Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (22n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
Performance Analysis of Distributed Spatial Multiplexing with Multi-hop Ampli...IJCSEA Journal
This paper describes a frame work investigating the performance of distributed spatial multiplexing (DSM) in cooperative multi-hop cellular networks. The cooperative communication in cellular networks gives us leverage to get the inherent advantages of its random relay locations and the direction of the data flow. However, traditional centralized relay selection needs considerable overhead and signaling. In our proposed work, threshold based relay selection is adopted based on the received signal strength (RSS) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The best relay chosen will transmit jointly with source using Amplify and forward (AF) protocol. The evaluation is performed with bit error rate (BER) and energy per bit for distributed spatial multiplexing scheme with multi-hop networking.
Energy saving in cooperative transmission using opportunistic protocol in MANETIOSR Journals
Abstract : In this thesis, we study the joint problems of cooperative link and diversity in A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with variable wireless channels. In MANET the wireless nodes are in group and infrastructure less in nature. The major problems faced by wireless communication in real time environment are that of interference and un-reliable communication links. Much research work has been done to overcome this by using various techniques. Cooperative communication and transmission side diversity in the network are the two of the techniques that help in reducing interference and communication link failures. We have also proposed a new technique to find the optimum route as a joint problem of the transmission power at the physical layer and the link selection at the network layer that incurs the minimum cost in terms of energy, no. of hops, available bandwidth and link quality (SNR), outage probability. Analytical results show that our cooperative transmission schemes (OMCTSP) achieves average energy saving of more than 80% than direct transmission. Keywords: cooperative transmission, , channel gain, diversity, , linkcost minimum energy routing, outage diversity, Variable wireless channels.
M-EPAR to Improve the Quality of the MANETsIJERA Editor
In MANET, power aware is important challenge issue to improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes. We propose modified efficient power aware routing (M-EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the network lifetime of MANET. Designing a power aware routing algorithm or technique is one of the most important point considered in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. These nodes are driven by reactive protocols where broadcasting is mandatory to form a path between two nodes. So in case of death of the node resulting out of less battery calls for re-routing. Since many existing techniques focuses on energy aware routing this paper presents combination of energy aware routing merged with link quality determined by packet drop rate. The proposed scheme has outperformed the existing technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and energy consumption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Performance Analysis of Distributed Spatial Multiplexing with Multi-hop Ampli...IJCSEA Journal
This paper describes a frame work investigating the performance of distributed spatial multiplexing (DSM) in cooperative multi-hop cellular networks. The cooperative communication in cellular networks gives us leverage to get the inherent advantages of its random relay locations and the direction of the data flow. However, traditional centralized relay selection needs considerable overhead and signaling. In our proposed work, threshold based relay selection is adopted based on the received signal strength (RSS) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The best relay chosen will transmit jointly with source using Amplify and forward (AF) protocol. The evaluation is performed with bit error rate (BER) and energy per bit for distributed spatial multiplexing scheme with multi-hop networking.
Energy saving in cooperative transmission using opportunistic protocol in MANETIOSR Journals
Abstract : In this thesis, we study the joint problems of cooperative link and diversity in A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with variable wireless channels. In MANET the wireless nodes are in group and infrastructure less in nature. The major problems faced by wireless communication in real time environment are that of interference and un-reliable communication links. Much research work has been done to overcome this by using various techniques. Cooperative communication and transmission side diversity in the network are the two of the techniques that help in reducing interference and communication link failures. We have also proposed a new technique to find the optimum route as a joint problem of the transmission power at the physical layer and the link selection at the network layer that incurs the minimum cost in terms of energy, no. of hops, available bandwidth and link quality (SNR), outage probability. Analytical results show that our cooperative transmission schemes (OMCTSP) achieves average energy saving of more than 80% than direct transmission. Keywords: cooperative transmission, , channel gain, diversity, , linkcost minimum energy routing, outage diversity, Variable wireless channels.
M-EPAR to Improve the Quality of the MANETsIJERA Editor
In MANET, power aware is important challenge issue to improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes. We propose modified efficient power aware routing (M-EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the network lifetime of MANET. Designing a power aware routing algorithm or technique is one of the most important point considered in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. These nodes are driven by reactive protocols where broadcasting is mandatory to form a path between two nodes. So in case of death of the node resulting out of less battery calls for re-routing. Since many existing techniques focuses on energy aware routing this paper presents combination of energy aware routing merged with link quality determined by packet drop rate. The proposed scheme has outperformed the existing technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and energy consumption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Performance of cluster-based cognitive multihop networks under joint impact o...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we evaluate outage probability (OP) of a cluster-based multi-hop protocol operating
on an underlay cognitive radio (CR) mode. The primary network consists of multiple independent
transmit/receive pairs, and the primary transmitters seriously cause co-channel interference (CCI) to the
secondary receivers. To improve the outage performance for the secondary network under the joint impact
of the CCI and hardware imperfection, we employ the best relay selection at each hop. Moreover, the
destination is equipped with multiple antennas and uses the selection combining (SC) technique to
enhance the reliability of the data transmission at the last hop. For performance evaluation, we first derive
an exact formula of OP for the primary network which is used to calculate the transmit power of the
secondary transmitters. Next, an exact closed-form expression of the end-to-end OP for the secondary
network is derived over Rayleigh fading channels. We then perform Monte-Carlo simulations to validate
the derivations. The results present that the CCI caused by the primary operations significantly impacts on
the outage performance of the secondary network.
Performance Analysis for Parallel MRA in Heterogeneous Wireless NetworksEditor IJCATR
This paper analysis a different methods to find optimal path for services and power allocation to heterogeneous wireless network. Under heterogeneous wireless networks, a user can send data through a single or multi RATs (Radio Access Technology) simultaneously. The objective of this paper is to choose the optimal path for the services and power allocation to that bandwidth (BW) distributed joint allocation algorithm using Newton and modified Newton are adopted and the total system capacity compared. The analysis is done in Matlab and simulation results are compared. The numerical result shows that compare to Newton method, modified Newton method maximize the total system capacity.
Improvement at Network Planning using Heuristic Algorithm to Minimize Cost of...Yayah Zakaria
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) consists of wireless stations that are connected with each other in a semi-static configuration. Depending on the configuration of a WMN, different paths between nodes offer different levels of efficiency. One areas of research with regard to WMN is cost minimization. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was used to optimize cost. However, minimized cost does not
guarantee network performance. This paper thus, modified the minimization function to take into consideration the distance between the different nodes so as to enable better performance while maintaining cost balance. The results were positive with the PDR showing an approximate increase of 17.83% whereas the E2E delay saw an approximate decrease of 8.33%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
K dag based lifetime aware data collection in wireless sensor networksijwmn
Wireless Sensor Networks need to be organized for efficient data collection and lifetime maximization. In
this paper, we propose a novel routing structure, namely k-DAG, to balance the load of the base station's
neighbours while providing the worst-case latency guarantee for data collection, and a distributed
algorithm for construction a k-DAG based on a SPD (Shortest Path DAG). In a k-DAG, the lengths of the
longest path and the shortest path of each sensor node to the base station differ by at most k. By adding
sibling edges to a SPD, our distributed algorithm allows critical nodes to have more routing choices. The
simulation results show that our approach significantly outperforms the SPD-based data collection
approach in both network lifetime and load balance.
Implementing packet broadcasting algorithm of mimo based mobile ad hoc networ...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new
challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of
MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There
are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped
Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a
new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new
broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy
performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated
in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result
for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network
for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for
the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the
network.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT MULTI-HOP ROUTING WITH UNEQUAL CLUSTERING APPROACH FOR WIREL...IJCNCJournal
The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol, capable of extending the life of the network, is one of the main constraints of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Research studies on WSN routing prove that clustering offers an effective approach to prolong the lifetime of a WSN, particularly when it is combined with multi-hop communication that can reduces energy costs by minimizing the distance between transmitter and receiver. Most clustering algorithms using multi-hop in data transmission encounter the hotspot problem. In this work, an Energy-efficient Multi-hop routing with Unequal Clustering approach (EMUC) is proposed, to create clusters of different sizes, which depend on the distance between the sensor node and the base station. Equilibrate the energy dissipation between the cluster heads is the purpose of this approach by adopting multi-hop communication to relay data to the base station. The implementation of multi-hop mode to transmit data to the base station reduces the energy cost of transmission over long distances. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through performed simulations, which prove that EMUC balances energy consumption between sensor nodes, mitigates the hotspots problem, saves more energy and significantly extends the network lifetime.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Analysis of the Effect of Variation of Baffle Height on the Liquid Sloshing I...IJERA Editor
Sloshing is a common physical phenomenon which occurs in moving tanks with contained liquid masses, such
as liquid cargo carriers, rockets, aircrafts, and the seismically excited storage tanks, dams, reactors, and nuclear
vessels. The sloshing frequencies of contained liquid are essential in the analysis and design of the liquid tanks
and the associated structures. In this paper an attempt made with the VOF model and considered with
immiscible fluids by solving a single set of momentum equations and tracking the volume fraction of each of the
fluids throughout the domain. Further investigated the effect of the vertical baffle heights on the liquid sloshing
in a three-dimensional (3D) rectangular tank. studied dynamic analysis of sloshing in rectangular tanks with
multiple vertical baffles. ANSYS-CFX software was used to study this dynamic analysis subjected to random
excitations including earthquake induced motions. analytically estimated hydrodynamic damping ratio for liquid
sloshing phenomenon in a partially filled rectangular tank for baffles. They used the velocity potential
formulation and linear wave theory for analytic calculations.
Optimization of Polyphenol Content in Green Tea and studying its Antioxidant ...IJERA Editor
The aim of my project is to optimize the level of Polyphenol content present in Green Tea at various
temperatures. During the project various combinations of temperatures and time intervals were used to obtain
the Green Tea extract and the polyphenol content of all these extracts were estimated. Both unfermented and
artificial fermentation condtions were used to obtain the extract. The extracts were further used to screen the
various contents of the extract both normally and after purifying the sample with PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrlidone).
The extract with the highest content of polyphenols were further used to estimate the antioxidant property after
purification with column chromatography.
Survey of Smartphone applications based on OBD-II for Intelligent Transportat...IJERA Editor
Highway transportation is supported with several technologies to decrease risk factors and to obtain secure drive.
With improved software and hardware smartphone technology is able to monitor the useful information from
information network and especially it helps to maintain and control better traffic management for ITS. In this
study accession systems to electronic control unit are examined and also access procedure to vehicle status via
onboard diagnostic (OBD) also demonstrated. Additionally vehicle and environment information evaluation and
prevention of accident risks with smartphone technology are also indicated.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
A Study on Reasons of Attrition and Strategies for Employee RetentionIJERA Editor
The success of any manufacturing organization depends largely on the workers are considered as the backbone
of any company. The study was mainly undertaken to identify the level of employee’s attitude, the
dissatisfaction factors they face in the organization and for what reason they prefer to change their job. Once the
levels of employee’s attitude are identified, it would be possible for the management to take necessary action to
reduce attrition level. Since they are considered as backbone of the company, their progression will lead to the
success of the company for the long run. This study can be helpful in knowing, why the employees prefer to
change their job and which factors make employee dissatisfy. Since the study is critical issue, it is needed by the
originations in order to assess the overall interest and the feelings of the employees towards their Retention.
Learning How to Make Optimal Decisions in Design and Selection of Post-Disast...IJERA Editor
Optimal choice of shelter solutions in post-disaster emergency situations depends on deep understanding of
needs, context of needs, up to date knowledge of the available solutions and smart strategies to connect the two
optimally.
Evidence of needs can be submitted both by the beneficiaries and relief specialists as NGO‟s and the UN. The
solutions can be entered by local or international suppliers. Post-disaster emergency shelter designers are as any
other designer concerned with the ecological, social, cultural and spatial application of technologies to meet
specific human needs after each disaster and in each location. The choice for an on-demand designed postdisaster
shelter contributes to optimal post-disaster shelter relief process and sustainable post-disaster emergency
shelters. The need for qualified engineers who can translate their technical know-how into tailored solutions is
eminent.
In this article we describe a research project that develops and tests a tool for design and selection of on-demand
post-disaster emergency shelters, a Decision Support System (DSS). The tool can be used by the beneficiaries,
relief specialists and politicians. The questions asked by the DSS for gathering evidence on needs and solutions,
can be adapted to each type of user. In addition to assisting relief specialists in decision making, the DSS can be
used as training tool for relief specialists in the field and educating engineers in their thinking.
Mathematical Model for Dynamic Damage Probability of the Repetition Pulse Rat...IJERA Editor
Aimed at the high-energy laser system, under the assumption that the tracking error is the normal stochastic
process of mean square differentiability and ergodicity, the Series Expression of the dynamic damage probability
was given. The example demonstrate some characteristics of the dynamic damage probability as follow. The
system proposed indicates the quantitative relationship between dynamic damage probability and transfer function
of the tracking error system, which offers theoretical and technological support on proofing, designing and testing
the dynamic damage probability of laser system.
Study on Theoretical Aspects of Virtual Data Integration and its ApplicationsIJERA Editor
Data integration is the technique of merging data residing at different sources at different locations, and
providing users with an integrated, reconciled view of these data. Such unified view is called global or mediated
schema. It represents the intentional level of the integrated and reconciled data. In the data integration system,
our area of interest in this paper is characterized by an architecture based on a global schema and a set of
sources or source schemas. The objective of this paper is to provide a study on the theoretical aspects of data
integration systems and to present a comprehensive review of the applications of data integration in various
fields including biomedicine, environment, and social networks. It also discusses a privacy framework for
protecting user’s privacy with privacy views and privacy policies.
Performance of cluster-based cognitive multihop networks under joint impact o...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we evaluate outage probability (OP) of a cluster-based multi-hop protocol operating
on an underlay cognitive radio (CR) mode. The primary network consists of multiple independent
transmit/receive pairs, and the primary transmitters seriously cause co-channel interference (CCI) to the
secondary receivers. To improve the outage performance for the secondary network under the joint impact
of the CCI and hardware imperfection, we employ the best relay selection at each hop. Moreover, the
destination is equipped with multiple antennas and uses the selection combining (SC) technique to
enhance the reliability of the data transmission at the last hop. For performance evaluation, we first derive
an exact formula of OP for the primary network which is used to calculate the transmit power of the
secondary transmitters. Next, an exact closed-form expression of the end-to-end OP for the secondary
network is derived over Rayleigh fading channels. We then perform Monte-Carlo simulations to validate
the derivations. The results present that the CCI caused by the primary operations significantly impacts on
the outage performance of the secondary network.
Performance Analysis for Parallel MRA in Heterogeneous Wireless NetworksEditor IJCATR
This paper analysis a different methods to find optimal path for services and power allocation to heterogeneous wireless network. Under heterogeneous wireless networks, a user can send data through a single or multi RATs (Radio Access Technology) simultaneously. The objective of this paper is to choose the optimal path for the services and power allocation to that bandwidth (BW) distributed joint allocation algorithm using Newton and modified Newton are adopted and the total system capacity compared. The analysis is done in Matlab and simulation results are compared. The numerical result shows that compare to Newton method, modified Newton method maximize the total system capacity.
Improvement at Network Planning using Heuristic Algorithm to Minimize Cost of...Yayah Zakaria
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) consists of wireless stations that are connected with each other in a semi-static configuration. Depending on the configuration of a WMN, different paths between nodes offer different levels of efficiency. One areas of research with regard to WMN is cost minimization. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was used to optimize cost. However, minimized cost does not
guarantee network performance. This paper thus, modified the minimization function to take into consideration the distance between the different nodes so as to enable better performance while maintaining cost balance. The results were positive with the PDR showing an approximate increase of 17.83% whereas the E2E delay saw an approximate decrease of 8.33%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
K dag based lifetime aware data collection in wireless sensor networksijwmn
Wireless Sensor Networks need to be organized for efficient data collection and lifetime maximization. In
this paper, we propose a novel routing structure, namely k-DAG, to balance the load of the base station's
neighbours while providing the worst-case latency guarantee for data collection, and a distributed
algorithm for construction a k-DAG based on a SPD (Shortest Path DAG). In a k-DAG, the lengths of the
longest path and the shortest path of each sensor node to the base station differ by at most k. By adding
sibling edges to a SPD, our distributed algorithm allows critical nodes to have more routing choices. The
simulation results show that our approach significantly outperforms the SPD-based data collection
approach in both network lifetime and load balance.
Implementing packet broadcasting algorithm of mimo based mobile ad hoc networ...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new
challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of
MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There
are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped
Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a
new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new
broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy
performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated
in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result
for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network
for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for
the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the
network.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT MULTI-HOP ROUTING WITH UNEQUAL CLUSTERING APPROACH FOR WIREL...IJCNCJournal
The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol, capable of extending the life of the network, is one of the main constraints of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Research studies on WSN routing prove that clustering offers an effective approach to prolong the lifetime of a WSN, particularly when it is combined with multi-hop communication that can reduces energy costs by minimizing the distance between transmitter and receiver. Most clustering algorithms using multi-hop in data transmission encounter the hotspot problem. In this work, an Energy-efficient Multi-hop routing with Unequal Clustering approach (EMUC) is proposed, to create clusters of different sizes, which depend on the distance between the sensor node and the base station. Equilibrate the energy dissipation between the cluster heads is the purpose of this approach by adopting multi-hop communication to relay data to the base station. The implementation of multi-hop mode to transmit data to the base station reduces the energy cost of transmission over long distances. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through performed simulations, which prove that EMUC balances energy consumption between sensor nodes, mitigates the hotspots problem, saves more energy and significantly extends the network lifetime.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Analysis of the Effect of Variation of Baffle Height on the Liquid Sloshing I...IJERA Editor
Sloshing is a common physical phenomenon which occurs in moving tanks with contained liquid masses, such
as liquid cargo carriers, rockets, aircrafts, and the seismically excited storage tanks, dams, reactors, and nuclear
vessels. The sloshing frequencies of contained liquid are essential in the analysis and design of the liquid tanks
and the associated structures. In this paper an attempt made with the VOF model and considered with
immiscible fluids by solving a single set of momentum equations and tracking the volume fraction of each of the
fluids throughout the domain. Further investigated the effect of the vertical baffle heights on the liquid sloshing
in a three-dimensional (3D) rectangular tank. studied dynamic analysis of sloshing in rectangular tanks with
multiple vertical baffles. ANSYS-CFX software was used to study this dynamic analysis subjected to random
excitations including earthquake induced motions. analytically estimated hydrodynamic damping ratio for liquid
sloshing phenomenon in a partially filled rectangular tank for baffles. They used the velocity potential
formulation and linear wave theory for analytic calculations.
Optimization of Polyphenol Content in Green Tea and studying its Antioxidant ...IJERA Editor
The aim of my project is to optimize the level of Polyphenol content present in Green Tea at various
temperatures. During the project various combinations of temperatures and time intervals were used to obtain
the Green Tea extract and the polyphenol content of all these extracts were estimated. Both unfermented and
artificial fermentation condtions were used to obtain the extract. The extracts were further used to screen the
various contents of the extract both normally and after purifying the sample with PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrlidone).
The extract with the highest content of polyphenols were further used to estimate the antioxidant property after
purification with column chromatography.
Survey of Smartphone applications based on OBD-II for Intelligent Transportat...IJERA Editor
Highway transportation is supported with several technologies to decrease risk factors and to obtain secure drive.
With improved software and hardware smartphone technology is able to monitor the useful information from
information network and especially it helps to maintain and control better traffic management for ITS. In this
study accession systems to electronic control unit are examined and also access procedure to vehicle status via
onboard diagnostic (OBD) also demonstrated. Additionally vehicle and environment information evaluation and
prevention of accident risks with smartphone technology are also indicated.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
A Study on Reasons of Attrition and Strategies for Employee RetentionIJERA Editor
The success of any manufacturing organization depends largely on the workers are considered as the backbone
of any company. The study was mainly undertaken to identify the level of employee’s attitude, the
dissatisfaction factors they face in the organization and for what reason they prefer to change their job. Once the
levels of employee’s attitude are identified, it would be possible for the management to take necessary action to
reduce attrition level. Since they are considered as backbone of the company, their progression will lead to the
success of the company for the long run. This study can be helpful in knowing, why the employees prefer to
change their job and which factors make employee dissatisfy. Since the study is critical issue, it is needed by the
originations in order to assess the overall interest and the feelings of the employees towards their Retention.
Learning How to Make Optimal Decisions in Design and Selection of Post-Disast...IJERA Editor
Optimal choice of shelter solutions in post-disaster emergency situations depends on deep understanding of
needs, context of needs, up to date knowledge of the available solutions and smart strategies to connect the two
optimally.
Evidence of needs can be submitted both by the beneficiaries and relief specialists as NGO‟s and the UN. The
solutions can be entered by local or international suppliers. Post-disaster emergency shelter designers are as any
other designer concerned with the ecological, social, cultural and spatial application of technologies to meet
specific human needs after each disaster and in each location. The choice for an on-demand designed postdisaster
shelter contributes to optimal post-disaster shelter relief process and sustainable post-disaster emergency
shelters. The need for qualified engineers who can translate their technical know-how into tailored solutions is
eminent.
In this article we describe a research project that develops and tests a tool for design and selection of on-demand
post-disaster emergency shelters, a Decision Support System (DSS). The tool can be used by the beneficiaries,
relief specialists and politicians. The questions asked by the DSS for gathering evidence on needs and solutions,
can be adapted to each type of user. In addition to assisting relief specialists in decision making, the DSS can be
used as training tool for relief specialists in the field and educating engineers in their thinking.
Mathematical Model for Dynamic Damage Probability of the Repetition Pulse Rat...IJERA Editor
Aimed at the high-energy laser system, under the assumption that the tracking error is the normal stochastic
process of mean square differentiability and ergodicity, the Series Expression of the dynamic damage probability
was given. The example demonstrate some characteristics of the dynamic damage probability as follow. The
system proposed indicates the quantitative relationship between dynamic damage probability and transfer function
of the tracking error system, which offers theoretical and technological support on proofing, designing and testing
the dynamic damage probability of laser system.
Study on Theoretical Aspects of Virtual Data Integration and its ApplicationsIJERA Editor
Data integration is the technique of merging data residing at different sources at different locations, and
providing users with an integrated, reconciled view of these data. Such unified view is called global or mediated
schema. It represents the intentional level of the integrated and reconciled data. In the data integration system,
our area of interest in this paper is characterized by an architecture based on a global schema and a set of
sources or source schemas. The objective of this paper is to provide a study on the theoretical aspects of data
integration systems and to present a comprehensive review of the applications of data integration in various
fields including biomedicine, environment, and social networks. It also discusses a privacy framework for
protecting user’s privacy with privacy views and privacy policies.
FLC-Based DTC Scheme for a New Approach of Two-Leg VSI Fed Induction MotorIJERA Editor
A new Direct Torque Control (DTC) strategy for Induction Motor (IM) drive fed by a two leg three phase
inverter (i.e., Four switches are used in VSI) was proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is based on
the emulation of operation of the conventional Six-switch three phase inverter. The combination of four
unbalanced voltage vectors is generated by the two-leg three phase inverter, approaching to the synthesis of the
six balanced voltage vectors of the conventional DTC. This approach has been implemented in the design of the
vector selection table of the proposed DTC strategy. Further, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is proposed in the
speed controller for the improvement of torque ripples. Convention DTC with Six Switch three phase VSI, twoleg
three phase VSI with PI and Fuzzy Controller are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation
results have shown that the proposed DTC strategy, two-leg inverter fed IM drive revealed an improved
performance.
Low Power and Fast Transient High Swing CMOS Telescopic Operational AmplifierIJERA Editor
CMOS telescopic operational amplifier with high-swing and high-performance is described in this paper. The
swing is attained by using the tail and current source-transistors in deep-linear region. The resultant deprivation
in parameters like differential gain, CMRR and added characteristics are recompensed by using regulatedcascode
differential gain enhancement and a replica-tail feedback technique. Operating at power supply of 3.3V,
the power consumption, slew rate and settling time are improved using transmission controlled pass circuitry
and level amplifier. It is shown through simulations that the Op-Amp preserves its high CMRR and unity gain
frequency.
Studying the Structure and the Optical Properties of Pd Nanoparticles Affecte...IJERA Editor
In this paper, Palladium (Pd) nanoparticales (NPs) at different concentrations (150 and 500) capped with poly
(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were Synthesized by a polyol reduction method in an ethylene glycol solution at
temperature of 45C˚. The structural and optical properties of Pd NPs has been investigated, all thin films were
tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD), all XRD peaks can be indexed as face centered cubic (FCC)
Structure, with strong crystalline orientation at (111) plane. The morphology properties of the prepared films
were study by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) the results indicated that all films have nanoscale grain size
around 80 nm and Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) images show spherical nanoscale particles with clusters
shape. The size of the particles decreased with increasing of concentrations.
An Approach on Determination on Coal Quality using Digital Image ProcessingIJERA Editor
Worldwide coal in the 21st century will be influenced by concerns about the effects of coal combustion on the
local, regional and global environment and on human health. Reliable coal quality data can help decision maker
to better assess the risks and limit the possible environmental degradation and impact on health. Although
millions of coal analysis have been performed worldwide, existing national quality databases are generally of
limited use because much of the data are not readily accessible; geographic coverage are not comprehensive;
analytical data may not be accurate; samples may not be representative, or current. This paper attempts to gives
a fast, accurate, user-friendly and computerized method for analysis of coal quality using techniques of digital
image processing for its better utilization.
On The Transition Probabilities for the Fuzzy States of a Fuzzy Markov ChainIJERA Editor
In this paper the theory of fuzzy logic is mixed with the theory of Markov systems and the abstraction of a
Markov system with fuzzy states introduced. The notions such as fuzzy transient, fuzzy recurrent etc., were
introduced. The results based on these notions are introduced.
Ground Bounce Noise Reduction in Vlsi CircuitsIJERA Editor
Scaling of devices in CMOS technology leads to increase in parameter like Ground bounce
noise, Leakage current, average power dissipation and short channel effect. FinFET are the promising substitute
to replace CMOS. Ground bounce noise is produced when power gating circuit goes from SLEEP to ACTIVE
mode transition. FinFET based designs are compared with MOSFET based designs on basis of different
parameter like Ground bounce noise, leakage current and average power dissipation. HSPICE is the software
tool used for simulation and circuit design.
With the coastal population increasing, storms have been inflicting unprecedented losses on coastal
communities. Coastal agencies require advance information on the predicted path, intensity and progress of a
storm and associated waves and storm surges;
Near-real-time information during the peak of the storm to monitor flooding and control rescue operations; And
post storm reports to assess the damage and plan the recovery. The same holds true for other disasters, such as
oil spills and algal blooms. Coastal communities are also facing a rising sea level, caused mainly by global
warming. Airborne and satellite remote sensors, such as multispectral imagers, LIDAR and RADAR, are now
able to provide Most of the information required for emergency response and coastal management.
This section define a level subring or level ideals obtain a set of necessary and sufficient condition for the
equality of two ideals and characterizes field in terms of its fuzzy ideals. It also presents a procedure to construct
a fuzzy subrings (fuzzy ideals) from any given ascending chain of subring ideal. We prove that the lattice of
fuzzy congruence of group G (respectively ring R) is isomorphic to the lattice of fuzzy normal subgroup of G
(respectively fuzzy ideals of R).In Yuan Boond Wu wangrning investigated the relationship between the fuzzy
ideals and the fuzzy congruences on a distributive lattice and obtained that the lattice of fuzzy ideals is
isomorphic to the lattice of fuzzy congruences on a generalized Boolean algebra. Fuzzy group theory can be
used to describe, symmetries and permutation in nature and mathematics. The fuzzy group is one of the oldest
branches of abstract algebra. For example group can be used is classify to all of the forms chemical crystal can
take. Group can be used to count the number of non-equivalent objects and permutation or symmetries. For
example, the number of different is switching functions of n, variable when permutation of the input are
allowed. Beside crystallography and combinatory group have application of quantum mechanics.
A Framework for Curved Videotext Detection and ExtractionIJERA Editor
Proposed approach explores a new framework for curved video text detection and extraction. The algorithm first utilizes a Gaussian filter based Color Edge Enhancement followed by a Gray level Co-occurrence matrix feature extraction method for text detection. Secondly, a Connected Component filtering method is utilized to generate clear localization result and at last, a Round Scan method is performed to extract curved text and generate binary result for recognition by OCR. Experiments on various curved video data and Hua’s horizontal video text dataset shows the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam ColumnsIJERA Editor
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable materials for construction. In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized and codified this type of columns. In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite columns using different parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy Efficient Multipath Routing For Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksZac Darcy
Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In
order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy
consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for
choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy
as energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of mobile
nodes. The objective of our proposed system is to find an optimal route based on two energy metrics while
choosing a route to transfer data packets. This system is implemented by using NS-2.34. Simulation results
show that the proposed routing protocol with transmission power and residual energy control mode can
extend the life-span of network and can achieve higher performance when compared to traditional ad-hoc
on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.
Energy Efficient Multipath Routing For Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksZac Darcy
Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In
order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy
consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for
choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy
as energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of mobile
nodes. The objective of our proposed system is to find an optimal route based on two energy metrics while
choosing a route to transfer data packets. This system is implemented by using NS-2.34. Simulation results
show that the proposed routing protocol with transmission power and residual energy control mode can
extend the life-span of network and can achieve higher performance when compared to traditional ad-hoc
on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.
IMPLEMENTING PACKET BROADCASTING ALGORITHM OF MIMO BASED MOBILE AD-HOC NETWOR...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the network.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networkijwmn
A critical need in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) is to achieve energy efficiency during routing
as the sensor nodes have scarce energy resource. The nodes’ mobility in MWSN poses a challenge to
design an energy efficient routing protocol. Clustering helps to achieve energy efficiency by reducing the
organization complexity overhead of the network which is proportional to the number of nodes in the
network. This paper proposes a novel hybrid multipath routing algorithm with an efficient clustering
technique. A node is selected as cluster head if it has high surplus energy, better transmission range and
least mobility. The Energy Aware (EA) selection mechanism and the Maximal Nodal Surplus Energy
estimation technique incorporated in this algorithm improves the energy performance during routing.
Simulation results can show that the proposed clustering and routing algorithm can scale well in dynamic
and energy deficient mobile sensor network.
Improving Capacity and Load Distribution of a Node Using Circular Sailing Rou...ijafrc
Routing in wireless networks has been heavily studied in the last decade. In mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) can route travelled by a packet from the source to the destination usually consists of multiple hops where intermediate nodes act as relays. The packets usually follow the shortest path between source and destination in routing protocols to achieve smallest travelled distance. However, this leads to the uneven distribution of traffic load in a network. The wireless nodes in the center of the network will have heavier traffic. Since most of the shortest routes go through them. There are many algorithms available in the load balancing and improving capacity technique. In this paper, describe a novel routing algorithm called Circular Sailing Routing (CSR), which we can distribute the traffic more evenly in the network. Based on our study, found to reduced traffic distribution and capacity of a node in the wireless network compared to any other algorithm. This is because they proposed maps in the network onto a sphere via a simple stereographic projection and then the route decision is made by the distance on the sphere instead of Euclidean distance in the plane.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Network With Agents Minimizing the Number of Hop...CSCJournals
Wireless mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. Node is intended to help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism in order to solve problem of dead communication. MANET which engages broadcasting and contains multiple hops becomes increasingly vulnerable to problems such as mobile node’s energy degradation, routing problem and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides an extensive study of energy consumption in the MANET that consists of several network areas with the presence agents. Agents will minimize number of hops and its affect in linearity with the delay. As nodes grow, either in data transmission services or coverage of node’s communication or more agents stand in overlapped locations, accordingly data exchange and topology development to adapt the network are becoming an important issue. As a result, agents are needed to support process automation, high-level connectivity and intelligent service on that such environment. We evaluate the agents’ performance and network energy consumption for supporting MANET. The proposed agents provides service packets transmission between networks; e.g. determine appropriate relay nodes dynamically, maintain the transmission between networks through another nodes, share the topology knowledge among agents, and route packets between source and final destination that are unable to communicate directly. The achievement on research with this approach is conducted via simulation study. A similar network without agents is presented to derive such referential bounds by using appropriate functions of network agents. The proposed algorithm is confirmed with composite simulation results.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
A Proactive Greedy Routing Protocol Precludes Sink-Hole Formation in Wireless...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a very dynamic and infrastructure-less ad hoc network. The actual
network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable. MANET is a resource limited network and therefore the developed routing
algorithm for packet transmission should be power and bandwidth efficient. These kinds of dynamic
networks should operate with minimal management overhead. The management functionality of the
network increases with number of nodes and reduces the performance of the network. Here, in this paper,
we have designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Graph theoretic routing algorithm is used to develop route for packet
transmission by using the minimum resources. In this paper, we developed routing algorithm for cluster
based MANET and finds a path from source to destination using minimum cumulative degree path. Our
simulation results show that this routing algorithm provide efficient routing path with the increasing
number of nodes and uses multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster to utilize minimum power for packet
transmission irrespective of number of nodes in the network.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Similar to Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile Adhoc Networks (20)
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile Adhoc Networks
1. K.vanisree Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.109-115
www.ijera.com 109|P a g e
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost
Routingin Mobile Adhoc Networks
K.vanisree1
, Dr.P.Ramamoorthy2
1 student of Ph.D., Hyderabad 560 068
2 Prof. ECE Department in Adithya Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641 107
ABSTRACT
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (22n
)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
Index: Cooperative transmission, diversity, throughput, energy efficient route, delay, channel gain. , local
retransmission, forwarder list update
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy efficient communication is a basic
problem in wireless networks, particularly in ad hoc
and sensor networks. In these networks, nodes are
small and frequently spend maximum energy on
communication [1].Nodes are typically battery
poweredand have non-replenish able supplies
resulting in a disconnected network. In wireless
networks excessive transmission energy increases
interference resulting in reduced throughput.
Therefore over the past several years, this problem
has receivedsignificant attentionseparately [1]-[6]at
different layers of the protocol, notably physical layer
and network layer. The goal at the physical layer is to
find the energy efficient communication schemes and
at the network layer is to find the energy efficient
route selection algorithm for the wireless networks
that minimize transmission power in an end-to-end
setting.
At thephysical layer particularly, it is known that
multiple antennas at transmitter or receiver gives
more energy savings as compared to single antenna
in wireless network [7].But the use of multiple
antennas is impractical due to cost and increase in the
capacity. The above problem is solved by allowing
cooperation among spatially distributed single
antenna for the wireless medium, the so called
cooperative communication [8][9].The mutual
information and outage probability of the network are
analyzed. However in this wireless model, the relay
nodes require to decode their received signals.
In a cooperative communication omnidirectional
single antenna is used, the signal transmitted by the
source node is received by all nodes within a
coverage area. For examplein Fig1, the source node S
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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transmits is received by both nodes 1 and 2.This
property is called as wireless broadcast
advantage(WBA).Another property of the wireless
medium is wireless cooperation advantage (WCA) is
the space diversity at the physical layer. Diversity can
be achieved by coordinates multiple antennas
resulting that reduces the error probability. In our
paper, we have assumed that nodes are equipped with
single antenna. Several nodes can cooperate with
each other to transmit the information to other nodes,
these cooperation achieve similar energy savings as
multiple antenna scheme [10]. The energy savings
due to cooperative transmission by several nodes is
so called WCA
Fig 1: wireless broadcast advantage property
Fig 2 shows the cooperative diversity of the
wireless network. The routing protocols point-to-
point link and multi-hop link are used to transmit a
signal from source node to destination node. Multi-
hop link combines the transceiver transmission
results that produce increasing SNR or decreasing
SNR .These fluctuations occur across both frequency
and time, also wireless channel variations called as
fading, shadowing, and other forms of interference.
Using diversity, the channel interference due to
fading is reduced and increases the reliability of the
wireless network [10],[11].
Fig 2: Cooperative Diversity
O_Corman is a pure network layer opportunistic
routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. It has
three components such as 1.proactive source routing
protocol (PSR) to determine a list of intermediate
nodes so that each forwarding node has complete
knowledge of route that forward the data to all other
nodes at any time in the network.2O_Corman is a
pure network layer opportunistic routing scheme for
mobile ad hoc networks. It has three components
such as 1.proactive source routing protocol when the
packet of data is forwarded along the new route,
updated route information propagated by an upstream
node without any additional overhead. As a result all
upstream nodes have information about new route
faster than periodic route exchange scheme 3.Small-
scale retransmission of missing packets, nodes that
are not listed as forwarders hence to retransmit the
data if the downstream forwarder has not received
these packets. Fig 3 shows the packet route between
nodesX and Y as determined by the routing module is
indicated by the yellow band. The solid circles
represent the listed forwarders and the hollow ones
are the small-scaletransmitters. In actual operations
of O_CORMAN, packets p1, p2, and p3 can take
separate routes around this band depending on the
transient link quality in the network. Such a decision
is made on a per-hop and per-packet basis
Fig 3: PacketPath
Aim of this paper is to take advantage of the
wireless broadcast property and the transmission side
diversity created through cooperation to reduce the
end-to-end energy consumption in routing the
information between two nodes optimal static routing
algorithms to find minimum energy routes in a
network. We derive a Opportunistic cooperative
routing, and evaluate their performance using NS-
2.32simulator.
This paper is structured as follows, In Section II,
we describe our system model and formulate
cooperative link cost in terms of transmission power.
Section III, presents our cooperative routeselection.
Simulation results are discussed in Section IV. In
Section V conclusions and future research works are
discussed.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
The wireless network consisting of N nodes and
it is distributed randomly in an area, where each node
has a single omnidirectional antenna. We assume that
each node can adjust its transmission power and
multiple nodes can coordinate their transmissions at
the physical layer to form a cooperative link. So
beam forming is not performed, only rough packet
synchronization is required [12]. We model point to
point transmission as multiple MISO transmission,
using point to point transmission we formulate
energy consumption in a cooperative MISO
transmission.
A. Channel model: Fig 4 shows that cooperative
channel model, we consider a time-slotted wireless
channel between source and destination nodes, and
assumed that channel is characterized by channel
gain hij captures the mixed effects of symbol
synchronism, multipath fading, shadowing and path-
loss between the two nodes. Let t time-slot the
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transmitted signals be xi[t] and received signals be Yj
[t] , pair of transmitting node ti ε T and receiving
noderj ε R and remaining nodes are serves as a relay
nodes (i.e.) N-2 nodes in a N nodes. We assume that
channel gain is inversely proportional to the distance
between the communicating nodes Power of pathloss.
The receiver node will receive the signal in a two
different phases which is transmitted by transmitting
node.
Fig 4: Cooperative Channel Model
Phase I:At first time slot the transmitting node i
transmit with power ps1,and all other relay nodes and
receiving node will listen[13],[14]. The transmitted
signal xs1 (t) and noise is ηj (t) received at rj, it is
assumed to be complex additive white Gaussian with
power density Pnj .Then the received signal between i
and j node is
Yij = 𝐩𝐬𝟏(
𝐡𝐢𝐣
𝐝𝐢𝐣
∝ )*xs1 (t) + ηj (t)i =1,..n &j = 1,…m
(1)
Where hij is the channel gain of i and j nodes, dij is
distance between transmitting node i and receiving
node j and ∝ is the path loss exponent.Similarly the
received signal at node k and noise is ηk(t) received at
rk,
Yik = 𝐩𝐬𝟏(
𝐡𝐢𝐤
𝐝𝐢𝐤
∝ )*xs1 (t) +ηk (t) i=1.,n k= 1,.N-2
(2)
Where hik is the channel gain of i and k nodes, dik is
distance between transmitting nodes i and receiving
(intermediate) node k.
Phase II: At second time slot the relay node k
transmit signal xs2 (t) to destination node j with
power pj∈ D.ps2 is the power of source node in phase
II, and noise is ηj (t) received at rj, it is assumed to be
complex additive white Gaussian with power density
Pnj [38, 39] .Then the received signal between k and j
node is
Ykj = 𝐏𝐬𝟐(
𝐡𝐢𝐣
𝐝𝐢𝐣
∝ ) *xs2 (t) + ηj (t) (3)
The original transmitted signal combines [15] both
the signal received from source and the signal
received from relay
Yj = [Yij,Ykj] (4)
If the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exceeds a
prescribed decoding threshold η, the received
message can be decoded correctly. Let D denote the
decoded set that includes all the nodes whose
received message can be decoded properly. ps1, ps2
are the power allocated to transmitter at phases I and
II respectively. The total transmitted power is PT=
Ps1+Ps2and wehave SNR at receiver node j ε R is
Snrij=
𝒉 𝒊𝒋
𝟐
𝒅 𝒊𝒋
∝ ∗ 𝑷 𝑻
𝑷𝜼𝒋
+ 𝐩 𝐤 ∗ 𝐡𝐣,𝐤𝒌∈𝑫 (5)
Wherepηjis receiver noise power, hjk and hij are
channel gain between node j and k, node i and j
respectively and pk node k power
B.Routing Model: A K-hop cooperative route l is a
sequence of links „k‟ is {l1……. lk, where each link is
formed between transmitting node Tk and receiving
node rk is lk = (tk,rk) using two stage cooperative
transmission. Our objective is to find the route that
minimize the end-to-end transmission power.
Definition 1 (link cost LC): The link cost between
transmitter tk and receiver rk is denoted by LC(tk,rk)
defined as the minimum power deliver the message
from tk to rk using two stage cooperative transmission
is subjected to throughputs, bandwidth, outage
probability, no of hops. The energy efficient routing
can be formulated as follows [13]
Min LC(tk, rk)lkϵl (6)
LC(t1, r1) = 𝑷𝑻 =
𝐒𝐍𝐑𝐦𝐢𝐧∗𝐩𝛈𝐣
𝜶 𝟐 (7)
In MISOthe receiver combines the received signals,
and complete decoding is possible as long as the
received SNR is above the minimum
thresholdSNRminfor all nodes in R. Now the
received signal at receiver rj is
Yj=(
𝒉 𝒊𝒋
𝒅 𝒊𝒋
∝)T
*w+𝛈𝐣 (8)
Where w is a scaling factor, ηj noise at node j and
(
ℎ 𝑖𝑗
𝑑 𝑖𝑗
∝ )T
is transpose of vector gain
The resulting optimal power allocation for each node
i is given by
𝒘𝒊=
𝒉 𝒊𝒋
∗
𝒅 𝒊𝒋
∝
(
𝐡 𝐣
𝒅 𝒊𝒋
∝ )∗𝑻
𝒊=𝟏
(9)
The resulting cooperative link cost LC(T,r1), given by
LC(T,r1) = 𝒘𝒊
𝟐
𝒕𝒊∈𝑻 =
𝐒𝐍𝐑𝐦𝐢𝐧∗ 𝐩𝛈∗
𝒉 𝒊𝒋
∗
𝒅 𝒊𝒋
∝
𝟐
𝒕𝒊∈𝑻
(10)
The above equation can be written in terms of the
point-to-point link costs between all the source nodes
and destination nodes, given by
LC (T,r1)=
𝟏
𝟏
𝑺𝑵𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏∗𝒑𝜼∗
𝒉 𝒊𝟏
∗
𝒅 𝒊𝟏
∝
𝟐
+
𝟏
𝑺𝑵𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏∗𝒑𝜼∗
𝒉 𝒊𝟐
∗
𝒅 𝒊𝟐
∝
𝟐
+⋯…..+
𝟏
𝑺𝑵𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏∗𝒑𝜼∗
𝒉 𝒊𝒏
∗
𝒅 𝒊𝒏
∝
𝟐
(11)
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It can conclude that the transmitted signal is
proportional to path loss attenuation therefore all
nodes in the reliable set cooperate to send the
information to a single receiver .Also the cooperative
cost is smaller than each point-to-point cost. Hence it
proves that always cooperative transmission saving
more energy by taking the advantages of WCA.
III. COOPERATIVE ROUTE
SELECTION
A.OMCTSP algorithm
Modified AODV routing protocol is a reactive
protocol, Routes are established on-demand, as
needed. Nodes receiving the packet update their
information for the source node and set up backwards
pointers to the source node in the route tables. In this
paper we have considered Cooperative Transmission
Communication with Wireless Channel Variation.
Hence each forward node calculates channel gain and
for successful transmission the channel gain is above
the threshold SNRmin.The Relay Selection can be
done in two ways
Minimizing the total transmitted power: The
channel gain vector calculated between transmitters
and the super node. The nodes which will decode
successfully are called super node.
Maximizing the Total Transmitted Power:
Among all the receiver nodes whichever is the
highest channel will be the channel gain.
Procedural steps for implementing OMCTSP
algorithm is as follows.
Step1. First modify the MAC layer protocol 802.11
to include SNR calculation.
Step2. Next modify the routing protocol AODV.
Step 3. Network is randomly distributed with defined
no of nodes with specified initial energy.
Step 4. SNR value is estimated, and nodes that all
decoded properly, while receiving the hello message
and it is stored in SNR table.
Step 5. Unit variance model estimates expected value
for channel gain for each slot index. Once the square
of expected value is 1 then outage probability is
estimated, when the mutual information as a function
of the fading coefficients become a Random
Variable. If the probability of error or Outage
probability value is 0 then the channel is not in
outage and outage probability value is 1 then the
channel is in outage.
Step 6. Every node goes for calculating available
bandwidth and also the number of hops for each path
is calculated.
Step 7. The source node when sending the route
request packet, will include outage probability,
residual power available and available bandwidth,
size of the packet.
Step 8.Intermediate nodes updates the link cost based
on point to point connection.
Step 9.All the forwarding nodes will compare SNR
value of its received packet, its available bandwidth,
residual energy and also number of hop.
Step 10. When the destination node receives the
route request packet, it selects the best path based on
four parameters.
Step 11. Once a best path is selected, the destination
node Generate route reply message and send it into
source by reverse path.
Step 12.This calculation goes on for all the packets
forwarded towards the receiver. So that whenever the
receiver finds a better path, it discards the old path
and picks up the new path for data communication.
Modified AODV is also suffered from limitations
like it cannot do opportunistic data transfer in
MANET. To solve this problem, protocol called as
O_CORMAN was presented which can do
opportunistic data transfer in MANET. AODV is a
good performance driven routing protocol in all kinds
of network scenarios. But practically O_CORMAN
shows the good performances as compared to the
AODV routing protocol
B.O_Corman algorithm. The design of
O_CORMAN has the following three modules.
1. Proactive source routing — PSR runs in the
background so that nodes periodically exchange
network structure information. It converges after the
number of iterations equal to the network diameter.
At this point, each node has a spanning tree of the
network indicating the shortest paths to all other
nodes. PSR is inspired by pathfinding [16], [18] and
link-vector [17] algorithms but is lighter weight.
2. Forwarder list adaptation: The source node has
knowledge about the network within its coverage
area, but due to mobility of node in dynamic channel
the source node does not have the updated knowledge
.Hence this can be overcome by means of every
intermediate nodes have the ability to update the
forwarded list. First using this new route date packet
can be forwarded that it has already received, without
any extra overhead the updated information is
propagated upstream rapidly. Hence all forwarder
knows about the new route. Second replaces an
updated forwarder list in place of old list in the
packets. Third this updated information is send back
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to source by downstream. Data forwarding and list
update are described
Fig 5: Data Forwarding
Fig 5shows the live route update when a batch of
packets are forwarded along the route towards the
destination node. The source node v1 has data
packets forward towards the destination node v7 and
then v1 decides that the best route to v7 based on SNR
value of its received packet, its available bandwidth,
link cost, residual energy and also number of hop.
Intermediate nodes updates the link cost based on
point to point connection. Hence the forwarded list is
v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7
Fig 6: Frontier Node
Fig 6 showsthe frontiernode, when a batch of
packets are forwarded towards the destination node.
At a particular given time forwarder list that has
highest priority is called as frontier of the batch and
has receive any packet of the batch. Initially source
node is thefrontier, in this figure suppose v2 is the
frontier the new route to the destination
v1,v2,v3,v4‟,v5‟,v6‟,v7‟ and its replace the original
forwarding route.. The nodes can update their own
routing information and will incorporate such
information when forwarding their fragments. When
the network coverage area is large and nodes are
moving fast, the information can become out of date
by the time it is propagated to a destination node.
When the destination node is far away the nodes has
less knowledge about the network topology. The
forwarder list is collected by the source node and
adjusted as packets are sent to the destination node,
where intermediate nodes nearer to the destination
node have better information about routing. This is
accomplished by modifying the forwarder list by
frontier node. Hence the o_corman has a better
tolerance of inaccuracy in route for source node.
3. Small-scale retransmission: A short forwarder
list is forced to forward the packets to the destination
over long distance with weak links .O_corman
coordinates retransmission attempts among nodes
efficiently in order to increase the reliability of data
forwarding by mechanism of retransmission of data
packets if not received successfully. For example in
fig f1 and f2 are the two consecutive forwarder in the
list and node r is located between f1 and f2 .By
comparing the packets transmitted by f1 and f2 the
node r knows which packets are missed by f2 and
now retransmit these packets. If there are two nodes r
and r_ in this area O_corman ensures that at least one
such node should retransmit. . In this case for node r
to be a retransmitted, should satisfy the following
conditions.
Fig 7: Retransmission
Fig 7 shows the retransmission. Node r should be
a neighbor of the f1 and f2.The distance between f1
and f2 is d (f1, f2) should be more than d (f1,r) and
d(r,f2).The node distance can be determined by
using RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indicator) .
Node „r‟ uses any function such that scoring
function F (d (f1,r),d(r,f2)) favors a node located
close to the midpoint between f1 and f2 and not close
to either one of them measures how suitable as a
retransmitted for f1 and f2.Node r can also be
measure the suitability value by RSSI measurements
for all other nodes in N(r) to satisfy the above two
conditions.
IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Packet Delivery Ratio
It is the ratio of the number of delivered data
packet to the destination. This illustrates the level of
delivered data to the destination.
Fig 8: PDR Vs Nodes
Fig 8 shows the packet delivery ratio for
cooperative algorithms of both Maximum and
Minimum transmitting power of dynamic channel
with OMCTSP, O_corman and staticchannel for
various No of nodes. The O_corman algorithm
delivers more packets than the all other dynamic
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channel cooperative algorithms and as also compared
with static channel cooperative transmission.
Average Consumed Energy
Fig 9: Average consumed energy Vs Nodes
Fig 9, shows average consumed energy for
cooperative algorithms O_corman, Dynamic channel
and static channel network of OMCTSP algorithm for
different number of nodes. Static channel consumes
more energy than OMCTSP and O_corman. Also
compared O_corman with OMCTSP, it consumes
more energy than OMCTSP algorithm.
Total Energy Consumed.
Fig 10: Total Consumed Energy vs Nodes
Fig 10, shows total consumed energy for
different nodes of different cooperative algorithms
like O_corman, OMCTSP and Static. Static channel
network consumed more energy than compared with
all other algorithms and also compared with
OMCTSP O_corman consumed more .
Throughput
Throughput is referred to as the ratio of the total
amount of data that a receiver receives from a sender
to the time it takes for the receiver to get the last
packet. A low delay in the network translates into
higher throughput. Delay is one of the factors
effecting throughput, other factor is routing overhead.
Throughput gives the Utilization fraction of the
channel capacity used for useful transmission and is
one of the dimensional parameters of the network.
Fig 11 Shows the Throughput for various nodes. The
throughput in O_corman improves more than all
other cooperative transmission.
V. CONCULSIONS
In O_coremn the upstream nodes should not be
disrupted by the new route so that coordination
among the nodes js maintained by replacing only the
segment of list between frontier and destination. To
avoid unnecessary updates of route information only
a frontier node is allowed to update a packet‟s
forwarder list according to its routing module, as the
time available to transfer a batch of data packets is
very short. Consider a particular intermediate node
on the forwarder list, the forwarded list is updated
every time by various frontiers as the frontier moves
from the source to the destination, thus, this node
may experience one update about its route to the
destination every time a frontier decides to modify
the list. All of the above is achieved rapidly and with
no extra communication overhead
VI. FUTURE SCOPE
To improve the network capacity of Mobile
Adhoc Networks with cooperative communications,
have proposed a Capacity- Optimized Cooperative
(COCO) topology control scheme that considers both
upper layer network capacity and physical layer relay
selection in cooperative communications dynamic
traffic patterns in the proposed scheme to further
improve the performance of MANETs with
cooperative communications.
This research are converting the cooperative
node as selfish node. The selfish node stops
forwarding the conventional packets to the endpoint
and find another path to reach the endpoint directly.
With this method the capacity of network is increased
when compared to Cooperative Communication
Capacity Optimized Cooperative topology scheme is
introduced. Increase in data rates, reduction is packet
loss, reduction in packet delay and increase in
network capacity is achieved using COCO Topology
scheme. Increase in node density. On comparison of
the throughput for both OMCTSP algorithm gives
more than static channel
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