This document discusses technological and environmental transformations from the Paleolithic era to around 600 BCE. It notes that humans emerged in East Africa and migrated to other parts of the world. The Neolithic Revolution led to the development of permanent agricultural villages in different regions around 8000 BCE. Local plants and animals were domesticated in various places, requiring cooperation and leading to impacts on the environment from activities like soil depletion. Pastoralism developed as a way of life in grasslands, utilizing livestock and spreading new technologies. Early states emerged in core agricultural areas, mobilizing resources and competing for power. Complex religious beliefs, culture, and trade expanded and connected different regions.

1. TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
To 600 B.C.E. (Solberg APWH)

2. WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW?
 World History is GLOBAL!
 Humans emerged in East Africa in the
Paleolithic era
 Hunting-Foraging bands migrated to:
 Eurasia
 Americas
 Australia
 Developed/exchanged technology & culture as
they arrived in different climate zones

4. PALEOLITHIC TOOLS

5. WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW?
 Neolithic Revolution began in about 8000 BCE
 Permanent agricultural villages developed in
different places at different times!
 Nile Valley
 Tigris & Euphrates Valley
 Huang He/Yellow River
 Indus River
 Mesoamerica
 Andes
 New Guinea
 Most likely a result of climate change

7. WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW?
 Local plants & animals are domesticated
 Wheat & Pigs- Mesopotamia
 Potatoes & Llamas – Andean S. America
 Cooperation was required to clear land and
control water for crop production
 Soil depletion, overgrazing, deforestation,
irrigation…all impact the earth

9. PASTORALISM
 Small bands follow large livestock in
systematic, seasonal patterns
 Afro-Eurasian grasslands
 E. Africa, C. Asia
 Overgrazing hurts environment
 Specialization of labor & social classes exist
 Less patriarchal than ag societies
 More egalitarian than ag societies

10. PASTORALISM

11. PASTORALISM
 Developed and spread new weapons &
transportation to ag societies
 Iron weapons
 Composite bows
 Horseback riding

12. WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW?
 Population grew exponentially with farming and
grazing
 Surplus of food=specialization of labor
 Artisans, warriors, elites, unskilled masses
 Technology led to improvements in farming
(plows, metals), trade (pottery, woven textiles),
and transportation (wheels)
 Elites gain wealth & promote patriarchy & large
poor classes

14. WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW
 States first emerge in the core agricultural
areas
 Egypt
 Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa
 Shang Dynasty
 Sumeria (Mesopotamia)
 Olmec
 Chavin

16. EARLY STATES
 Mobilized resources for farming
 Organized labor
 Led by a divine ruler
 Had military support
 Competed with other states for resources
 Ex. Hittites had iron so others wanted it
 Metals were a key component = power
 Allowed them to conquer new lands as population
grew

18. EARLY STATES
 Culture was important to these states:
 Monumental architecture
 Urban planning
 Sculpture/painting (frescoes)
 Record keeping (cuneiform/hieroglyphics)
 Literature (Epic of Gilgamesh)
 Legal codes reflected existing hierarchies & the
rule over the masses
 Hammurabi’s Code

21. EARLY STATES
 Complex religious beliefs develop that influence
later periods:
 Polytheism, then….
 Early Hinduism (Vedic religion)
 Judaism (Hebrew monotheism)
 Zoroastrianism (monotheistic)
 Trade expands locally, regionally, and trans-
regionally (goods, technology, & CULTURE!)
 Egypt & Nubia, Mesopotamia & India