This document discusses perinatal transmission of HIV (PPTCT), including statistics on HIV prevalence in India, factors that affect mother-to-child transmission, strategies for prevention and treatment, and India's national PPTCT program. Some key points:
- PPTCT accounts for over 90% of HIV infections in children.
- Prevention strategies include antiretroviral treatment for mothers and infants, with transmission risk reduced to under 2% with appropriate intervention.
- India's national PPTCT program aims to offer HIV testing to all pregnant women and prevent perinatal transmission, working toward eliminating new HIV infections in children by 2015.
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV 2017Helen Madamba
This is a lecture delivered during the Integrated Orientation on HIV/AIDS and TBHIV Collaboration by the Department of Health Region 7 at Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Stages of normal labor- easy explanation for Nursing Students(B.Sc & GNM)...
Introduction, definition of normal labor, definition of normal labor by WHO, Mechanism of labor, stages of labor, Intrapartum management of Labor, pain control.
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV 2017Helen Madamba
This is a lecture delivered during the Integrated Orientation on HIV/AIDS and TBHIV Collaboration by the Department of Health Region 7 at Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Stages of normal labor- easy explanation for Nursing Students(B.Sc & GNM)...
Introduction, definition of normal labor, definition of normal labor by WHO, Mechanism of labor, stages of labor, Intrapartum management of Labor, pain control.
This lecture describes the approach to screening, diagnosis and management of HIV and TB infection among pregnant patients. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV infection mainly based on the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society Clinical Practice Recommendations.
Consolidated guidelines on
the Use of Antiretroviral
Drugs for Treating and
Preventing HIV Infection
Summary of key features and recommendations
JUNE 2013
Natural history of disease is a very important concept in Community Medicine. I had prepared this presentation in a very short duration for my class presentaton. There is not a lot of text in the presentation but there is a really good collection of images.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. Introduction
• HIV transmission from mother to child during
pregnancy, labour and delivery, or
breastfeeding is known as perinatal
transmission
• Most common route of HIV infection in
children.
4. Statistics
2.08 million living with HIV/AIDS in India (2011)
• More than 3,70,000 children were newly
infected with HIV in 20091.
• Route of infection in 9/10 HIV children - PTCT2.
• PTCT accounts for 5.4 per cent of the newly
infected cases3
• Out of 27 million annual pregnancies in India,
34,675 occur in HIV positive pregnant women.
7. Need for Control of PTCT
Why ?
• Benefit to the Mother
• Benefit to the Child
• Benefit to the community
8. Control Of PTCT
• Prevention
• Anti-Retroviral Therapy(ART)
• Post- Exposure Prophylaxis
• Primary Health Care
9. Prevention
• Risk in non-
breastfeeding women –
15-30%
• Risk in breastfeeding
infected women- 20-
45%
• Risk with appropriate
Intervention - <2%
10. Prevention Challenges
• Lack of appropriate prenatal care & Testing Facilities
• HIV testing
• Substance abuse
• Socioeconomic issues
• Lack of awareness
• Unintended pregnancies
• Enhanced primary HIV prevention strategies for
women and girls
11. Anti-Retroviral Treatment(ART)
• From 1st January 2014, HIV+ve pregnant
women are initiated on lifelong ART
(irrespective of CD4 count and WHO clinical
Staging).
• HIV exposed babies are initiated on 6 weeks of
Syrup Nevirapine immediately after birth
• 12 weeks of Syrup Nevirapine if the duration
of the ART of mother is less than 24 weeks.
14. ART-WHO Regimen (2013)
Second-line ART
( 2NRTI +1 ritonavir based PI)- daily dose
• Failure of TDF+3TC, use AZT+3TC as NRTI
backbone
• Failure of AZT, use TDF+3TC as NRTI backbone
• PI – FDC of ATV/r & LPV/r Key:
TDF- Tenofovir
3TC- Lamivudine
AZT- Zidovudine
ATV/r- Atazanavir+Ritonavir
LPV/r- Lopinavir+ Ritonavir
15. Monitoring ART response
• Viral Load – recommended to monitor
response and diagnose treatment failure
• Other ways to monitor efficacy:
1. Clinical improvement
2. Increase in Total Lymphocyte Count
3. Improvement in biological markers of HIV
(CD4 & viral load)
16. Breastfeeding In HIV-mothers
• Replacement Feeding (Infant formula
milk) should be ideally given-
EARLIER concept
• Exclusive Breastfeeding for first 6
months and continue till 12 months
of age and mother on regular ART
and infant on exposure prophylaxis.
[WHO recommendation]
17. Model on Safe Breastfeeding
Mother On
lifelong ART
Infant on
exposure
Prophylaxis
Education-
Breastfeeding
advantages
18. Immunization
• HIV exposed children / infected but
asymptomatic – ALL standard vaccines (UIP
schedule)
• HIV infected with symptoms /immune
suppression – ALL standard vaccines except
BCG, OPV and Varicella
19. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
• Should be initiated ideally within 72 hours
• In infants who are exposed to HIV infection
either during delivery , breast-feeding
• Consists of :
1. Preferred ART regimen: AZT+3TC
2. Counselling & Risk Assessment
3. HIV testing & counselling
4. Support & follow-up
20. Co-Trimoxazole Prophylaxis
Lifelong ART if positive in the second testing also
If positive – Repeat testing through whole blood sample
Tested for HIV DNA PCR by DBS (Dry Blood Spot)
Exposed baby initiated on Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis at 6 weeks
22. PPTCT
• PPTCT – Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission
• National Programme (2002)
• Aims:
1. To offer HIV testing to every pregnant woman in India- 100%
Coverage
2. To prevent the perinatal transmission of HIV .
• It works toward achievement of global target of “Elimination
of new HIV infections among children” by 2015.
23. PPTCT Essential Services
• Routine HIV counselling & testing to all
pregnant women
• Family-Centric Approach
• Provision of lifelong ART
• Provision of institutional delivery facilities
• Provision of nutrition, psychosocial support
• Provision of ARV prophylaxis
• Provision of support of initiating breastfeeding
24. PPTCT
• Estimated that around 35,000 HIV-positive pregnant women
needed PPTCT services in 2015.
• The PPTCT services cover about 37% annual estimated
pregnancies in the country.
• In the year 2013-14, nearly 10 million pregnant women
accessed this service. Of these, 12008 pregnant women were
HIV positive.
25. References
1. www.naco.gov.in
2. www.who.int
3. www.googleimages.com
4. www.unaids.org
5. Park’s Textbook of Preventive & Social
medicine- 23rd edition
6. OP Ghai Essential Paediatrics – 8th edition