This study evaluated heat-treated small ruminant droppings (SRD) as an alternative feedstuff in weanling pig diets. 144 crossbred piglets were fed one of four diets: a control diet with 0% SRD or test diets with 10%, 30%, or 50% SRD. Results showed SRD contains protein, fat, fiber and ash. Feed intake increased with SRD level, while weight gain and protein efficiency decreased at 30-50% SRD. Carcass characteristics were unaffected except for thigh weight. Digestibility of nutrients improved in test diets compared to control. The study concludes SRD is a potential feedstuff for pigs up to 50% dietary level.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
Effects of Adding Different Levels of Phytase to Diet Containing Low Phosphor...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of addition of different levels of phytase containing low phosphorus diets on performance, eggshell quality and bone characteristics in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In the experiment, a total of 162 7-week-oldlaying Japanese quail were fed two different diets containing 0.33 % available phosphorus (AP, control) and 0.15 % AP supplemented with phytase 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 phytase unites/g feed. Each diet was feed to groups having three replicates, each cages nine quail, in completely randomized design. Feed and water supplied for ad-libitum. Light was provided 17 hours daily. Egg production, egg mass, average daily feed consumption, viability, fat-free dried tibia weight were improved, as phytase level increased in the diet. However, final live weight, carcass weight, body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash (%) and deformed egg ratio (%), some eggshell quality parameters measured in eggs collected at the end of the first period, were not affected by treatments. With regard to measured parameters, the responses of laying quail, to the increasing phytase levels, were not linear. The performance and bone parameters of the group fed with 1500 units were very close to that of the control group, even higher than the control group in some traits. Decreasing in shell weight of eggs collected at last three days of the experiment were not prevented any of the phytase levels. At the same period, shell thickness and breaking strength of the eggs of groups fed with 1500 and 2000 units phytase, were significantly lower than that of the control group. Manure ash percentage of phytase added groups were significantly lower than the control group.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Effects of Adding Different Levels of Phytase to Diet Containing Low Phosphor...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of addition of different levels of phytase containing low phosphorus diets on performance, eggshell quality and bone characteristics in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In the experiment, a total of 162 7-week-oldlaying Japanese quail were fed two different diets containing 0.33 % available phosphorus (AP, control) and 0.15 % AP supplemented with phytase 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 phytase unites/g feed. Each diet was feed to groups having three replicates, each cages nine quail, in completely randomized design. Feed and water supplied for ad-libitum. Light was provided 17 hours daily. Egg production, egg mass, average daily feed consumption, viability, fat-free dried tibia weight were improved, as phytase level increased in the diet. However, final live weight, carcass weight, body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash (%) and deformed egg ratio (%), some eggshell quality parameters measured in eggs collected at the end of the first period, were not affected by treatments. With regard to measured parameters, the responses of laying quail, to the increasing phytase levels, were not linear. The performance and bone parameters of the group fed with 1500 units were very close to that of the control group, even higher than the control group in some traits. Decreasing in shell weight of eggs collected at last three days of the experiment were not prevented any of the phytase levels. At the same period, shell thickness and breaking strength of the eggs of groups fed with 1500 and 2000 units phytase, were significantly lower than that of the control group. Manure ash percentage of phytase added groups were significantly lower than the control group.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
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Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher
broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly
allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm
diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and
T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different
(P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality,
feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to
28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb)
9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106
/µl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103
/µl,
mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80
to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total
protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine
aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM
depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Evaluation of heat treated small ruminants dropping as an alternative feedstuff in weanling pig diets.
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
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Evaluation of Heat-Treated Small Ruminants Dropping as an
Alternative Feedstuff in Weanling Pig Diets.
Nwakpu P.E,1
Ogbu C.C2
and Uchewa E.N1
1 Department of Animal Science Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
2 2
Department of Animal Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: euchewa@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
A 35 day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the utilization of heat treated small ruminants dropping in the
diet of weanling pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of heat treated Small Ruminants
Dropping (SRD) on the performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility and economics of production of
weanling pigs. One hundred and forty four (144) crossbred pigs were weaned at approximately 14 days of age
(averaged between 3.5kg in bodyweight) and randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in two replicates pens
per diet with four pigs per pen in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Experimental diets were formulated
such that diet I which served as the control contained 0% SRD (maize-based). Diet 2,3 and 4 contained 10, 30
and 50% SRD respectively. Results showed that the proximate analysis indicated that SRD contains reasonable
amounts of protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and ash as well as high amount of fiber. There was a
significant increase in feed intake with increase in dietary level of SRD. There was a significant depression of
weight gain and protein efficiency ratio at 30 and 50% SRD inclusion levels while the weight gain and protein
efficiency ratio of piglets fed treatment diets were not at variance with those fed 0% diet. The feed conversion
ratio of the piglets depreciated numerically at 30, and 50% SRD dietary levels. The carcass parts expressed as
percentages of live weight were not significantly influenced by the treatments except the thighs which had
significantly high values in pigs fed control diet and less in the test diets. Result of the digestibility trial revealed
significant (P<o.o5) differences between the control diet and the test diets. Significant improvements in
digestibility and numerical improvements in DM, CP, CF and Energy digestibility were observed among the test
diets. SRD inclusion at 50% proved more advantageous in terms of feed cost per kg of live pig and in percentage
cost saving. It is concluded from the result of this study that SRD is a potential feedstuff in pig feeding at up to
50% dietary level beyond which, depression of growth can be expected.
Keywords: Small ruminants dropping, weanling pigs, carcass characteristics and growth performance.
1. Introduction
Feed costs represent the greatest operating expense in swine production. This is particularly evident in starter
diets that rely on high-cost animal protein and energy sources as a means to enhance the transition of young pigs
from Sow’s Milk to grain based diets (Maxwell and Carter 2001). The phenomenal rise in the cost of feed caused
by the high cost of the conventional energy and protein ingredients such as Maize, guinea corn, soybean meal
and groundnut cake has further exacerbated the operating costs.
This situation therefore, calls for solutions that can urgently check the steadily increasing prices of feeds so as to
encourage more people to get back into piggery farming. The utilization of non –conventional feed ingredients is
gaining ground daily in Nigeria. For instance, Adeyemo and Oyejola (2004) reported that poultry droppings
could be used to replace blood meal in guinea fowl diet up to 40% dietary level without any adverse effect on
performance.
Small Ruminant Droppings are produced in large quantities in Nigeria. A Continuous accumulation of this waste
is dangerous because it causes environmental pollution. Although, there is still scarcity of information
concerning the utilization of heat-treated small ruminant droppings, its use in weanling diets is not questionable,
considering its nutrient composition (Abeke et al, 2003; Egede, 2005). However, the extent of its usefulness and
levels of utilization by weanling pigs need to be established as much of the previous works have been on layers
and broiler finishers (Onu, 2007).
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion of small ruminant droppings in weanling
diets of pigs. A secondary objective was to determine the apparent nutrient digestibility of Small Ruminants
Dropping (SRD) diets in nursery pigs.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out at the Animal science Department of Ebonyi
State University Abakaliki, Nigeria, with the approval of the DRIC ( Directorate of Research Innovation and
Commercialization) of the institution.
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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The Small Ruminants Dropping (SRD) used in the experiment was sourced from Abakpa Main Market (The
Small Ruminants Market in Abakaliki Metropolis). The SRD was processed by destoning and heating (with
stirring) in the oven at 60 0
C for 20-25 minutes until it becomes crispy to the touch. Heat-treated SRD so
prepared were ground in a hammer mill.
Proximate analysis of the SRD was conducted using standard methods (AOAC, 1995) to determine the
percentage crude protein, crude fiber, total ash and Ether extract. Nitrogen Free extract was calculated by
difference. The Metabolizable Energy (ME) of SRD was estimated using Pauzenga (1995) formula. (Me= 35 x
CP% + 81. 8 x EE% + 35.5 x NFE (Table 2).
Small Ruminants Dropping (SRD). So processed was used to formulate four pig starter diets such that diet I
which served as control contained 0% SRD, Diets 2,3, and 4 contained 10,30, and 50% inclusion rates)
respectively. The feed ingredients were ground in a hammer mill and were then mixed together in a machine
mixer. The ingredient composition of the experimental diet is shown in table 2.
The study was conducted with piglets from consecutive farrowing groups. One hundred and forty four (144)
cross bred piglets from landrace males X large white females were weaned at approximately 14 days of age
(averaged between 3. 5kg. in body weight). Pigs were housed in pens with dimensions of 1.20 X 2.50 meters.
Temperature was maintained at 25. 50
C. Pigs were allotted on basis of gender, ancestry, and weanling weight to
8 pens and fed I of the 4 dietary treatments (i.e. 2 replicate pens per diet with 4 pigs per pen. Gilts were penned
separately in a completely randomized design. At weaning, pigs were given O.5kg/pig (as fed basis) of the diets.
The experiment was conducted for 35 days. The daily feed requirement per replicate was weighed and served
daily. The left over feed per group was collected every morning, weighed and recorded. The daily feed intake of
each replicate group was determined by difference between the amount served and the residual feed. The piglet
were weighed at the beginning of the experiment to obtain their initial body weight and subsequently weighed
weekly. At the end of the experiment, the body weight change were calculated by subtracting the initial weight
from the final body weight. The daily weight gain was determined by dividing the body weight change by the
number of days the experiment lasted. The feed conversion ratio was computed by dividing the feed intake by
the weight gain. Daily protein consumption (g/piglet -1
) was calculated from feed consumption data and the
Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) grams of gain per gram of protein consumed calculated.
The Barrows for the digestibility trial were moved to a metabolism room for a single 10-days period that
consisted of 6 days of adaptation and 4 days of collection. Pigs were housed individually in bamboo-based
constructed Metabolism crates measuring 0. 60m high X 0.45m wide X 0.75m deep. Temperature was
maintained at 260
C. Pigs in the metabolism trial were fed similar starter diets as those in the growth trial. Pigs
were fed ad-labium twice daily during the 6 days adjustment period, and water was freely accessible at all times.
During the 4 days collection period, pigs were taken off feed at 1700hours and fecal trays were cleaned, this was
done to prevent contamination of fecal samples with feed. At the end of the collection period, fecal samples were
composited for each pig across the 4 days collection. Samples were freeze- dried, finely ground, and kept in a
desicrator under constant vacuum until analysis.
2.1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS where the growth experiment was analyzed as a 4x2
factorial with dietary treatment and gender as main effects, Replicate, block and their interactions were the
effects included in the model. The experimental units in the trial was pen. Pig was considered the experimental
unit in the digestibility portion which was analyzed using the GLM procedure. Least squares means, and
standard error of the means (SEM) were obtained to evaluate differences among treatment means. Differences
were considered significant at 5% level of probability.
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The chemical composition of SRD and the experimental diets are shown in table 1 and 2 respectively.
The results indicated that Small Ruminant Droppings (SRD) has a lot of potentials as a high-quality feedstuff
(Table 1). The results indicated that SRD contained reasonable amount of crude protein (17.05%); fat (EE)
(3.50%). Ash (25.75%), Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE ) (28.75%) and high amount of fiber (CF) (23.75%).
These valves were nevertheless in agreement with the values of 16.88% Cp; 2.95% EE, 26.31% ash and
24.42% NFE reported by Abeke et al, (2003). The crude protein content of the experimental diets seemed to
decrease with increase in the level of SRD inclusion in the diets. However, these values still met the crude
protein requirements of piglets as recommended by NRC (1994). In the same vein, the energy values of the diets
also decreased with increase in the level of SRD. Ash and crude fiber values of the diets increased progressively
as dietary inclusion of SRD increased. However, SRD diets compared favorably with the control diet in terms of
ether extract and dry matter content.
The performance assessment of the piglets fed the respective experimental diets is shown in Table 3.
Feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of the piglets were significantly
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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(P<0.05) affected by the treatments. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake with increase in
the dietary level of SRD. The daily feed intake of the piglets feed on the control T1, T2 and T3 did not differ
significantly (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences (P<0.05) between these values and the value
obtained in T4 diet. It was however observed that there was a significant improvement in the feed consumption at
each incremental dietary level of SRD.
This might be due to the difference in the metabolizable energy content of the diets as a consequence of
high amount of fiber in SRD, a situation that may have compelled the piglets fed 10, 30 and 50% SRD to
consume more than the control diet (T1) in other to satisfy their energy requirements. (Abeke et al, 2003; Tequia
et. al, 2004; Onu, et. al, 2006). In addition, the high fiber in the diet may have affected gut function by increasing
digesta passage rate and modulating nutrient digestibility (Hetland et al, 2004). Consequently, the higher feed
intake of piglets fed 10, 30 and 50% SRD diets can be related to faster gut emptying of those piglets.
Nevertheless, this position may have contradicted the reports of Olubamiwa et. al, 2002 and Shakouri et. al,
(2006) that high fiber decreased feed intake as a result of increased digesta viscosity which causes increase of
feed retention time in the gastro intestinal track. Further more, dietary fiber has laxative effect as was reported by
Abeke et. al, (2003) which increased the rate of gastric evacuation and is usually compensated for by increased
feed intake as similarly reported by Aduku (1993).
The higher levels of inclusion of SRD in the diets gave rise to an expected numerical increment in the crude
fiber content of the diets, which was predicated by the higher fiber contents of the SRD. This however,
resulted in a gradual decrease in the energy levels of the diets. The protein values of the diets also reduced
though it did not fall short of NRC recommendation levels for starter piglet. In the same vein, the ash
content of the diets increased as the levels of SRD increased, whereas diets 2 to 4 compared favorably with
the control diets in terms of fat contents.
There was no significant (P>0.05) differences among piglets fed diets T2,T3 and T4 on average final
body weight, average total body weight gain and average daily weight gain. Piglets fed 50% SRD recorded non-
significantly, (P>0.05), the lowest body weight gain. The incredible body weight gain performance of the piglets
observed among the SRD diets relative to the piglets on the control diets goes to confirm the high level of
resourcefulness of SRD in the diets of monogastrics and this had been cooborated by the findings of Onu and
Otuma, (2008) among others.
The reduced performance in the growth rate of piglets at higher levels of 50% could be attributed to the
drop in the digestive efficiency impaired by high crude fiber content leading to low dry matter digestibility. It is
instructive to state that the PER (protein efficiency ratio) followed similar trend. Ruminant animals imported to
the south East (Abakaliki) are mostly Eco-type breeds from the Northern Nigeria whose diets may have been
predominated by dry grasses and pastures as against their counter-parts from the South East that have access to
more fresh grasses, especially in the dry season when this droppings were collected and dried. The quality of the
droppings depicts the quality of the grasses and pastures fed to the animals.
Even when these animals find themselves in the South East displayed for market, they still prefer dry
pastures/grasses plus occasional supplementation of concentrates also brought from the North as by-products of
farm processings.
Agbede et al (2002) had similarly observed in monogastrics that high fiber contents of diets decreases
nutrient digestion and utilization which had also precipitated metabolic dysfunction with resultant weight
reduction. The deflection in weight at 50% level of SRD goes to point to wards the tolerant limit of young piglets
to diets of SRD because of the fiber contents.
The feed conversion ratio also showed no significant (P>0.05) differences among the diets of SRD but
significant (P<0.05) differences existed between the control diet 1 and the other three diets (Table 3). The
impressive feed conversion efficiency of piglets on test diets suggest that the piglets can handle the diets
efficiently, and utilize it effectively too. This goes to affirm the earlier position of Onifade and Babatunde (1997)
who reported that high fiber content of a diet interfered negatively with nutrients availability at the tissue level.
Data on the carcass quality showed that the dietary treatments did not significantly (P>0.05) influence
the eviscerated weight, dressing percentage, and relative weight of cut-up parts except the thighs that was
significantly (P<0.05) different. Piglets on the control diet had bigger thighs than diet 2 which was also fatter
than the rest of the diets on SRD. The organ weights (Heart, liver, kidney, etc) expressed as a percentage of the
live weight was not significantly affected by the treatments.
In view of the fact that the dressed weight showed no significant (P>0.05) differences among the diets,
it goes to confirm that piglets can perform well on diets formulated with SRD up to 50% levels; since dressed
weight represents the absolute value of saleable meat (Nwawe et al, 2005).
Results of the digestibility trial revealed significant (P<0.05) differences between the control diet and
the test diets. Significant improvements in digestibility and numerical improvements in DM, CP, CF and Energy
digestibility were observed among the test diets. This finding perhaps can be accounted for by the increase in
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.10, 2013
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Energy content of the test diets (10,30 and 50%) SRD diets, associated with a higher fat content. Increased fat
intake tends to increase digestibility by decreasing passage rate through the digestive tract (Mateos et al, 1982).
The heat treatment in which the SRD is subjected to, improves energy and Nitrogen digestibility in young
piglets fed Maize grain, and increases ME of soybeans (Noland et al, 1976).
ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION:- Table 5 shows the economics of production of piglets fed the dietary
treatments. The cost per kilogram feed and the cost of feed consumed decreased progressively as the level of
SRD inclusion increased. This could be attributed to the partial replacement of the more expensive maize and
soybean with SRD that was collected free. The total cost of feed consumed per piglet, cost of daily feed intake
per piglet (N) and cost of feed per kilogram gain (N) showed a reduction. However, it appreciated in T4. This
may not be unconnected to the feed consumption of piglets fed diet 4. The highest cost saving value of 11.07%
was observed in diet 4. It could be affirmed therefore, that SRD Can economically be substituted in piglet diets
up to 50% level.
5. Conclusion
Owing to the encouraging performance of piglets on the test diets, it can be deduced from this study that SRD is
a potential feedstuff in pig diets and can be included optimally at 50% levels in starter or weanling diets; above
which, depression in performance occurs. SRD is very rich in essential nutrients which, when utilized as a
component of feed ingredient will be of great benefit. Nevertheless, result also showed that inclusion of SRD at
high levels of up to 50% resulted in increased fiber content that gave rise to dilution in energy value of the diets
although, the dilution did not affect the Performance of the piglets. The digestibility trial of the piglets also was
not affected adversely at high levels of 50% inclusion in the diets. The maxinum level of economic importance
is at 50%, especially for growing and finishing pigs. The reduction in cost will lead to the provision of the much
needed animal protein supply.
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TABLE 1: PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF SMALL RUMINANT DROPPINGS1
Nutrients(%) SRD
Dry Matter 86.80
Crude Protein 17.05
Crude Fiber 23.75
Ether Extract 3.50
Total ash 25.75
Nitrogen Free extract 28.75
Metabolizable energy 2,570
1
Content based on analysis of duplicate samples conducted before the formulation and mixing of experimental
diets.
TABLE 2: INGREDIENT COMPOSITION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
Ingredient (%) T1(0) T2(10) T3(30) T4(50)
Maize 48.13 40.09 25.00 15.00
SBM 21.12 21.16 18.25 10.25
GNC 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Fish dust 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
SRD 0.00 10.00 30.00 50.00
PKC 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Bone Meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Spentgrain 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
Salt 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
SBM= Soyabean meal, GNC= Groundnut Cake, SRD= Small Ruminants Dropping, PKC= Palm Kernel Cake.
* Premix to supply the following per kg of diet: 1500 IV Vit. A; 1500 IV Vit D; 3000 IV Vit E; 3.0g Vit. K;
2.5g VitB2, 0.3g Vit B6; 8.0mg Vit B12, Nicotinic acid 3.0g; ca-pantothenate, 5.0mg choline chloride 500mg,
Fe 10.0mg; AI 0.2mg; Cu 3.5mg; in 0.15mg; 10.02g Co’ 0.0lg se; 0.02g Ethoxy guin 3mg
ME = Metabolizable Energy.
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TABLE 3: PERFORMANCE OF THE PIGLETS FED THE EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
Means within rows with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). Treatments 1,2,3, and 4 contain,
10,30, and 50% heat- treated SRD respectively.
SEM: Standard error of means.
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TABLE 4: APPARENT NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF PIGLETS ON THE EXPERIMENTAL
DIETS.
a, b:- Means within a row having different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05)
TABLE 5: ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4
Cost of feed per kg (N) 1168.40 1062.70 957.00 851.30
Cost of feed consumed/pig (N) 4233.13 3218.03 2209.78 1213.82
Cost of daily feed intake/pig (N) 118.33 107.79 97.49 87.64
Cost of feed per Kg gain (N) 525.59 419.25 317.41 229.63
Cost saving in (%) 05.05 09.50 11.07
TABLE 6: CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSERY/ PIG LETS FED SRD BASED DIET
Parameter T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM
Carcass yield
Eviscerated weight (kg) 4.59 4.55 3.96 3.91 11.90
Dressing (%) 85.75 85.65 80.55 80.10 1.94
Relative Weight of cut-up parts
Thighs (Kg) 14.64a
14.40b
13.90c
11.31c
0.53
Hands head cages 4.07 4.04 4.01 4.00 0.26
Trotters 5.13 5.11 5.10 5.03 0.11
Organ weight 2.15 2.14 2.12 2.10 0.04
Heart 1.52 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.012
Liver 2.69 2.64 2.61 2.32 0.181
Intestines 2.73 2.54 2.33 2.11 1.05
Kidney 0.310 0.308 0.302 0.301 0.03
Sex organ 2.12 2.06 2.04 2.00 0.15
a, b, C: Means within the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05).
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