of
weapons/ Development of Nanjing, Bombing of maintain peace
Nuclear weapons Hiroshima and Peace talks, declaration of human
Nagasaki rights, World forum for issues
18. The Formula for Twentieth
Century Revolution
•Traditional Rural Society
•Rapid Industrialization
•Corrupt, stubborn, unresponsive
political system
•Harsh living conditions, unfair treatment
•Foreign intervention
New ideas about class and property, land reform
20. Revolutionary Results
Some Real Changes:
•1917 Mexican Constitution
•Land reforms, limited foreign
ownership of key resources
•Guaranteed rights of workers
•restrictions on clerical education and
church ownership of property
•educational reforms
•Workers organized and were
represented in government
The Mexican Revolution had a limited impact beyond its borders: WHY?
21. Russian Revolution
“Peace, Bread, and Land”
1. March 1917 – Provisional
Government replaces Czar
2. November 1917 – Bolsheviks
Replace Provisional
Government
3. Lenin pulls Russia out of
WWI
22. Results
•1923 – New constitution created a federal
system of socialist republics
•USSR becomes the first Communist nation
•Capital is moved to Moscow
•Authoritarian Rule
•Created a new political, economic and cultural
structure without internal challenge
•Supported socialist movements
around the world
23. Comparing Revolutions
Russian Revolution Mexican Revolution
•1905-1923 •1910-1920
•Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata
•Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky
•peasants want: Land reform, political
•peasants want: Land reform, political rights
rights, out of WWI •autocratic leader - harsh rule, small land
•autocratic leader - harsh rule, small owning elite, foreign control of industry
land owning elite •“Tierra y Libertad” - Socialist reforms
•“Peace, land, bread” - Marxist reforms •1910 - Diaz Resigns and flees Mexico,
Madero in Power - Limited Reforms
•1917 - March revolution removes Czar -
Limited reforms •1913 - Madero removed and Killed -
General Huerta becomes dictator
•1917 - Nov revolution (Bolshevik Rev)
•1914-1920 Civil War forces Huerta from
creation of USSR - Red Army
power
•1918-1921 Civil War (Reds vs Whites) • 1917 - Mexican Constitution
•1924 - Stalin becomes communist •1920 - Obregon becomes President - gov’t
dictator led by Revolutionary elite
24. Chinese Revolutions
Sun Yixian – Father of Modern China
- Three Principles of the People
1911 – Last Emperor of Qing Dynasty is overthrown
Mao Zedong – 1949 Communist Revolution defeats Jiang Jieshi
who flees to Taiwan
25. How do these paintings
show how Mao was
successful at gaining
power in China?
26. China Case study
During the war,Communists expanded peasant
base, using appeals for women (health care, divorce
rights, education access, graduated taxes,
cooperative farming).
Growth of party during the war in part through use
of anti-Japanese propaganda.
Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender.
1949 Great People’s Revolution- Mao
Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan.
27. Cuban Revolution
1953 – Guerilla group led by Fidel
Castro began a revolution against
U.S. supported dictator Fulgencio
Batista
1959 - Fidel Castro seized power in
Cuba. He nationalized businesses
and executed opponents, created
Communist state.
He threatened to spread Communism
to other Latin American countries.
Clashed with U.S. and allied with
USSR during Cold War
28. Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism
Iranian Revolution
1953- Shah Reza Pahlavi came to power with help of CIA
Repressed opposition and violated constitution
1979 - Ayatollah Khomenini led revolution from exile in
Paris and overthrows the Shah
• Creates the first Islamic Fundamentalist government –
new constitution based on Islamic law
• 55 Americans held hostage
• 1980-1988 – Iraq-Iran War
29. Process of Decolonization and
Nation- Building
Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945.
Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and
mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s.
Three patterns:
• Violent Revolutions and Civil War (China, Algeria,
Vietnam, Palestine)
• Non-Violent, negotiated independence (India, Ghana
Turkey)
• Both violent and non-violent methods (Kenya,
Egypt, South Africa)
30. Violent Movements
Decolonization in the Middle East-
Palestine and Israel
Zionism
1917 Balfour Declaration
Immigration of Jews to Palestine
European Holocaust
Increase of migration
1947- end of British mandate of Palestine and failed
UN partition solution
1948 establishment of Israel
Regional conflicts->
31. UN Partition Plan
Britain, which had ruled Palestine since 1920, handed over responsibility
for solving the Zionist-Arab problem to the UN in 1947.
The UN recommended splitting
the territory into separate
Jewish and Palestinian states.
The partition plan gave:
• 56.47% of Palestine to the
Jewish state
• 43.53% to the Arab state
• An international enclave
around Jerusalem.
• On 29 November 1947, 33
countries of the UN General
Which Countries are most likely to Assembly voted for partition, 13
voted against and 10 abstained.
vote against the U.N. Partition Plan?
32. Palestinian Intifada
A mass uprising - or intifada
against the Israeli occupation
began in Gaza and quickly
spread to the West Bank.
• Protest took the form of civil disobedience, general strikes, boycotts on
Israeli products, graffiti, and barricades, but it was the stone-throwing
demonstrations against the heavily-armed occupation troops that captured
international attention.
• The Israeli Defense Forces responded and there was heavy loss of life
among Palestinian civilians.
• More than 1,000 died in clashes which lasted until 1993.
33. Violent Movements
Algeria
1954- 1962 war between FLN (nationalist party) and French troops
Appeal of Arab nationalism
Large French settler population “Part of France”
Algerians used guerilla and terrorist tactics
French used counter terrorism and torture
300,000 lives lost
1962 - Ahmed Ben Bella became the first President
Primarily a one-party state
Current challenges by Islamic Fundamentalists
34. Non-Violent Movements
India: History of the Movement
Indian National Congress - 1885. (Elite group not
mass movement)
Growth of Indian national identity- presented
grievances to the British.
Congress party attracted mass following.
Gandhi and Congress leadership tried to prevent
mass peasant uprising (as was happening in China)
by keeping power centered on middle class leaders.
35. Militant Nationalists
B.G. Tilak urged a boycott of
British manufactured goods
and used threats of terrorism.
Attracted a violent
conservative Hindu following.
Tilak was exiled and his
movement was repressed by
the British.
36. Peaceful Protests
Mohandas Gandhi and other western
educated lawyers led peaceful alternative.
Nation-wide protest against colonialism
through boycotts and campaigns of civil
resistance. (Salt March, Homespun
Movement)
His efforts were not well received by the
Muslims who formed a separate
organization in 1906, The Muslim League.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League)
insisted on partitioned state (Hindu and
Muslim).
37. Indian Independence
August 1947 Pakistan and
India gained independence.
Mass killings of Muslims
and Hindus (1 million)
followed by mass
migrations (12 million).
(Gandhi fasted to prevent
war-> assassination)
Jawaharlal Nehru, first
Prime Minister,began
modernization campaign.
38. Non-Violent Movements
De-colonization in Africa
-1957, Gold Coast (renamed
Ghana) independence, led
by western- educated,
Kwame Nkrumah.
Used Non-violent methods
influenced by Gandhi
Developed a parliamentary
democracy
- By 1963, all of British
ruled Africa, except
Southern Rhodesia, was
independent.
39. Africa for Africans
Nationalists composed
of ex-servicemen,
urban unemployed and
western educated elite.
Pan-Africanism and
Negritude
Senghor (Senegal)
41. Both Violent and Non-Violent Movements
Kenya
Presence of settlers prevented
smooth transition of power.
Jono Kenyatta used non-violent
protests
Kenya (20,000 Europeans only)
led to violent revolt.
Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by
Kikuyus suppressed by British.
1963 independence granted to
black majority, led by
Kenyatta.
42. Both Violent and Non-Violent Movements
Egypt
1906 Dinshawai incident aroused
nationalist passions.
Actions post- Indep (1936) not
sufficient.
Coup d’etat in 1952 Gamal Abdel
Nasser
Nationalization of Suez 1956
protested by Israelis, British and
French but diplomacy won over
eventually.
Nasser= symbol of pan-Arab
nationalism.
43. Both Violent and Non-Violent Movements
South Africa
4 million white residents
Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party
won 1948 election
Apartheid – separation of races
No protests tolerated (African National
Congress, Mandela, Biko, Sharpeville
massacre 1960, Spear of the Nation)
World boycotts led by Desmond Tutu
1990- DeKlerk legalized ANC and ended
Apartheid
1994 –first open election
Mandela- first Black President
44. DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM
1914-Present
WWI, WWII, Building a
Cold War Nation-State
(Structure of new Gov’t)
Failed Independence Modern, but not
Traditional Violent or Western Society
Rebellion Non-violent
(Events/Methods)
Western Inspired Resurgence of
Nationalist Indigenous
Movement Challenges
(Leaders & Goals) (Major Problems)
45. Nasser in Egypt Nehru in India Kenyatta in Kenya
Nkrumah in Ghana Ataturk in Turkey Mao Zedong in China
46.
47.
48. Challenges of Independence
Ethnic disputes Population growth
Dependent economies Resource depletion
Growing debt Lack of middle class in
Cultural dependence on some locales
west-> religious revivalism Education deficit and later,
as backlash brain drain.
Widespread social unrest Neo-colonialism through
Military responses to economic debt.
restore order
49. Conclusions
Decolonization was sometimes a violent process-
dependent in large part on how many settlers had
come to the colony.
In many parts of world, decolonization was not
revolutionary. Power passed from one class of
elites to another. Little economic and social reform
occurred.
Significant challenges faced independent nations.
Western economic dominance of the global trade
system continued unabated. WHY?
50. Cold War
Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and
socialist economies and agendas.
Provided arms to those who sided with one
or the other (proxy wars and arms races).
Encouraged violent recourse for some as a
result of the power politics of cold war
competition.
52. Democracy in Germany
•Germany’s armed forces
were disbanded and the
Nazi party was outlawed
•In Western Germany,
Allies helped set up
political parties and
assisted Germans in
writing a federal
Constitution.
•In 1949, West Germany
regained self-government
and named itself the
Federal Republic of
Germany
53. COMPETING IDEOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
UNITED STATES VS. SOVIET UNION
1. Wanted to spread democracy & 1. Continued to occupy Eastern Europe &
capitalism to Eastern Europe. turned countries into satellites (puppet
states), to protect the Soviet Union from
2. NATO - North Atlantic Treaty
invasion from the west.
Organization. U.S. & several
2. Warsaw Pact - Soviet Union & Eastern
Western European Countries.
European satellite countries.
Government controls radio, T.V. & Newspapers
Secret police
One party leadership
Freedom of press
Collectivization Citizens have basic rights
Government controls all production
Freedom of Religion
Dictatorship
Freedom of Press Citizens elect representatives Use of propaganda
People & corporations can own land Censorship
People can form own political parties
54. U.S. POLICIES
1. CONTAINMENT - Policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and
preventing the expansion of Communism.
2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE - Monetary support given by U.S. to countries that
resisted Communism.
3. MARSHALL PLAN- Post WWII assistance program, in which, the
U.S. would provide, food, machines, and other materials to any country
that needed it.
SOVIET RESPONSE
1. BERLIN BLOCKADE & AIRLIFT 1948- Soviets closed all road and
rail links to Berlin. The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed the
West Berliners.
•This caused the creation of the Federal Republic of
Germany (West Germany) in 1949
2. BERLIN WALL 1961- East German
government built a wall that separated East Berlin
from West Berlin. Soldiers shot anyone that tried
to escape East Berlin.
55. THE IRON CURTAIN
1. The Soviet Union drove the
Germans back across Eastern Europe.
2. They occupied several countries
along it’s western border and
considered them a necessary buffer or
wall of protection from the west.
3. Stalin installed Communist
governments in Albania, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Czechoslavakia, Romania,
Poland, and Yugoslavia.
4. At the Potsdam Conference Truman
pressed Stalin to allow free elections. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the
5. Early in 1946 Stalin declares that continent.”
communism & capitalism could not
exist in the same world. War between
the U.S. & U.S.S.R. was certain. March 5, 1946
56. A
PEOPLE OF THE COLD
WAR
B H
L
D M G
I
C E
J
F N
K
O
58. KOREAN WAR 1950 - 1953
After World War II Korea was
divided, along the 38th parallel,
into North Korea, occupied
Soviet forces and South Korea
occupied by American forces.
North Korean forces, seeking to
unify the country under
communist rule invaded the south
in 1950. Commanded by General
Douglas MacArthur, UN forces
prevented a northern takeover of
South Korea. An Armistice was
signed in 1953.
59. CUBAN REVOLUTION
In 1959 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba. He
nationalized businesses and executed opponents,
transforming Cuba into a Communist state.
He threatened to spread Communism to other
Latin American countries.
BAY OF PIGS INVASION
In 1961 trained Cuban exiles
1961 U.S.
unsuccessfully invaded Cuba at the Bay of
Pigs.
60. BAY OF PIGS INVASION
1961U.S. trained Cuban exiles
In 1961
unsuccessfully invaded Cuba at
the Bay of Pigs.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962
In 1962 the United States discovered that
Cuba was secretly building bases to install
Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads.
After President Kennedy ordered a naval
blockade of Cuba and threatened and
invasion, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw
the missiles for a pledge that the U.S.
would not invade Cuba.
61. Vietnam
French rule since 1880’s –
rice, mining, and rubber
exports
Rise of foreign educated
intelligentsia (Ho Chi Minh)
Formation of Viet Minh in
1941
Guerrilla War with France
(1946-1954)
Divided country in 1954 led
to gradual US entry to contain
communism.
62. VIETNAM WAR
1954-1975
When the French withdrew from
Indochina in 1954, Vietnam was
divided. Ho Chi Minh Founded
Communist North Vietnam, While
South Vietnam established ties to the
West.
Communists known as Vietcong began
a guerrilla war in South Vietnam with
North Vietnamese support.
The U.S. entered the conflict to resist
communism. Although the U.S. had
superior technology, and used 500,000
soldiers it could not defeat the North
Vietnamese.
In 1973 U.S. troops withdrew under the
Paris Peace Accords. In 1975 the
South fell to the North.
63. ARMS RACE
The United States developed the Atomic Bomb during WWII.
Soviet scientists developed one in 1949.
For 40 years the superpowers spent huge amounts of money to
develop more & more powerful weapons. This raised the tensions
between the two countries. It also raised the fears among many
people that the superpowers might become involved in a conflict that
would destroy the world.
64. SPACE
RACE
The super
powers also
competed
in space.
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a satellite, into orbit around
the Earth.
Soon after the United States established NASA. The race was on.
In 1958 the U.S. launched its own first satellite. In 1961, the Soviets sent
the first man into space.
In 1969 the U.S. was the first nation to put a man on the moon. Both the
Soviets and Americans explored the use of satellites for military purposes.
65. Fall of
Communism
•Due to growing sense of nationalism and desire for
more political rights – Eastern European nations push
for reforms
•Russian Communist grip begins to loosen due to poor
economy and global pressure.
•Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost and
Perestroika allow some political and economic
freedoms.
•Poland – Solidarity Movement led by
Lech Walesa
•Czechoslovakia – Velvet Revolution led
by Vaclav Havel
•Hungary – Revolution in 1956 led by
Imre Nagy failed
•East Germany – Berlin Wall removed in
1989
•Romania – Violent revolution removes
and kills Dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu
66. Fall of
Communism
•LOW WORKER MORALE
•FOOD SHORTAGES
•NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY
•COST OF THE WAR GLOBAL PRESSURE
GLASNOST PERESTROIKA
New political policy by Mikhail Economic policy by Mikhail
Gorbachev means “openness” Gorbachev means “restructuring”
Allowed the following: Allowed the following:
Free flow of ideas, no censorship Some private property
Religious freedom Some small business – profits
Public criticism of gov’t Some Free trade
Contested elections (secret ballots) Local managers more control and
Release of political prisoners authority over farms and factories
Books freely printed
Decentralization of economic
“Socialism with a Human Face” control
ATTEMPTED COUP
Some high level officials (communist hard-liners) wanted Gorbachev to resign in 1991
He refused – the group staged a coup in Moscow by placing Gorbachev under house arrest and sent
tanks into Moscow to seize control.
Boris Yeltsin called to the people to resist the coup and gained the support of the military
The Coup was foiled and the USSR soon split into 15 republics – the CIS
67. Global Economics
Global Depression
North and South
Interdependence
Emergence of Pacific Rim
Globalization– pros and cons?
NAFTA and W.T.O.
Consumerism
Religious response to Globalization
69. International
Terrorism
•Al Qaeda – Osama Bin Laden
•9-11 Attacks on U.S.
•Hamas in Israel
•Hezbollah in Lebanon
•Suicide bombers-Israel and Iraq
•Tamil Tigers in India
•IRA in Northern Ireland
72. Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
Genocide Convention, 1948
Armenian 1918
Jewish Holocaust 1930’s- 1940’s
Cambodia- Pol Pot 1975- 1979
Rwanda, 1994
Child Labor, Soldiers, Slavery
75. Social Reforms
Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women)
Civil rights movements globally
Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa
Class, religious, racial, gender, and sexual
orientation, reforms worldwide
76. Women as leaders in the
Movement
Women fought alongside men in whatever
capacities were permitted in Algeria, Egypt, China,
Vietnam,India and elsewhere.
China, 1942:
“ The fighting record of our women does not permit us to
believe that they will ever again allow themselves to be
enslaved whether by a national enemy or by social reaction
at home.”
Women given constitutional rights but social and
economic equality rarely achieved in postcolonial
developing nations.