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An age of explorations and isolation (1400 1800) upload
- 1. An Age ofExplorations and Isolation (1400-1800) By holy_rat (who ain’t religious)
- 2. Imperialism = • Whena stronger country takes over a weaker country • > colonies • Killing Aztecs > genocide (cultural)
- 3.
- 4. Background • By 1400,Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders • Renaissance encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity • Printing press (Guttenberg- approx. 1450) spread ideas and new maps and charts
- 5. Causes of EuropeanExploration • #1 New Trade Routes – People want wealth; achieve that through trade • Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper) • Introduced during Crusades; people still demanded goods once wars ended • Demand greater than supply > high prices
- 6. (cont’d) • Trade routescontrolled by Italians and Muslims: – Muslims sold Asian goods to Italians – Italian merchants resold items at increased prices to merchants throughout Europe – Other traders did not like this and wanted new routes that bypassed Italian merchants – Italy had great location
- 7. (cont’d) • #2 SpreadChristianity – Crusades left hostility between Christians and Muslims – Europeans believed they had a sacred duty to continue fighting Muslims and convert non- Christians
- 8. (cont’d) • Example– BartolomeuDias: early portuguese explorer – “For God, glory, and gold” • “To serve God and His majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire”
- 9. (cont’d) • #3 NewExploration Technologies – Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against the wind – Astrolabe: brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees; used to calculate latitude (perfected by Muslims) – Compass: magnetically tracked direction (Chinese invention)
- 10. (cont’d) • #4 Newland/power and wealth= • Imperialism- a smaller country dominates a smaller one for the following reasons: – Wealth – Power – Resources – Nationalism
- 11. Major Players inEurope before 16th Century • Portugal • Spain • France • Dutch • England? > did not really start until 17th century > Queen Elizabeth I • Others join later
- 12. Portugal leads theway • Portugal was first to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa • Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator): son of Portugal’s king – Nations most enthusiastic supporter of exploration – Conquered Muslim city in North Africa where he discovered exotic wealth never found in Europe (cinnamon, cloves, pepper, silver, gold, jewels) > Middle Passage; resources
- 13. (cont’d) • Henry determinedto find the source of that wealth > mainly the Muslims who were so wealthy • 1419 he founded a navigation school in Portugal (mapmakers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains, gathered there to perfect their trade)
- 14. (cont’d) • By Henry’sdeath, Portugal held a series of trading posts along western African shores – Traded for gold and ivory – Eventually, they traded for African captives (slaves) – Next, Portugal search for a trade route to Asia
- 15. Cycle of Conquestand Colonization
- 16. The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. – Sugar cane and sugar plantations – First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518 – 275,000 enslaved Africans were exported to other countries 3. Between 16th century and 19th century, approx. 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
- 17. Hernan Cortes • Wentinto Mexico in 1518 • Encountered the Aztecs • Brutally conquered and took power – became governor • Destroyed Tenochtitlan • Seen as a hero to some and as a villain to others
- 18. Francisco Pizarro • Wentinto Panama with Balboa in 1513 • Took an interest in conquests and riches • Went into South America around 1522 – went into Colombia and Ecuador • Best known for his brutal conquests in Peru in 1532 • Natives were already there, (the Inca) • Destroyed Inca culture and society • Was killed by angry natives in 1541
- 19. Amerigo Vespucci • Wentinto the Americas • Chronicled his voyages with letters • Named America (after ‘Amerigo’)
- 20. Spain vs. Portugal •Spain vs. Portugal – Portugal believed that Spain reached Asia and that Columbus claimed lands that the Portuguese might have reached first – Pope Alexander VI divided the land between the two nations – He drew the Line of Demarcation: imaginary North/South line that gave lands on the east to Portugal and the lands on the west to Spain • In 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas: they agreed to honor the line
- 21. Trading Empires inthe Indian Ocean • Portugal – Built huge trading empire by capturing many Muslim owned lands (with help from cannons mounted on their ships) • (Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca, Spice Islands) • By capturing these Muslim-owned lands, the Portuguese broke the Italian-Muslim domination of trade and sold goods at 1/5 the cost
- 22. (cont’d) • English andDutch – 1600 they began to challenge Portugal – Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000 vessels – Both formed East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and raise armies.
- 23. (cont’d) • Dutch EastIndia Company eventually drove out the English and established dominance over the region • By 1700, Dutch ruled much of Indonesia, the Spice Islands, and the Cape of Good Hope
- 24. (cont’d) • French – Established its own East India Company – It struggled at first, faced attacks from the Dutch, eventually establish output in India – **Although Europeans took control of many port cities their influence rarely spread beyond the ports