This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel cross-layer routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks. The technique calculates both signal strength and node mobility to select the most efficient and stable path for data transmission. It aims to improve on traditional ad hoc routing protocols like AODV by considering both link quality metrics from the physical layer (signal strength) and node mobility. The proposed method selects routes based on signal strength if mobility is high, and on traditional hop count if mobility is low, in order to find paths that reduce link failure and improve throughput.

1. International Journal of Computer Networking,
Wireless and Mobile Communications (IJCNWMC)
ISSN(P): 2250-1568; ISSN(E): 2278-9448
Vol. 5, Issue 1, Jan 2016, 1-4
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A SURVEY-EFFICIENT AND STABLE ROUTE SELECTION BY
USING CROSS LAYER CONCEPT
Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
Rupalis327@gmail.com , gajendranitm@gmail.com
Dept. of CSE, NITM (M.P)
ABSTRACT: - In a MANET, one of the
critical issues is link failure due to mobility
of nodes in the network, for reducing link
failure, protocol must find a suitable path in
the network for efficient communication.
This method use concept of cross layer like
signal strength of the physical layer. The
proposed novel cross layer design concept
that could improve the network throughput
significantly for mobile ad hoc networks. In
this technique we have calculated signal
strength and mobility for choosing the
strongest efficient and stable path for data
transmission. This novel algorithm tries to
improve the problems held in AODV
protocol by calculating signal strength and
mobility of next node for data transmission,
if either signal strength or mobility have
varies due to some internal problem than
other will provide the backup and choose the
convenient and efficient path and it will
reduces the problem of link faiure.
INTRODUCTION:- There are basically two
techniques for data transmission i.e.
transmission through wired network and
wireless network. An ad hoc network consists
of mobile nodes which communicate with each
other through multi-hop routes. To date,
numerous routing protocols [10] have been
proposed. Many of them well address the
problem of establishing and maintaining the
routes in a dynamically changing network
topology. However, most routing protocols are
designed with less emphasis on the issues at
the lower layers. These include the variable
link capacity at the physical layer and the
fluctuating contention level at the MAC layer.
In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap by
introducing a cross layer design concept. By
exploiting the lower layer channel
information, such as the variable link capacity
through spectrally efficient rate adaptation and
contention level estimation at the MAC layer,
we will show that significant performance
enhancement in both the network throughput
and delay are achievable. Thus, we take an
”active” approach in designing an ad hoc
networking protocol with more realistic and
detailed wireless channel model. It is
worthwhile to mention that in this paper we are
taking a channel-adaptive approach– rather
than a quality-of-service driven approach–of
cross layer networking such that the channel-
adaptive information is flowing from the lower
layer to the higher one, with the objective of
maximizing the network throughput; the
resource allocation message and decisions
made at the higher layer with a more global
view of the network are flowing downward.
Adaptive modulation transmission techniques
[3] were first proposed for cellular mobile
systems as a means to increase the spectral
efficiency in a point to point link. When the
channel estimate is available at the transmitter,
a transmission scheme can be adaptively
selected in accordance with the learned
channel parameters. It is shown in [3] that
spectral efficiency is optimized by joint rate
and power adaptation when the channel side
information is used at the transmitter. Practical
rate and power adaptation modulation
techniques [2] have also been investigated and

2. International Journal of Computer Networking,
Wireless and Mobile Communications (IJCNWMC)
ISSN(P): 2250-1568; ISSN(E): 2278-9448
Vol. 5, Issue 1, Jan 2016, 1-4
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shown to achieve near optimal spectral
efficiency. Rate adaptation techniques has also
been applied to mobile ad hoc networks. The
request to send (RTS) packet and the clear to
send (CTS) packet defined in the IEEE 802.11
standard could be exploited to perform channel
estimation and to feed receiver’s estimate of
the channel back to the transmitter. In [9], a
rate adaptation mechanism is introduced for
frequency hopping systems. Transmission rate
is adjusted based on the number of erasures
and errors in the received packets. In [5], a rate
adaptive MAC algorithm, similar to ours but
developed independently, is proposed.
Explicit channel parameter estimation is
mandatory in most advanced transceiver
systems for robust and spectrum efficient
performance [8]. With a simple cross layer
communications between the MAC and
Physical layers, we could achieve a large
performance improvement without incurring
any significant overhead. Wireless
technologies have become popular. Since
portable devices like mobile phones,
computers, laptop and personal digital
assistance require fixed infrastructure such as
base stations or access point, so they need an
access to a static network to support their
mobile device services. To provide a solution
to this problem Mobile Ad hoc Networks
(MANETs) have evolved.
MANETs are autonomous systems
consisting of mobile hosts that are connected
by multi-hop wireless links. MANETs are
decentralized networks that develop through
self-organization. MANETs is formed by a
group of nodes that can transmit, receive and
relay data among themselves. In a mobile ad
hoc network there is no fixed infrastructure
therefore the mobile hosts communicate over
multihop wireless links. These are often called
infrastructure-less networking since the
mobile nodes in the network dynamically
establish routing paths between them.
In MANETs the nodes communicate
over a reliable wireless links within the
transmission range of each other. In large
MANETs, if two hosts are not within the
communication range of each other they
communicate if other hosts lying in between
are willing to forward packets for them.
Therefore, every node participates in multi-
hop routing to reach all nodes in the network.
Flooding is a cause of routing in MANETs
which leads to degradation of the efficient use
of bandwidth and depletes battery-power of
nodes [4, 5].
It searches for route when required by source
node i.e. on demand. It possesses the
characteristic of maintaining the routes in the
case of dynamic network where each node is
moving. It incurs low processing and memory
overhead which in turn minimizes the overall
network utilization makes it appropriate for the
MANET. Furthermore, this protocol makes
use of sequence number for loop freedom
mechanism in each route. The steps to send a
packet from sender to destination through
AODV are as follows: Firstly, the source node
starts route discovery through broadcasting
Route Request (RREQ) packet then adjacent
nodes will forward RREQ until the packet is
reached at the destination or RREQ arrives at
the node that has a new fresh route to the
destination. Secondly, a Route Reply (RREP)
is sent by receiver to the source (originated
route). Once the sender-node receives a RREP,
it can initialize using this path for data packet
transmission. In the case of link failure, Route
Error (RERR) is sent back to the source node.
It is generated by the node at which link failure
is occurred.
RELATED WORK
In Holmer [1] the authors proposed a new
network metric the medium Time Metric
(MTM), which is derived from a general
theoretical model of the reachable throughput
in multi-rate ad hoc wireless networks. The

3. International Journal of Computer Networking,
Wireless and Mobile Communications (IJCNWMC)
ISSN(P): 2250-1568; ISSN(E): 2278-9448
Vol. 5, Issue 1, Jan 2016, 1-4
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MTM avoids using the long range link favored
by shortest path routing in favor of shorter,
higher throughput, more reliable links.
In Gomez [8] the authors propose a new
power-aware routing technique for wireless ad
hoc networks (PARO) where all nodes are
located within the maximum transmission
range of each other. PARO uses a packet
forwarding technique where immediate nodes
can elect to be redirector on behalf of source
destination pairs with the goal of reducing the
overall transmission power needed to deliver
packet in the network, thus, increasing the
operational lifetime of network devices.
In De Couto [4] the authors show that the
minimum hop path generally contains Cross-
Layer Simulation and Optimization for Mobile
ad hoc Networks 15 links which exhibit low
reliability.
In Dube [5] and Nordstrom [10] the authors
present routing protocols which are based on
signal stability rather than on only a shortest
path in order to provide increased path
reliability. Based on the IEEE 802.11 protocol,
The Receiver Based Auto Rate
(RBAR) protocol was presented in Vaidya [9].
RBAR allows the receiving node to select the
rate. This is accomplished by using the SNR or
the RTS packet to choose the most appropriate
rate and to communicate that rate to the sender
using the CTS packets. This allows much
faster adaptation to the changing channel
conditions than ARF, but requires some
modifications to the 802.11 standard.
The Opportunistic Auto Rate (OAR) protocol
which is presented in Sabharwal [3], operates
using the same receiver based approach, but
allows high-rate multipacket burst to take
advantage of the coherence time of good
channel conditions. The bursts also
dramatically reduce the overhead at high rates
by smoothing the cost of contention period and
RTS CTS frames over several packets.
PROPOSED PLAN:- In Route discovery
phase each node calculate signal strength of
neighbor and also calculate mobility if
mobility is greater than threshold it will
Receive the RREQ from neighbor node on
the basis of signal strength otherwise it select
on the basis of traditional AODV parameter
(min hop count with default transmission
range for packet receiving, this procedure is
followed up to destination node, at
destination, node reply all RREQ which is
received by destination and send it to sender
node. After that sender sends data through
this route which have minimum hop count,
with the help of this method we can select
most stable path among all route.
This method also enhanced the maintainance
phase, in this phase every node monitor’s
own energy if it is less than threshold then
node send the alert message to sender node
for searching new path before link failure ,
This approach will reduce the link
failure and also select best stable path for
communication which will enhance the
performance of AODV protocol.
CONCLUSION:- In this paper, we discuss a
new design concept in routing protocols for
mobile ad hoc networks. We argue that by
exploiting information from the cross layer
and the physical layer, significant performance
enhancement of a routing protocol could be
achieved. In this work, calculation of signal
strength and mobility takes place
simultaneously so that if any properties can
vary with some internal harms than the other
properties takes as priority calculated value
and then its follow our routing path. thus it
reduces the problem of link failure
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4. International Journal of Computer Networking,
Wireless and Mobile Communications (IJCNWMC)
ISSN(P): 2250-1568; ISSN(E): 2278-9448
Vol. 5, Issue 1, Jan 2016, 1-4
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