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Christendom ii
This document provides an overview of political, social, and economic developments in post-Classical Western Europe from 1000-1450 CE. Key points include: 1. Politics were decentralized, with the Holy Roman Empire in decline and independent states like France and England emerging. England was unified under the Norman conquest in 1066. 2. A new merchant class, or bourgeoisie, developed in growing cities and towns, challenging the traditional feudal hierarchy. Guilds and increased trade connected regions across Europe. 3. The Catholic Church remained powerful but faced challenges to its authority from secular rulers over issues like appointments and taxation. Events like the Magna Carta curbed royal power in England.
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Christendom ii
- 1. “Christendom II” Post ClassicalWestern Europe By: Janet Pareja for AP World History, 2014
- 2. High Middle Ages 1000 –1450 Change or Continuity?
- 3. POLITICS Decentralized System Holy RomanEmpire Church and State Expansion
- 4. 1. Continuity: HolyRoman Empire
- 5. 2. CHANGE: Competitionbetween Independent “States” • France: – Hugh Capet – (Capetian Dynasty) – Important role of Church in society, government – Dynastic Monarchy – Language: FRENCH
- 6. England: Norman Conquest,1066 William the Conqueror • Battle of Hastings • Bayeux Tapestry – 230 ‘ long • Brought centralized structure from France; dynastic rule, aristocrats… FRENCH language, culture. • Domesday Book – Census, Catalogue
- 7. “Normans” crossing theChannel
- 8. Look, it’s Halley’sComet!
- 9. 3. Quest forPower: Competition between Church and State. Competition between Ruler and Elite. Competition between States. Change or Continuity?
- 10. 1075 – InvestitureControversy • Who has the power to name new people to church positions, such as Arch-Bishop of Canterbury – a position that is also a counselor to the King? • The Interdiction England placed under an Interdiction for five years between 1208 and 1213, after King John refused to accept the pope's appointee Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. • Papal Inquisition CHANGE!!
- 11. 1215 - MagnaCarta • King John forced to sign in a field at Runnymeade • Separation of Church and State • Limited Power of the King • Reinstated power of Feudal Lords • Extended rule of law to Burgher Class • Later… Parliament with Burghers in house of Commons deciding trade & taxation; Lords advising king & presiding over legislative issues
- 12. England Attacked France: HundredYears War 1337 – 1453 • French had conquered England in 1066. Now England already occupied French-speaking Brittany • Joan of Arc – wakened a sense of “nationalism” in France; England withdrew. • One of biggest and longest wars in European history – but did not change much!
- 13. Italy • NOT centralized. •Some Papal States. • Some Northern City States – Florence, Venice, Genoa... – Ruled by wealthy bankers, merchants: NOT Royalty!! – Traded in Mediterranean with Arabs…
- 14. Germany • NOT UNIFIED-Small regional princedoms, duchies. • Strong mercantile cities, like in Italy. • Traded NORTH across Baltic and between each other.
- 15. Spain • Marriage ofFerdinand & Isabella, Aragon & Castile, UNIFIED SPAIN - 1469 • Reconquista – 1492 • Columbus discovered America - 1492 • Inquisition • Started to build an Empire on the Sea, & in New World! • Court: continued some arts from pre-Reconquista such as Minstrels…
- 16. Russia • 1242 –Fell to Mongol Invasion by Golden Horde. • 200 years! • 1400’s: – Ivan the Great • Independence from Mongols • Declared himself “Czar” – Ivan IV (the Terrible) • Reign of Terror!
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- 19. Medieval Economy: Change AgriculturalRevolution, 1000 CE – More land under production – More crops, more variety – legumes, fertilizer – More animals – food, beasts of burden, fish ponds – Books about Farming – in vernacular: Almanacs • Increased population of peasants • Fewer hands needed on farms with new tech • Surplus of Peasants: more born and lived • Many entered the church, moved to cities, moved to Eastern Europe looking for their own land
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- 22. New Class… BURGHER/Bourgeoisie On edges of manors, around churches or artisan clusters, at cross roads… • Artisans – men AND women – Baker, Cook, Smith, Weaver, Brewer, Tailor, Shoemaker… doctors, lawyers, furriers… • Merchants • Services
- 24. City Life: CHANGE TownCharter • Pay Lord a “tax” to live free in town & specialize, earn own livelihood • Why did the Lord allow people to leave the manor??? Who would do the WORK??
- 25. So… Changed SocialHierarchy! 900- 1350 -Feudalism / Manorialism continued. -Inequality built into system, accepted. 1000 – 1450 -People left manors and created towns!
- 26. GUILDS • Forerunners ofTown Halls • Each occupation had its own • Set prices, trained apprentices, socialized. • Competition over which had best guild hall Women in Guilds?! • Weavers, Brewers, Bakers…women’s guilds. • Worked with husband: – Smiths, Candles, Merchants, Physicians, Pharmacists… • Femmes Soles – legal independence to own property, collect & keep rents, sell property. • As towns grew and after Reformation, men came to dominate workforce, and women became helpers or homemakers.
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- 28. • Northern ItalianCity States – Venice, Genoa, Pisa… – Mediterranean Sea with Arab Merchants • HANSA: – Hanseatic League – Northern German & Norse merchant mariners – North Sea, Baltic, Russian Rivers…
- 29. TRADE! 1. Surplus Produce 2.County Fairs, Regional Fairs
- 31. Social Hierarchy Three Estates: Thosewho Fight, Those who Work, Those who Pray
- 32. Nobility: Those WhoFight • RULE! • More educated • CHIVALRY – loyalty, honor, ethics, court behavior – Protection of, respect for women – “Chaste love” from afar – “Christian knights” – Arthurian Cycle • Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1122-1204 – Troubadors / minstrels – courtly love, based on poetry of Moorish Spain
- 33. Eleanor of Aquitaine -Wifeof two kings: Louis VII of France & Henry II of England. -Mother of two more: Richard the Lionheart & “Nasty” Prince/King John. -Went on Second Crusade with Louis - Ruled England temporarily in Richard's absence in the Holy Land.
- 34. Commoners: Those WhoWork • Obedient & submissive – Depended on Lord to eat, work, live – Depended on Church for Salvation • Agriculture on Manor, Own field • City Dweller with Specialty or Service
- 35. Those Who Pray •Monasteries lost importance. • Cathedrals Towns sprang up • Competition for best Gothic Cathedrals • Education: – Cathedral Schools Universities – “Latin Quarter” – Taught only clerics, at first
- 36. POPES after 1000CE: BELEAGURED! • Losing power & influence over rulers, but still had wealth & power over masses – Investiture Contest, 1075 – Crusades, 1095 – Cardinals, Bishops advised Kings – Magna Carta – Pope tried to get it rescinded – Inquisition & fighting heretics – Overindulgence & overspending during Renaissance Protestant Reformation later – Corruption & competition between families to be Pope
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- 38. Art & Architecture Minstrels, Tapestriesand Illuminated Manuscripts Churches, Public Buildings in Cities
- 39. Yes, Wikipedia! • Medievalart was produced in many media, and the works that remain in large numbers include sculpture, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass, metalwork and mosaics, all of which have had a higher survival rate than other media such as fresco wall-paintings, work in precious metals or textiles, including tapestry.
- 40. Detail of TheEffects of Good Government, a fresco in the City Hall of Siena by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 1338.
- 41. Importance of Fine Materials •Gold Leaf • Lapiz Lazuli for Blue Paint- BVM • Ivory carvings • Vellum more expensive than parchment – calf hide rather than sheep/goat • Paper extremely expensive – available last centuries of the period (match book size or smaller)
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- 44. • Mountains • Denseforests • Seas • The Dark Monasteries gave way to GOTHIC CATHEDRALS in cities…. 1200’s – 13’00’s
- 47. • 200 yearsto build • Countless lifetimes & lives • Fortunes of merchants, nobility, common people…
- 52. Technology Domes Lateen Sail, Shipbuilding Compass,Paper Map making Math Geography Sugar and Plantations
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- 55. Universities Bologne, 1088; Paris,1155; Oxford, 1166; Cambridge, 1209; Padua, 1222; Siena, 1240; Heidelberg, 1386…
- 56. “Philosophy” • Crusades Arrival of Greek Philosophy: Aristotle • Scholasticism – Integration of Aristotelian logic with Christianity – St. Thomas Aquinas – Proof of God – Moses Maimonides – Torah – Averroes (Ibn Rushde) – “The Commentator” • “Natural Philosophy” – Reason applied to world around them = “Science” – Francis Bacon
- 57. BLACK DEATH Early –Mid 1300’s
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Editor's Notes
- #7 Family Feud – Childless king of England died Jan,1066 (Edward the Confessor) so named wife’s bro (powerful Harold of Wessex) to succeed. But Harold’s bro, and a Viking king claimed. Wm Duke of Normandy had been promised the throne by his cousin, the dead king in 1051. Invaded w well trained forces vs Harald’s peasants. Oct 14, shot Harald thru eye, Wm claimed victory. Xmas day crowned in London King William, ending forever Anglo Saxon reign in England. French became main language (syncretizing w Anglo-Saxon) Never spoke English – Died hated by English.
- #11 NOT Thomas Becket – murdered in 1170 when a rift grew between King Henry and Archbishop Becket. Becket was Henry’s friend, but he resigned his secular position as Chancellor when he became archbishop, and tried to give more power to the position of archbishop – He was officially asked to sign off on the King’s rights or face political repercussions. In sixteen constitutions, the King sought less clerical independence and a weaker connection with Rome. He employed all his skills to induce their consent and was apparently successful with all but Becket. Finally, even Becket expressed his willingness to agree to the substance of the Constitutions of Clarendon, but he still refused to formally sign the documents. Henry charged Becket with contempt of royal authority and malfeasance in the Chancellor's office. Convicted on the charges, Becket stormed out of the trial and fled to France. Henry pursued the fugitive archbishop with a series of edicts, aimed at all his friends and supporters as well as Becket himself. Becket threatened excommunication and interdiction against the king and bishops and the kingdom, but the Pope imposed a solution to the dispute. At that point, Henry offered a compromise that would allow Thomas to return to England from exile. He stepped down in favor of his son, and local clergy presided at the coronation. This was a breach of Becket’s privilege of coronation as Archbishop of Canterbury, and in November 1170 Becket excommunicated all three clergymen, who fled to Normandy. Becket continued to excommunicate his opponents in the church, and Henry found out. He apparently said something like, “ Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest,” and some of his men went out and murdered Thomas Becket on December 29, 1170, INSIDE the Canterbury Cathedral. The INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY had begun!
- #20 Results: Increased population of peasants! Fewer hands needed on farms with new tech Surplus of peasants more born and lived Many entered the Church, moved to cities, moved to eastern Europe looking for their own fortunes – own land
- #23 LEFT THE MANOR / FARM!!!
- #27 In the towns, they organized themselves by TRADE – What they did for a living – GUILDS.
- #34 Wealthiest, most eligible woman in Europe. Married Louis, son of her guardian – had some daughters but annulled due to no male heirs. Gave custody to husband, her lands restored to her. Within months married Henry of England who soon became king, had lots of children including Richard the Lionheart and John. Estranged from husband due to supporting her son Henry’s claim to throne while husband still lived; imprisoned for this. Outlived husband. While Richard was on Crusade, she was Regent. Outlived all but John, having great effect on courtliness and chivalry, respect for women.
- #38 OPTIONS! Women in convent – harder work if lower class. Weaving for all classes. Reading for elite. Women left “in charge” in absence of man due to war, death, illness, old age… more acceptable.