The document discusses sensors used in automobile systems and their functions. It begins by introducing different types of common sensors like coolant temperature sensors, air temperature sensors, manifold absolute pressure sensors, mass airflow sensors, crankshaft position sensors, throttle position sensors, camshaft position sensors, oxygen sensors, air fuel ratio sensors, and exhaust gas recirculation temperature sensors. It then provides details on each sensor, including its purpose, location, working mechanism, and how it provides information to the electronic control unit. The responses of these sensors have resulted in improved performance, safety, and environmental impact of automobile systems.
Quality and best engine provides better performance and boost our engines (vehicle's) efficiency. So it is better to follow a good engine management system.
The project is developed to avoid the human errors while taking a reverse extensively used for parking the vehicle. In this project we use ultrasonic sensors which can efficiently detect the obstacles and the solenoid valve perfectly controls the braking system by using Arduino programming.
This project has reduced the tension of the driver and also reduced the cost involved in the concern. The project has been designed to perform the required task by taking minimum time.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Sensors In Automobiles - Information is collected from various sources including Wikipedia,and others.The file above may be a edited or modified version of an already uploaded file on the internet such as on any other website or so.
Real time diagnostic for Your Car with Advanced OBD Car Doctor Application for Android!\
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/obd-car-doctor/id652142348?mt=8
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pnn.obdcardoctor
Quality and best engine provides better performance and boost our engines (vehicle's) efficiency. So it is better to follow a good engine management system.
The project is developed to avoid the human errors while taking a reverse extensively used for parking the vehicle. In this project we use ultrasonic sensors which can efficiently detect the obstacles and the solenoid valve perfectly controls the braking system by using Arduino programming.
This project has reduced the tension of the driver and also reduced the cost involved in the concern. The project has been designed to perform the required task by taking minimum time.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Sensors In Automobiles - Information is collected from various sources including Wikipedia,and others.The file above may be a edited or modified version of an already uploaded file on the internet such as on any other website or so.
Real time diagnostic for Your Car with Advanced OBD Car Doctor Application for Android!\
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/obd-car-doctor/id652142348?mt=8
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pnn.obdcardoctor
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
Design of Efficycle- Human Powered Light Weight Hybrid Tricycle with Inbuilt ...ABHAY TIWARI
Any innovation or technology cannot be possible until and unless the work is not done by a team. In such a manner members
of Team GARUD (participants of SAE-NIS 2015), who are highly motivated individuals are recklessly working towards the
realization of this goal since its very inception. This paper provides in detail, about the design considerations, and methodology
used in designing and developing it. The designing of the vehicle has done on SOLID-WORKS 2014 while the design analysis
has done on ANSYS-2014. Various lightweight approaches like a lightweight seat, wheel, steering have also adopted. The
innovations include the use of rear wheel steering instead of conventional front wheel steering that meets the need of the
market and can be produced by a fictitious firm effectively so, Human powered hybrid vehicle presents the new milestone in
the realm of “Green technology”.
The recent trend manufacturer’s shows keen interest in safety and pleasure riding. The seat belts and the airbags which are now a important attachment of the cars must be utilized fully for safer riding. The weakest and most harzdous part the glasses in cars are also now made to add safety with the advanced technology. If this condition persist the safety factor in cars will reach a pioneer position. With these kind of improved technology will pay way for usage of large number of passenger cars
A short introduction to the common types of sensors used in modern automobiles and their functions. Please note this is only an overview, and does not include ultramodern sensors used in high end cars.
A fuel gauge is a device that measures the fuel level present in the vehicle. It consists of a sensing or a sending unit which helps to measure the amount of fuel. A gauge or indicator which is placed outside the fuel tank uses the information from the sensing unit to give the measure of fuel.
Contains the recent trends in automobile
Gives brief idea about the each trend. Also contains history, working ,recent development of these trends in market.
In this PPT, I'm explaining about Automotive electronics , In which we are going to discuss about sensors, Actuators, ECU.
If you have any doubts regarding this topic please comment below.
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
Design of Efficycle- Human Powered Light Weight Hybrid Tricycle with Inbuilt ...ABHAY TIWARI
Any innovation or technology cannot be possible until and unless the work is not done by a team. In such a manner members
of Team GARUD (participants of SAE-NIS 2015), who are highly motivated individuals are recklessly working towards the
realization of this goal since its very inception. This paper provides in detail, about the design considerations, and methodology
used in designing and developing it. The designing of the vehicle has done on SOLID-WORKS 2014 while the design analysis
has done on ANSYS-2014. Various lightweight approaches like a lightweight seat, wheel, steering have also adopted. The
innovations include the use of rear wheel steering instead of conventional front wheel steering that meets the need of the
market and can be produced by a fictitious firm effectively so, Human powered hybrid vehicle presents the new milestone in
the realm of “Green technology”.
The recent trend manufacturer’s shows keen interest in safety and pleasure riding. The seat belts and the airbags which are now a important attachment of the cars must be utilized fully for safer riding. The weakest and most harzdous part the glasses in cars are also now made to add safety with the advanced technology. If this condition persist the safety factor in cars will reach a pioneer position. With these kind of improved technology will pay way for usage of large number of passenger cars
A short introduction to the common types of sensors used in modern automobiles and their functions. Please note this is only an overview, and does not include ultramodern sensors used in high end cars.
A fuel gauge is a device that measures the fuel level present in the vehicle. It consists of a sensing or a sending unit which helps to measure the amount of fuel. A gauge or indicator which is placed outside the fuel tank uses the information from the sensing unit to give the measure of fuel.
Contains the recent trends in automobile
Gives brief idea about the each trend. Also contains history, working ,recent development of these trends in market.
In this PPT, I'm explaining about Automotive electronics , In which we are going to discuss about sensors, Actuators, ECU.
If you have any doubts regarding this topic please comment below.
This helps you to know the advance technology of automotive.
The Engine operations are managed and controlled electronics in terms of proper mixing controlling distribution and injecting or igniting of air and fuel mixture to achieve high performance, low emission intelligent engine.
Development of an electronic control unit for fuel injection of an ic engineeSAT Journals
Abstract Injection of the fuel into the manifold of gasoline engines has become very common. Through the concept is not new, the advent of cost effective, compact and reliable electronic controls has a lot to do with the success of fuel injection in gasoline engines. Electronics has begun to play a key role in fuel management and ignition. The modern internal combustion has to meet extreme requirements of high power to weight ratio, low exhaust emission levels and high thermal efficiency. The precise control of the ignition timing, which is possible by electronic means, allows reliable combustion with low cycle by cycle variations. Such systems also allow the engine to run under conditions very close to knock onset so that maximum thermal efficiency can be realized. Electronic control of the injection system allows us to select correct air fuel ratio for different operating conditions. It reduces mal-distribution between cylinders and leads to extremely low levels of exhaust emissions. Stable idling can also be achieved through the use of electronic controls. In this present work an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) hardware device is mainly developed for fuel injection control compatible with both 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal as input to the EFI (Electronic Fuel Injector). A slotted Optocoupler is used as the sensor for speed detection and producing the PWM signal. The EFI having solenoid controlled valve, which works on PWM signal to inject the fuel. 8051 microcontroller interfaced with the LCD to display the speed of the engine, has been used. The output PWM signals are tested with LabVIEW and the results are calibrated. Keywords: ECU, Slotted Optocoupler, Fuel Injection Circuit, LabVIEW.
Development of an electronic control unit for fuel injection of an ic engineeSAT Journals
Abstract Injection of the fuel into the manifold of gasoline engines has become very common. Through the concept is not new, the advent of cost effective, compact and reliable electronic controls has a lot to do with the success of fuel injection in gasoline engines. Electronics has begun to play a key role in fuel management and ignition. The modern internal combustion has to meet extreme requirements of high power to weight ratio, low exhaust emission levels and high thermal efficiency. The precise control of the ignition timing, which is possible by electronic means, allows reliable combustion with low cycle by cycle variations. Such systems also allow the engine to run under conditions very close to knock onset so that maximum thermal efficiency can be realized. Electronic control of the injection system allows us to select correct air fuel ratio for different operating conditions. It reduces mal-distribution between cylinders and leads to extremely low levels of exhaust emissions. Stable idling can also be achieved through the use of electronic controls. In this present work an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) hardware device is mainly developed for fuel injection control compatible with both 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal as input to the EFI (Electronic Fuel Injector). A slotted Optocoupler is used as the sensor for speed detection and producing the PWM signal. The EFI having solenoid controlled valve, which works on PWM signal to inject the fuel. 8051 microcontroller interfaced with the LCD to display the speed of the engine, has been used. The output PWM signals are tested with LabVIEW and the results are calibrated. Keywords: ECU, Slotted Optocoupler, Fuel Injection Circuit, LabVIEW.
This is a project made by me as I'm a Automobile Student,
And I hope this will help you too...
This Presentation covers mostly all the tech used in a car.
'Learn something new every day and make your surroundings a better place for others'.
Don't have a good day have a great day...
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2. Various Types of Sensors and their
performances
Micro controller chips embedded in ECU ensures
proper functioning of vehicle by reading the values
from sensor. Various sensors are embedded in
vehicles and they provide information that are needed
to control actuators in vehicle [8]. In modern
automobile there up to 30 sensors that regulate and
ensure efficient operation of automobiles. The
sensors, which are common in the engine controlling
systems are x-rayed below. [9]:
2.1. Coolant Temperature Sensor
Coolant temperature sensor allows the engine control
unit (ECU) to determine when the engine has reached
its proper operating temperature. The Coolant
Temperature Sensor (CTS) is a temperature
dependent variable resistor located on the cylinder
head or intake manifold [9]. The CTS is an important
sensor and the operating strategy of the engine
depends on the signal it sends. So, it is called the
“master” sensor. The CTS measures the internal
temperature of the engine coolant. It also senses the
changes in temperature and sends a voltage signal to
the Power train Control Module (PCM) for
determining whether the engine is cold or warming
up, is at normal operating temperature or is
overheating.
Fig.1 coolant temperature sensor with the circuit
diagram
2.2. Air temperature sensor; the intake-air density
depends upon its temperature. In order to
compensate it, an air temperature sensor that is
located in the intake passage of the central
injection unit, reports about the intake air
temperature to the ECU [10]. Both temperature
sensors are NTC type resistors, (Negative
Temperature Coefficient which means that as
much as the temperature increases, so will the
resistance decrease.).
Fig.2 Air temperature sensor
2.3. Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
Manifold absolute pressure sensor monitors the
pressure of the air in the intake manifold.
The amount of air being drawn into the engine is a
good indication of how much power it is producing;
and the more air that goes into the engine, the lower
the manifold pressure, so this reading is used to gauge
how much power is being produced [11].
The MAP is a key sensor as it senses the engine load.
It is mounted on the intake manifold. It monitors the
difference between the air pressure in the intake
manifold and outside. This sensor responds to the
vacuum in the intake manifold and generates a
voltage signal accordingly. It then sends the signal to
the PCM. The input of the sensor is used for adjusting
the fuel mixture and ignition timing, according to the
changes.
Fig. 3 Manifold absolute pressure sensor
2.4. Mass Airflow Sensor
This type of sensor is designed to sense air flow and
air mass and measure even the smallest differences in
the flow rate. The mass airflow sensor (MAF) sensor
(electric sensor) is an integral part of the engine
system [11]. It is controlled by a computer. It is
located in a plastic covering between the engine and
the air filter. The purpose of MAF is to calculate the
amount of air intake by the engine, in terms of
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volume and density. For measuring the volume and
density of air, the sensor uses either a hot wire or a
heated filament. After the measurement, it sends a
voltage signal to the computer. With this, the
computer can calculate the right amount of fuel
needed to maintain the correct fuel mixture for every
operating condition. If there is any fault in the MAF
sensor, it may result in rough idle, stalling and poor
fuel economy. The modern ones are also used as
MAT (Manifold Air Temperature) sensors.
Fig. 4 Mass Airflow
2.5. Crank Shaft Sensor A crank sensor is an
electronic device used in an internal
combustion engine, both petrol and diesel, to
monitor the position or rotational speed of the
crankshaft [12]. This information is used by
engine management systems to control the fuel
injection or the ignition system timing and
other engine parameters.
Fig. 5 Crank Shaft Sensor
2.6. Throttle Position Sensor
Throttle position sensor monitors the throttle valve
position (which determines how much air goes into
the engine) so the engine control unit (ECU) can
respond quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing
the fuel rate as necessary.
The Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) is a variable
resistor attached or mounted on the throttle body and
is operated by moving along with the throttle shaft or
spindle. The TPS changes the resistances as the
throttle opens and closes, and sends a voltage signal
to the computer showing the angle or position of the
throttle. Thus, the TPS causes the Electronic Control
Unit (ECU) to use the data to measure the engine
load, fuel delivery adjust timing, acceleration,
deceleration when the engine is idle or in wide open
throttle, and then makes the changes according to the
operating conditions [4]. Fuel rate is either increased
or decreased to achieve this.
Fig. 6 Throttle Position Sensor
The sensor shaft is connected directly to the throttle
shaft. When the throttle shaft rotates, it rotates with it
the sensor shaft. The TPS sensor acts as a
potentiometer. It is connected to 5V source and its
TPS output changes between 0V to 5V according to
the throttle angel. The sensor also includes two more
outputs: the WOT (Wide Open Throttle) and the
IDLE. These are digital outputs. When the throttle is
closed, the engine is at IDLE position and the IDLE
output is 12V. When the throttle is wide open, the
WOT output is 12V. These signals are important for
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the communication between the engine ECU and the
transmission ECU to respond to the driver's
requirements.
2.7. Camshaft Position Sensor or Cylinder
Identification Sensor
Camshaft position sensor is used to measure the
position of cam related to crankshaft for the
sequential injection. For better performance of the
engine, it is very necessary to open and close the inlet
and exhaust valve and at the same time produce spark
in the cylinder according to the position of piston in
the cylinder. The distributor distributes the high
voltage to the spark according to the position of cam
in the various cylinders. For all above operation it is
necessary to know the position of camshaft during the
engine working.
Camshaft position sensor gives the position of cam
related to the engine crankshaft which is useful for
the fuel supply; ignition, injection, valve opening and
closing system. Magnetic type sensor is used on the
timing cover over the camshaft gear. Camshaft
position sensor is same as that of crank shaft speed
sensor in terms of construction and working [13].
Fig. 9 Camshaft position sensor
2.8. Oxygen Sensor
Oxygen sensor monitors the amount of oxygen in the
exhaust so the engine control unit (ECU) can
determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and
makes adjustments accordingly [14].
The oxygen sensor is located on the exhaust
manifold. This sensor monitors the amount of
unburned oxygen present in the exhaust. When the
fuel mixture is rich, most of the oxygen is exhausted
during the combustion. So, only a little unburned
oxygen will be left out in the exhaust. Difference in
the oxygen levels creates an electrical potential,
which causes the sensor to generate a voltage signal.
This helps the ECU to check the quality of fuel
mixture to make the changes accordingly. The sensor
output will be high if the fuel mixture is rich, and the
sensor output will be low if the fuel mixture is lean.
Fig. 7 Oxygen sensor
2.9. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) Sensor
Air fuel ratio sensor is used to measure the individual
proportion of air and fuel in the air-fuel mixture that
is supplied to the engine. To increases the fuel
economy and to reduce the harmful exhaust gases in
the exhaust it is necessary to supply the ideal or
Stoichiometric air fuel ratio to the engine [15]. For
this purpose, it is very important to know the
proportion of air and fuel that is supplied to the
engine during working condition of engine. This work
is done with the help of AFR sensor.
Air fuel ratio sensor measure the amount of air and
fuel in the mixture. There are two types of air fuel
ratio sensor depending upon the design. The Narrow
band sensors are used for the low or normal
performance operation and Wide band sensor are
used in the high performance engine. Maximized
power output, decreasing loss of fuel and less
pollution can be obtained using AFR sensor.
Fig. 8 Air fuel ratio sensor
This sensor displays five different colors according to
the physical and chemical quantityof mixture. Sensor
directly connects to the ECU. Sensor senses the
quantity of mixture and sends signal to the ECU.
Blue light indicates very higher fuel percentage in
the mixture.
Green light indicates the higher fuel percentage in
the mixture.
Yellow light indicates that the mixture is nearly
Stoichiometric.
Red light indicates very higher percentage of air
in the mixture.
Orange light indicates the higher percentage of air
in the mixture
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2.10. Exhaust gas recirculation temperature
sensor (EGR)
EGR temperature sensor is used to measure the
temperature of exhaust gas which is passed through
the EGR valve and supplied to engine intake
manifold. It is essentially required for EGR valve as
the valve opens according to the exhaust air
temperature. If more air of high temperature will be
allowed to flow in the engine, it will produce negative
effect. When EGR valve opens it increases
temperature and when it closes it decreases
temperature. This rate of temperature is sent to the
ECU which monitors the signal and gives the output
to the EGR valve that how much flow of exhaust
gases is flowing in the exhaust. Exhaust-gas
recirculation is a method of reducing emissions of
nitrogen oxides. From its essential components,
engine exhaust is an inert gas, i.e. a non-combustible
gas. Part of the exhaust gas that is recirculated back to
the combustion chamber serves to reduce the peak
combustion temperature [16]. Since formation of
nitrogen oxides increases proportionally with the
combustion temperature (in very high temperatures),
EGR as a temperature-reducing measure is a very
effective method of reducing nitrogen oxides by
reducing the temperature in the combustion chamber.
Exhaust-gas recirculation is achieved by external
exhaust-gas recirculation system through an ECU
controlled EGR valve. In this process, a set portion of
the engine exhaust is returned to the fresh mixture.
Depending on the amount of exhaust gas recirculated,
NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) emissions are reduced by up
to 60%, although this involves an increase in the HC
(Hydrocarbon) emissions. If the exhaust-gas
recirculation rate is limited to 10 - 15%, there is no
increase in the fuel consumption. To be sure, a
prerequisite for this is the simultaneous optimization
of the ignition timing, which is basically true for all
the measures which intervene in the combustion
process. The maximum EGR limit is determined by
the increase in the HC emissions and the fuel
consumption and by increasing engine roughness.
Consequently, EGR is switched OFF during idling,
when there are practically no NOx emissions in any
case.
Likewise, during full-load operation when the rich
mixture precludes emissions of more than slight
concentrations of NOx, no exhaust is recirculated for
reasons of power output. The exhaust-gas
recirculation valve is controlled by the engine control
unit (ECU) and operated via electrical or pneumatic
systems, which meter the amount of exhaust to be re-
circulated depending on throttle-valve position,
intake-manifold pressure, or exhaust backpressure.
2.11. Knock sensors
Knock sensors, which are designed to detect knocks
and other unusual noises in the engine. The knock
sensor identifies the high-frequency engine vibrations
characteristic of knocking and transmits a signal to
the ECU [17]. The aim is to obtain the maximum
energy yield by starting ignition as early as possible.
Engines with a knock sensor can reduce fuel
consumption and increase torque
Fig. 10 Knock sensors
2.12. Fuel Level Sensor
Fuel level sensor is used to measure the level or
quantity of fuel in the fuel tank. The level of fuel can
be checked with the help of fuel level sensor. Fuel
level sensor measures the quantity of fuel in the tank
which is useful for the driver to know the amount of
fuel left in the fuel tank. This sensor works on the
principle of electrical capacitance, which states that,
when air surrounded electrode is immersed in the
liquid it changes its capacitance. The capacitance
signal is applied to ECU, which monitors the signal
and displays the fuel level on the dashboard.
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Fig. 11 Fuel level sensor and the electrical circuit
2.13. Voltage Sensor
Voltage sensor monitors the system voltage in the car
so the engine control unit (ECU) can raise the idle
speed if voltage is dropping (which would indicate a
high electrical load). The voltage sensor monitors the
system voltage of the vehicle and reports it to PCM so
that it can rise the idle speed of the vehicle, if the
voltage is dropping. Engine sensors are an important
technological innovation. They lead to better
performance, better quality and more years of driving
experience. The advantage of sequential fuel injection
is that if the driver makes a sudden change, the
system can respond more quickly because from the
time the change is made, it only has to wait only until
the next intake valve opens, instead of for the next
complete revolution of the engine.
The Engine Speed Sensor (ESS) is a sensor attached
to the crankshaft of the car's engine. It is different
from vehicle speed sensor. The ESS is used for
monitoring the engine speed. In other words, it is
meant for assessing the speed at which the crankshaft
spins.
2.14. Air bag sensor
Air bag sensor is used to inflate the air bag during the
collision of automobiles and prevents the passenger,
inside the compartment, from sudden striking with the
automobile interior. It is required to initiate the air
bag as soon as any object collides with the vehicle.
Location of the airbag sensor depends upon the
vehicle manufacturer. It might be located in front and
rear side of the vehicle and also sometimes at both the
sides of the vehicle. Airbag Control Unit is used to
monitor the number of related sensor within the
vehicle. The various signals like impact angle, crash
force are fed into the air bag control unit. Each device
is activated with electrical match which is consists of
an electrical conductor wrapped in a combustible
metal. This metal ignites when the temperature of
conductor increases which initiates the gas mixture.
The generated inert gas then quickly inflates the air
bag.
2.15. Torque Sensor Torque sensor is used to
measure the torque which is applied to the
steering wheel in power steering system Torque
sensor decides the amount of force and
direction required to actuate the motor with the
help of torque applied to the steering wheel.
The torque sensor detects the twist of torsion bar and
converts this twist in to electric signal which is sent to
the ECU. ECU monitors this signal and gives output
in terms of amount of power required by the DC
motor to operate steering wheel.
2.16. Wheel Speed Sensor Wheel heel speed sensor
is used to measure the rotation of wheel or the
speed of vehicle. ABS sensor is required on all
the four wheels so that the signals generated by
them can be used by the ECU to adjust the
braking force on the wheels. ABS sensor is
located along with the wheel hub and senses
constantly the speed of the wheel. The signal
generated by the sensor is used for adjusting the
brake pressure on the wheel by ECU so that
speed of all the wheels remains constant and
doesn’t lock up. Yaw rate sensor is used to
measure the angular velocity of vehicle around
its vertical axis (horizontal roll). To monitor the
yaw rate of a vehicle to minimize the
possibility of rollover.
2.17. Yaw Rate Sensor Yaw sensor is used in the
electronic stability control system. During the
turning of a fast moving vehicle, it is necessary
to keep in mind the possibility of vehicle
rollover. This sensor works on the principal of
“piezoelectricity”. The sensor is made in a yoke
shape which has two downward sensors and
two upward sensors. When vehicle is going
straight, there is no force acting on the yoke but
when the vehicle turns, the rotating force acts
on the yoke and it generates electricity. This
electricity in terms of signal is fed to the ECU
which monitors the signal and gives output to
the steering.
2.18. Steering Pressure Sensor Steering pressure
sensor is used to provide information on the
steering pump pressure for idle speed control.
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When you turn the steering wheel, the power
steering pump puts hydraulic pressure into the
system to make the steering easier. This makes
the engine work slightly harder and hampers
the performance and efficiency of the engine.
Hence, a sensor is required so that it can sense
when and how much pressure has to be applied
to the steering so that it doesn’t affect the
power of the engine.
An electrical switch is fitted to the high pressure part
of the system. When this switch detects the high
pressure, it sends a signal to the ECU. The ECU
increases engine power in order to stop the engine
from stalling if you are going slowly. Hence, by this
sensor, the performance of the engine is not affected
and the steering can also gain its required power
3. AUTOMOBILE SENSOR - CONCEPT,
APPLICATIONS, AND PLATFORMS
Automobile sensing is currently gaining momentum
with the benefits it provides globally. For many years,
the focus in automobile sensing was on making use of
sensors available in mobile phones and handheld
devices for sensing the surroundings and making use
of the communication interfaces in these devices for
sharing data of interest with others, which has opened
doors to many new application domains.
With the increasing number of sensors in a
automobiles and the introduction of communication
interfaces that supported automobile to automobile
and automobile-to-infrastructure communication,
automobiles have become data resource equipment,
not only for the use of the vehicles’ occupants, but
used as a resource of sensory data have more
advantages than the other mobile devices that have
been utilized for the sake of sensing things around the
automobile.
These merits includes: 1) automobiles have no
restraints with their power source which has been
considered a major obstacle for the wide use of
mobile devices, 2) automobiles can be easily
equipped with powerful processing capabilities which
widen the scope of supported applications, 3)
adequate data storage units can be installed on
automobiles, in comparison to the limited data storage
in mobile devices [18].
A lot of applications and platforms can make use of
the advantages of using automobile as data
equipment. In these applications, automobiles were
used to monitor the surrounding environment,
generate data, and store them for further relaying-
either without processing or after processing to get
data of interest. Further Sensed data, or processed
sensed data, can be reported to third parties through
the Internet or automobile-to-any communications.
The third parties can be servers for data centers that
can provide these information for public services. In
addition, use of factory-installed automobile sensors
has an extra advantage on their street/highway
counterparts which is supported by the mobility of
automobile that can cover greater areas of interest
compared to fixed sensors.
Potential applications of which automobile can be
used as a resource of sensing applications includes,
traffic conditions, road blocks either by security
agents or armed robbers and even bad roads. These
conditions and more can be detected by the use of
automobile sensors and the data can be relayed to
third parties. These sensed data can be processed
locally by each automobile or at the collecting center,
then, published by means of radio broadcasts,
internet-based applications, street/highway displays,
or micro-blogging.
Automobile sensing can also monitor their
surroundings by recognizing objects, comparing the
data with information on data base to detect fraud.
Thereafter publish/share the information to other
vehicles to prevent crime. An example could be
having vehicles recognize others’ license plate
numbers, storing them, and broadcasting representing
meta-data. Other mobile agents (e.g., police patrol
cars) can harvest the sensed data by sending queries
to retrieve the recognized numbers for the sake of, for
example, finding stolen vehicles.
We can also have automobilTel [19] which will be
Internet-based. In automobileTel, vehicles collect
sensor data, process it locally, and send it to database
servers through the Internet for further analysis and
publishing. This automobileTel which deliver data
through the Internet depends on connectivity, can
detect potholes. It consists of three-axis acceleration
sensors and a GPS device to assess vibrations caused
by potholes and report the specific locations of these
potholes. This is one of the earliest systems targeting
road condition monitoring.
4. Technologies Supporting Communication in
Automobile
4.1. Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Each ECU
consists of a processor, memory, and
communication interfaces. An ECU is
considered a closed-loop system that manages
data retrieved by sensors, processes and
analyzes this data, outputs signals based on
decisions to be taken, and activates actuators to
adjust the operation of the corresponding
automotive system.
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In automobile we have four automotive
communication protocols; the Local Interconnect
Network (LIN), Controller Area Network (CAN),
Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST), and the
most recent FlexRay.
4.1.1. Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
is a serial network protocol used for communication
between components in vehicles. It is a single wire,
serial network protocol that supports communications
up to 19.2Kbit/s at a bus length of 40 meters [20].
4.1.2. Controller Area Network (CAN),
CAN is one of the well-known vehicle bus standards
for automobile networks. It is popular in automotive
and industrial applications due to its low cost and
flexible design, thereby reducing the wiring harness.
In 1983, Bosch started working on the development
of the CAN standard that was officially released in
1986 [21]. The goal for developing CAN was having
a robust serial bus for connecting devices in real-time
control systems. Later, CAN was widely deployed to
support the implementation of the in-vehicle
automotive systems. For example, the number of
wires was reduced by 40% in the Peugeot, which
embeds two CAN buses [22].
CAN is a message-based protocol; the packets do not
have information about the sender and receiver of the
messages, and every node can read the messages
transmitted over the bus. Functions supported by the
protocol in the automotive domain include auto
start/stop, electric parking brakes, parking assistance,
automatic lane detection, collision avoidance, etc.
4.1.3. Controller area network bus node
The CAN standard frame format consists of an 11-bit
identifier. The identifier of the CAN frame represents
the message priority. If a message has a lower
identifier value, it will have a high priority on the bus.
This field is used in the arbitration process to avoid
conflict when two nodes or more than two nodes are
transmitting the messages simultaneously on the bus.
CAN has four different frame types [23]. They are the
data frame, the remote frame, the error frame, and the
overload frame. The data frame is used for actual data
transmission from a transmitter to other nodes
(receivers). The remote frame is used by a node to
request a certain message with a particular identifier.
If any of the nodes on the bus detect an error, that
node will transmit an error frame. The overload frame
is used to inject a delay between the data and remote
frames.
4.1.4. Media Oriented Systems Transport
(MOST)
This is a high-speed multimedia network technology
optimized by the automotive industry. It can be used
for applications inside or outside the car. The serial
MOST bus uses a daisy-chain topology or ring
topology and synchronous data communication to
transport audio, video, voice and data signals via
plastic optical fiber (POF) (MOST25, MOST150) or
electrical conductor (MOST50, MOST150) physical
layers. MOST technology was used in almost every
car brand worldwide, including Audi, BMW, General
Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar, Lancia, Land
Rover, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Toyota,
Volkswagen, SAAB, SKODA, SEAT and Volvo.
4.1.5. FlexRay Protocol
FlexRay is a reliable, time-triggered protocol that
provides a higher bandwidth of up to 10 Mbps,
compared to CAN networks, which provide data rates
of up to 1 Mbps. All the ECUs connected by this
protocol are synchronized to global time, and the data
frames are transmitted and received within pre-
defined time slots. This protocol has high fault-
tolerance, compared to CAN (24). The properties of
the FlexRay protocol regarding transmission
capabilities include large payloads, flexibility in
terms of network topologies, and the transmission of
deterministic, as well as dynamic, data in one cycle.
However, they have the drawbacks of having high
cost and increased complexityin in-vehicle networks.
The FlexRay frame consists of a header segment, a
payload, and trailer segments. The header consists of
the slot ID, payload length, cycle counter, etc. The
payload segment contains the data. The trailer
provides a CRC for the frame. This protocol is
particularly used in drivetrain and chassis applications
with time-critical and event-triggered messages. The
vulnerabilities in this protocol are that it lacks
confidentiality, authentication, and data freshness
mechanisms.
The protocol is not designed to guarantee security
from external attack. According to Shrestha and Kim
[25], it is vulnerable to various attacks, such as
eavesdropping, masquerading, injection, and replay
attacks. Nilsson and Larson [26] mentioned that the
application layer is missing, making it insecure. The
CRC section of the FlexRay frame can protect the
integrity of the data against transmission errors. These
features help in providing safety to the network, but
do not guarantee protection against security attacks.
4.2. Automobile Ethernet Protocol
Communication Technologies
The high-bandwidth requirements of modern
automobile applications motivated the introduction of
automotive Ethernet (AE) as an essential component
of in-vehicle networks [27]. Automotive ethernet is a
reliable and much faster networking protocol which is
fueling the emerging technologies in automotive
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industry like self-driving cars, vehicle to everything
connectivity, advanced driver assistance system
(ADAS), infotainment systems and more. Automotive
Ethernet is going to be the future automobile network
protocol that satisfies the bandwidth requirements for
multimedia applications, autonomous driving, and
safety applications, such as the advanced driver-
assistance system (ADAS) [28][29]. Other features of
this protocol include efficient communication, lower
latency, scalability, reduced wiring harness, and low
cost. The various protocols used for AE are 100-
Base-TX, BroadR-Reach (100Base-T1), Audio Video
Bridge-Time-Sensitive Network (AVB/TSN),
Diagnostics over Internet Protocol (DoIP), and
Scalable Service-Oriented Middleware over Internet
Protocol (SOME/IP), etc. [20]. 100 Base-T1 is an AE
standard that provides bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps
over a single unshielded twisted-pair cable.
5. Conclusion
With the monitoring of various parts of automobile by
sensors attached to these parts, todays automobile are
more efficient, reliable, comfortable, accident free
and even durable. We have identified different types
of sensors and their functions. We have shown how
sensors help the driver to receive information about
various parameters in the car, such as: the fuel
condition, the brakes oil condition, the motor's
temperature, the oil pressure etc. An automobile as a
mobile sensor can be a key player in sensing
environment with great gains. We showed that
services provided by automobiles equipped with
sensor can be of benefit not only to their
drivers/occupants but also to other vehicles around
road and third parties. And finally we x-rayed the
technology communication support systems in
automobile and their application.
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