The document summarizes the development of early civilizations in China, Nubia, and the Americas between 2200-250 BCE. In China, the Shang Dynasty ruled from 1750-1027 BCE in the Yellow River Valley and established oracle bone writing. The Zhou Dynasty then overthrew the Shang and split into the Western and Eastern Zhou periods. Philosophies like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism emerged. In Nubia, the Kingdom of Kush developed south of Egypt and the Kingdom of Meroë later ruled as far north as Egypt. The Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica built cities along the Gulf coast and established complex architecture, calendars, and sculpture. In

1. New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres 2200-250 B.C.E.

2. New Civilizations Early China

3. Geography and Resources China is divided into 2 major geographical regions: Steppe, desert, and high plateau west and northwest Eastern zone – which is better for agriculture Eastern zone is separated into 2 areas: North and South North includes Yellow River Valley, dry and cold South includes Yangzi Valley, warm with lots of rain

4. Natural Resources Timber Stone Metals Can grow millet in the north Can grow rice in the south Agriculture in these areas required lots of people to be successful

5. Shang Period From 1750 – 1027 B.C.E. Origins in the Yellow River Valley Later expanded to include territory from Mongolia to Gansu and South to the Yangzi Valley.

6. Shang Kings Shang kings ruled directly over core area and exercised indirect rule over peripheral areas. Carried out military campaigns against nomadic enemies Engaged in far-flung commerce that may have included indirect trade with Mesopotamia.

7. Shang Religion Kings worship spirits of male ancestors. Practiced divination and sacrifice Presented themselves as intermediaries between gods and human world.

8. Shang Technology Bronze for weapons and ceremonial vessels Horse-drawn chariot Water buffalo as draft animal Civil engineering projects

9. Chinese Writing System Chinese characters developed during Shang period. Chinese writing system today is directly related to the Shang system. Chief written remains of Shang Dynasty are oracle bones used in divination.

10. Shang Writing Systems

11. Zhou Period From 1027 – 221 B.C.E. Dependent state of the Shang. Defeated Shang in the eleventh century B.C.E. Invented concept of “Mandate of Heaven” in order to justify actions. Zhou dynasty split into two periods: Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou

12. Religion and Government During this period, priestly power of the elite faded This resulted in the separation of religion and government Zhou period saw development of many different and important secular philosophies.

13. Western Zhou Period Government From eleventh to ninth centuries B.C.E. Developed model of government that defined kingship in moral terms Zhou exercised direct control over core territory and indirect control over peripheral areas.

14. Eastern Zhou Period Decline in strength of the central government Regional elites ruled territories as independent states, often fighting with each other. Eastern Zhou period divided further Spring and Autumn Period (771-481 B.C.E.) Warring States Period (480-221 B.C.E.)

15. Eastern Zhou Technology Constructed long walls for defense Iron and steel metallurgy Horse riding Development of influential political philosophies Legalism Confucianism Daoism

16. Legalism Assumes that human nature is essentially wicked and selfish. People will only behave if they are ruled by strict laws and harsh punishments. Functioned as the ideological basis of various independent states as they expanded.

17. Confucianism Founded by Confucius Assumes that human nature is essentially good Hierarchical view of universe, society, and family Concerned with establishing moral foundations of government Confucius was not influential in his time, but later became dominant political philosophy of imperial China.

18. Daoism Founded by Laozi. Assumes that universe is in constant flux There are no absolute moral standards People should take the world as they find it Developed into a complex system of popular and magical beliefs Offered the Chinese alternative between Legalism and Confucianism.

19. Eastern Zhou Society Developed three-generation family Developed concept of private property, including privately owned land Women were more firmly subordinated to the patriarchal hierarchy Position justified by concepts of yin and yang.

20. New Civilizations Nubia 3100 B.C.E. – 350 C.E.

21. Nubia Located in Nile valley from Aswan south to Khartoum Forms a link between tropical Africa and the Mediterranean world. Natural resources included: Gold, semi-precious stones, copper.

22. Development of Civilization Spurred by need for: Irrigated Agriculture Trade with Egypt Nubian and Egyptian culture developed through mutual influence and borrowing.

23. Trade and Occupation Early Nubia carried out trade with Old Kingdom Egypt Northern part of Nubia was occupied by Egypt during Middle Kingdom period

24. Kingdom of Kush Kingdom of Kush developed in southern part of Nubia by 1750 B.C.E. Kush noted from metalworking and construction Egypt invaded Kush during New Kingdom period. Resulted in Egyptian occupation that exploited Nubian laborers

25. Kushite Pyramids

26. Kingdom of Meroë 800 B.C.E.-350 C.E. This kingdom ruled Egypt as the 25 th Dynasty. Nubian Kingdom had a capital at Napata. Napata period characterized by Egyptian cultural influence. In 4 th century, moved capital to Meroë. Better for agriculture and trade

27. Meroë Ruling dynasty of Meroë practiced a matrilineal family system Queens were very influential Dominated trade routes Used reservoirs to catch rainfall Became important center for iron smelting

28. Decline of Meroë Shift in trade routes Rise of kingdom of Aksum Depredations of camel-riding nomads

29. First Civilizations of the Americas The Olmec and Chavin 1200-250 B.C.E.

30. Mesoamerican Olmecs 1200-400 B.C.E. Most important Mesoamerican preclassic civilization Major centers of civilization were located along the coast of Mexico Political structure built around kingship Power rested on control of commodities and religion

31. Map of Olmec Territory

32. A Moving Capital Center of early civilization was San Lorenzo. Surpassed by La Venta around 900 B.C.E. Gave way to Tres Zapotes around 600 B.C.E. Large earthen mounds dominated urban centers

33. Olmec Technology Used raised fields to create agricultural surpluses Olmec architecture was very advanced with so little technology Simple machines only Olmec played a role in early development of writing and astronomy

34. Olmec Sculpture

35. Chavín First major urban civilization in South America Politically and economically dominant between 900 and 250 B.C.E. Had military strength and religious appeal Used clan-based system of labor Warfare led to fall of Chavín around 200 B.C.E.

36. Chavín Art