The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
Pulses such as lentils, dried beans, peas and chickpeas have been staple foods for many civilizations. Yet today, their nutritional benefits are often greatly underestimated. In some cultures pulses have a stigma of being a ‘poor man’s food’ and are replaced by meat once people can afford meat.
Income generation through live-stock based integrated fish farming system (pa...PrabalDubey2
Project on a village Shivpur, Mirzapur district situated nearby Ganga river.
To generate income from integrated farming system without any waste production.
To generate maximum output from minimum input.
Nutritive compounds from leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna ung...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - The nutritive compounds of the shoots of Borassus aethiopum M. consumed in Côte d'Ivoire is not yet revealed whereas popularization of this plant’s basis food recipes is planned. The current study investigates the nutritive parameters of new shoots of Borassus aethiopum M., leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna unguiculata W. in order to improve their valorization. Initially, samples of Palmyra are processed into meal, while powders are produced from those of Moringa and Cowpea. Then, seven nutritive traits performed from these derived products allow comparison of the studied food resources. The work showed a great divergence (P<.01) between the samples relating to the whole parameters. Thus, the leaflets powder of Moringa is more provided in ash (4.19±.05 g/100 g), lipids (8.35±.01 g/100 g) and fibers (5.74±.01 g/100 g) than samples resulting from Cowpea and Palmyra. On the other hand, the powder of Cowpea beans highlights the greatest proteins content (27.24±.13 g/100 g); whereas the meal deriving from shoots of Palmyra represents the most significant source of carbohydrates, either fermented (84.10±.11 g/100 g) or unfermented (83.79±.10 g/100 g). The meal of Palmyra is also richer in soluble sugars (5.19±.01 to 5.23±.01 g/100 g), moister (9.90±.03% to 10.03±.04%) and has the most significant caloric energy value (315.03±.10 to 315.41±.10 kcal/100 g).
The new shoots tubers, leaves and beans of respective Palmyra, Cowpea and Moringa plants are with diverse nutritive composition. Their uses in composite food formulations could contribute in preservation of the biodiversity, to ensure food safety for populations and to address the poverty and wilderness concerns.
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
This presentation show about feed technology how to feed and fodder process their History, Principles, classification and some related definition its also helpful to graduate student and post graduate student FEED TECHNOLOGY
Definition
The subject of feed technology deals with processing of feeds, fodders and preparation of formula feeds for which the knowledge of nutritional requirements of various livestock and poultry, quality control of feed ingredients, feed plant management and the storage of feed ingredients and feeds are essential.
Animal feed technology may also be defined as the application of physical, chemical, biochemical, biological and engineering techniques to increase the nutrient utilization of feeds and fodders in animal system for the development of livestock and poultry and feed industry.
Beginning of feed Industry and related Activities in the US:-
• In 1875 Mr. john barwell initiated the production of a calf meal at Blatchford of Waukegan, Illinois.
• American Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA) was founded in 1909 in Wisconsin and its name was changed to American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) in 1985.
• The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) was established in 1909.
• Linear programming, a mathematical procedure, was developed by George B. Dantzig in 1947.
• W.V. Waugh of USDA was the first to see the potential of this mathematical procedure and developed a least cost dairy feed in 1951.
• Food and drug Administration (FDA) was passed in 1906 in USA.
*Some of the AAFCO Definitions:-
1. Complete feed: - A nutritionally adequate feed for animals other than humans and is capable of maintaining life and / or promoting production without any additional substance, except water.
2. Concentrate:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance of the total and intended to be further diluted and mixed to produce a supplement or a complete feed.
3. Supplement:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total and intended to be (1) fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, (2) offered free- choice with other parts of the ration separately available or (3) further diluted and mixed to produce a complete feed.
4. Premix:- A uniform mixture of one or more micro-ingredients with diluents and carrier.
Development of Feed Industry in India:-
• Feed industry came into existence in India in 1961 with the establishment of a feed plant in Ludhiana, Punjab.
• Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA) was formed on 8 June, 1967.
•
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Goat cum Fish Farming - Present Status and Prospect in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Kuldeep Singh, Indiaapaari
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Kuldeep Singh, India - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Pulses such as lentils, dried beans, peas and chickpeas have been staple foods for many civilizations. Yet today, their nutritional benefits are often greatly underestimated. In some cultures pulses have a stigma of being a ‘poor man’s food’ and are replaced by meat once people can afford meat.
Income generation through live-stock based integrated fish farming system (pa...PrabalDubey2
Project on a village Shivpur, Mirzapur district situated nearby Ganga river.
To generate income from integrated farming system without any waste production.
To generate maximum output from minimum input.
Nutritive compounds from leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna ung...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - The nutritive compounds of the shoots of Borassus aethiopum M. consumed in Côte d'Ivoire is not yet revealed whereas popularization of this plant’s basis food recipes is planned. The current study investigates the nutritive parameters of new shoots of Borassus aethiopum M., leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna unguiculata W. in order to improve their valorization. Initially, samples of Palmyra are processed into meal, while powders are produced from those of Moringa and Cowpea. Then, seven nutritive traits performed from these derived products allow comparison of the studied food resources. The work showed a great divergence (P<.01) between the samples relating to the whole parameters. Thus, the leaflets powder of Moringa is more provided in ash (4.19±.05 g/100 g), lipids (8.35±.01 g/100 g) and fibers (5.74±.01 g/100 g) than samples resulting from Cowpea and Palmyra. On the other hand, the powder of Cowpea beans highlights the greatest proteins content (27.24±.13 g/100 g); whereas the meal deriving from shoots of Palmyra represents the most significant source of carbohydrates, either fermented (84.10±.11 g/100 g) or unfermented (83.79±.10 g/100 g). The meal of Palmyra is also richer in soluble sugars (5.19±.01 to 5.23±.01 g/100 g), moister (9.90±.03% to 10.03±.04%) and has the most significant caloric energy value (315.03±.10 to 315.41±.10 kcal/100 g).
The new shoots tubers, leaves and beans of respective Palmyra, Cowpea and Moringa plants are with diverse nutritive composition. Their uses in composite food formulations could contribute in preservation of the biodiversity, to ensure food safety for populations and to address the poverty and wilderness concerns.
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
This presentation show about feed technology how to feed and fodder process their History, Principles, classification and some related definition its also helpful to graduate student and post graduate student FEED TECHNOLOGY
Definition
The subject of feed technology deals with processing of feeds, fodders and preparation of formula feeds for which the knowledge of nutritional requirements of various livestock and poultry, quality control of feed ingredients, feed plant management and the storage of feed ingredients and feeds are essential.
Animal feed technology may also be defined as the application of physical, chemical, biochemical, biological and engineering techniques to increase the nutrient utilization of feeds and fodders in animal system for the development of livestock and poultry and feed industry.
Beginning of feed Industry and related Activities in the US:-
• In 1875 Mr. john barwell initiated the production of a calf meal at Blatchford of Waukegan, Illinois.
• American Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA) was founded in 1909 in Wisconsin and its name was changed to American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) in 1985.
• The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) was established in 1909.
• Linear programming, a mathematical procedure, was developed by George B. Dantzig in 1947.
• W.V. Waugh of USDA was the first to see the potential of this mathematical procedure and developed a least cost dairy feed in 1951.
• Food and drug Administration (FDA) was passed in 1906 in USA.
*Some of the AAFCO Definitions:-
1. Complete feed: - A nutritionally adequate feed for animals other than humans and is capable of maintaining life and / or promoting production without any additional substance, except water.
2. Concentrate:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance of the total and intended to be further diluted and mixed to produce a supplement or a complete feed.
3. Supplement:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total and intended to be (1) fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, (2) offered free- choice with other parts of the ration separately available or (3) further diluted and mixed to produce a complete feed.
4. Premix:- A uniform mixture of one or more micro-ingredients with diluents and carrier.
Development of Feed Industry in India:-
• Feed industry came into existence in India in 1961 with the establishment of a feed plant in Ludhiana, Punjab.
• Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA) was formed on 8 June, 1967.
•
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Goat cum Fish Farming - Present Status and Prospect in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Kuldeep Singh, Indiaapaari
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Kuldeep Singh, India - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Visceral organ of colored broiler chicken (Gallus domesticus) fed with commer...Innspub Net
This study was conducted atcmU Poultry Production Project, Musuan, and Maramag Bukidnon to evaluate the effect of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) under a free-range condition in the commercial ration on the visceral organ of colored broiler chicken. A total of 12 birds were obtained from a flock of 48 colored broiler chickens from a growth performance study. The treatments were as follows: Treatment 1 = 100g commercial feeds (control), Treatment 2 = 95% commercial feeds + 5% BSF larvae, Treatment 3 = 90% commercial feeds + 10% BSF larvae and Treatment 4 = 85% commercial feeds + 15% BSF larvae. Based on the result of analysis of variance (ANOVA), it showed no significant differences among the parameters of the studied weights of the crop with and without fill, weight of proventriculus without fill, weight of small intestine with and without fill, large intestine with and without fill, caeca with and without fill, weight of heart, and weight of gall bladder. However, the weight of proventriculus plus gizzard with fill, weight of liver, weight of spleen, weight of pancreas revealed significant differences based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Furthermore, Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) were highly recommended to animals because there were no detrimental observed in the study. This result indicates that using Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) as supplementation ration can improve the visceral organ performance of broiler chicken.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher
broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly
allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm
diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and
T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different
(P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality,
feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to
28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb)
9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106
/µl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103
/µl,
mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80
to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total
protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine
aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM
depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
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RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
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Adu fosu abraham
1. VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
AGRIBUSINESS DEPARTMENT
BSc. IN AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
PROPOSED PROJECT TOPIC
ALKALI-TREATED SORGHUM SPENT GRAIN AS
A FEED INGREDIENT IN BROILER DIET
“A CASE STUDY AT VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY-TECHIMAN
CAMPUS”
BY
ADU FOSU ABRAHAM
(211AB01000010)
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
5. WORKPLAN FOR THE PROJECT
6. BUDGET FOR THE PROJECT
7. EXPECTED OUTCOME
2. INTRODUCTION
Poultry are domesticated birds that are kept by humans for the purposes of obtaining meat, eggs
and sometimes feathers. Some examples are; chicken, duck, turkey, guinea fowl, etc.
Broilers are kept for their meat. Local breeds and exotic breeds are the type of breeds in Ghana,
but exotic breeds are kept for commercial production, White Cornish and the White Plymouth
Rock are examples. Broilers originated from USA, South America and Australia
Domesticated birds (poultry) belong to a sub family called Galliformis and have a scientific
name of (Gallus domesticus.)
Birds (wild and domesticated) belong to the family Phasianidae.
The diet of a particular household in Ghana today is always supplemented with protein of
vegetable sources, which fall short in meeting the protein requirement of an individual ( Ndams
et al,2008).
This is as a result of the drastic drop in the daily intake of meat or egg as a source of protein for
an average family. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been working among nations to
see that the world problem of malnutrition is solved, particularly in the third world countries.
Broiler production has been reported to offer the most rapid and cost effective means of making
available, high quality animal protein to man in many parts of the world ( Ndams et al,2008 ).
Beszedits and Lugowski as cited by Shier and Purwono (1994) reported an estimated 4 million
metric tons of annual protein shortfall worldwide.
This trend in protein production has left animal producers particularly poultry, a great challenge
to face.
Therefore, the need to work hard and meet the FAO recommendation for animal protein intake
through commercial broiler production cannot be over emphasized.
With broiler production, cost of feed has been a major concern as this has always led to high cost
of production, and has not been a lucrative enterprise because apart from the high cost and
unavailability of the conventional feedstuffs, there is also competition with human beings,
livestock and poultry (Amisah et al., 2009)
To solve this problem, Animal nutritionist are searching for non-conventional feedstuffs which
are readily available and cheaper in order to cut down on the feed cost which constitute
about 65-70% of the total cost of production. ( Reddy 1996)
3. Some of the unconventional feed resources include crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts.
Among the non-conventional feed resources is the sorghum spent grain locally known as pito
mash (PM). This is a by-product from sorghum grains used in the production of a local bear
called pito in Ghana.
The inclusion of dry Pito mash (DPM) in animal feed is essential due to its nutritional content,
availability and non-competitiveness. In some communities, the wet grains are left to rot, but a
few farmers in some communities where sorghum beer (pito) is brewed feeds their sheep and
goats with it.
Dry pito mash (DPM), however contains a wide range of essential nutrients which are needed by
poultry.
For instance Couch (1978) and Ewing (1965) found that the DPM contains over 20% CP, about
6% EE, over 15% CF, and about 4% ash.
Almquist (1972) also discovered that the dry pito mash contains 25% CP and that it was fairly
contain 0.9% lysine, 0.4% methionine, 0.4% tryptophan, 1.2% phenylalanine, 1.1%
threonine and 1.6% valine.
Adeleye et al. (2004) also reported that DPM contains 24.29% CP, 15.58% CF and 8.90%
EE.
The nutrient profile of the pito mash, as been stated, makes it clear that pito mash can be made a
better feed ingredient for non-ruminants.
In fact various inclusion levels of pito mash have been incorporated in the diet of pigs and
poultry with some level of success achieved in Ghana.
Lamptey (1980), for instance, reported that various replacements levels of pito mash as the main
energy source have been utilized in poultry and pigs diet.
Fombad and Mafeni (1989) also had some positive results when fed poultry with DPM at 30%
inclusion level but stated that, dry pito mash has a high crude fibre and moderate protein content.
That resulted in lower digestibility of the diet containing high amount of DPM.
NOTE:
It should be noted that poultry is a monogastric and that they are unable to manufacture
essential amino acids or the B vitamins, therefore cannot utilize a high crude fibre content
diets. It is therefore significant to reduce the crude fibre content before giving to the poultry for
efficient utilization.
4. However, these limitations (high crude fibre content, low feed conversion efficiency) may be
overcome by treating the dried pito mash with alkali (plantain peel ash extract) to improve it’s
utilization by broilers
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The study seeks to assess the value of sorghum spent grain (pito mash) treated with plantain peel
ash extract as a feed ingredient and further determine the meat yield of a broiler fed with diet
containing the alkali-treated pito mash from 2nd week to 10th week.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The Specific objective of the study includes;
Estimate the effect of alkali-treated pito mash diet on intake and growth parameters of
the birds, e.g. feed intake, water consumption and feed consumption efficiency in
kilogram-feed per weight gain
Cost-benefit analysis will be carried out to establish the economic feasibility of the
experimental diet.
Recommendation will be drawn based on the results of the study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The consumption of poultry meat and eggs has increased in this decade and has resulted in increase in the
demand for poultry product and hence feed ingredients cost.
Therefore there is a great need for substitutes, which are not compete for by human and can be
successfully included in poultry diets to replace the commonly used ingredients. (Reddy 1996)
Recently, the growth of animal feed industry has allowed a considerable use of by- products, of which
some of them have some limitations such as: high fiber and low energy contents, low availability of
amino acids or anti-nutritive factors (Ishibashi and Ohta, 2000).
Sorghum spent grain (pito mash) is a by-product of the local breweries. The residue is brownish and
odorless when properly dried and has a sour taste. The local breweries are scattered all over Ghana
especially in the Northern parts of Ghana, which makes it something not difficult to come by.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
5.
Materials that will be needed for the project are;
Sorghum spent grains (SSG)
Plantain peel ash extracts (PPAE)
Broilers (day old chicks)
Broiler feed
Vaccines and drugs
Poultry house
Feeding trough
Water trough
Weighing scale
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Four (4) different inclusion levels of alkaline-treated pito mash in broiler diet in a scattered
arrangement with three replicates will be used for the experiment
In all 240 birds would be used under dip letter system, with 20 birds per replicate, given 60 birds
per treatment. Broiler starter diet will be used to feed the broiler chicks in the first week.
The birds will be moved to different cages after one week and be put under their various
experimental diets.
TREATMENTS
The experiment would be conducted using four different types of diet which will be replicated
six times.
The treatments would be as follows;
0% alkaline treated SSG inclusion level (no treated SSP )
10 % alkaline treated SSG inclusion level
20 % alkaline treated SSG inclusion level
30 % alkaline treated SSG inclusion level
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Total
Treatment
Error
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
23
3
20
6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
T1
T2
T3
T4
T3
T4
T1
T2
T4
T3
T1
T2
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
T1
T2
T3
T4
T3
T4
T1
T2
T4
T3
T1
T2
The treatments will be represented as follows
0% inclusion level will be represented as T1
10% will be represented asT2
20% will represented as T3
30% will be represented asT4
NB: These treatments will be arranged as T1, T2, T3 and T4 as shown above.
4 treatments with 6 replications arranged in a completely randomized design would be
employed for the project as demonstrated in the table below;
DATA COLLECTION
The data to be collected during the project for analysis are;
Cost of production
Feed and Water intake daily,.
The initial weight of the birds before they are put on the experimental diet
Weight monitoring in every week
Live weight after the experiment
MATERIALS AND METHODS
7. At the end of the experiment, 10 birds from each replicate will be selected for carcass analysis
on the basis of these parameters;
Dressing percentage
Gizzard weight
Shank length
Weight of intestines
Wing weight
Drum stick weight
DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected on these parameters will be subjected to;
Analysis of variance (Anova)
Test of significance (LSD test)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results would report on the performance of broilers fed with alkaline- treated sorghum spent
grain inclusion diet and the control diet.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
The following would be achieved or known after the research;
To get a broiler feed that is low in cost but not detrimental to their growth.
To find alkaline- treated SSG inclusion levels in diets with high intake level and high
feed conversion efficiency
To obtain percentage of alkaline treated pito mash that should be added to broiler feed for
good performance.
EXPECTED RETURNS /INCOME
Estimation of returns;
200 birds will be sold out of 240
The least weight gain per bird after the 10 weeks is expected to be 1.5kg
If 1kg= GHC 10
Then 1.5 × 10= GHC 15
Therefore 200 birds × GHC15=GHC 3,000