The aim of my project is to optimize the level of Polyphenol content present in Green Tea at various
temperatures. During the project various combinations of temperatures and time intervals were used to obtain
the Green Tea extract and the polyphenol content of all these extracts were estimated. Both unfermented and
artificial fermentation condtions were used to obtain the extract. The extracts were further used to screen the
various contents of the extract both normally and after purifying the sample with PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrlidone).
The extract with the highest content of polyphenols were further used to estimate the antioxidant property after
purification with column chromatography.
In this study, ginkgo powder was used as the research object, and neutral protease and flavor protease were selected to study the degree of hydrolysis of ginkgo protein. Using single factor test and orthogonal test, the results show that the addition amount of neutral protease is 1.6mg/ml, pH is 7.0, enzymolysis temperature is 44 o C, and the reaction time is 4h, the best hydrolysis degree is 4.68%; flavor; The added amount of protease is 7.2mg/ml, pH is 6.5, enzymolysis temperature is 55 o C, and the reaction time is 6h. The best hydrolysis degree is 24.95%; finally, the ginkgo polypeptide is obtained by separation and purification by 3kDa filter membrane. The yield rate was 8.73%, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator to prepare a polypeptide concentrate.
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
In this study, ginkgo powder was used as the research object, and neutral protease and flavor protease were selected to study the degree of hydrolysis of ginkgo protein. Using single factor test and orthogonal test, the results show that the addition amount of neutral protease is 1.6mg/ml, pH is 7.0, enzymolysis temperature is 44 o C, and the reaction time is 4h, the best hydrolysis degree is 4.68%; flavor; The added amount of protease is 7.2mg/ml, pH is 6.5, enzymolysis temperature is 55 o C, and the reaction time is 6h. The best hydrolysis degree is 24.95%; finally, the ginkgo polypeptide is obtained by separation and purification by 3kDa filter membrane. The yield rate was 8.73%, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator to prepare a polypeptide concentrate.
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Study on the Extraction Technology of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract by Enzymolys...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In this paper, we select Ginkgo biloba leaves in Taizhou as raw materials and use cellulase and pectinase to hydrolyze Ginkgo biloba leaves, and then the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was prepared by microbial fermentation. Firstly, cellulase and pectinase were selected for single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to determine the effect of enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, temperature and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves; then, microbial fermentation was used to study the effect of optimal temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The results showed that: the optimal enzyme content was 0.2%, the time of enzymolysis is 2 h, the temperature of enzymolysis was 4 o C, the pH of enzymolysis was 4.5; the optimal microorganism content of fermentation was 4%, the temperature of fermentation was 30 o C, the time of fermentation was 8 D, the pH of fermentation was 5,and extraction rate was 18.56%.
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIOXI...Roshani Darji
Investigation of fresh vegetables and effects of vegetables extracts and to make it more effective than commercial
antiobiotics by using Zingiber offinale (ginger) extract with vegetables against Bacterial strains.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Ter os computadores interligados pode ser muito útil não só para jogar em rede com seus amigos, mas também para compartilhar arquivos entre uma máquina e outra. A forma de compartilhar arquivos e diretórios é diferente de um sistema operacional para outro
Study on the Extraction Technology of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract by Enzymolys...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In this paper, we select Ginkgo biloba leaves in Taizhou as raw materials and use cellulase and pectinase to hydrolyze Ginkgo biloba leaves, and then the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was prepared by microbial fermentation. Firstly, cellulase and pectinase were selected for single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to determine the effect of enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, temperature and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves; then, microbial fermentation was used to study the effect of optimal temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The results showed that: the optimal enzyme content was 0.2%, the time of enzymolysis is 2 h, the temperature of enzymolysis was 4 o C, the pH of enzymolysis was 4.5; the optimal microorganism content of fermentation was 4%, the temperature of fermentation was 30 o C, the time of fermentation was 8 D, the pH of fermentation was 5,and extraction rate was 18.56%.
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIOXI...Roshani Darji
Investigation of fresh vegetables and effects of vegetables extracts and to make it more effective than commercial
antiobiotics by using Zingiber offinale (ginger) extract with vegetables against Bacterial strains.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Ter os computadores interligados pode ser muito útil não só para jogar em rede com seus amigos, mas também para compartilhar arquivos entre uma máquina e outra. A forma de compartilhar arquivos e diretórios é diferente de um sistema operacional para outro
Ter os computadores interligados pode ser muito útil não só para jogar em rede com seus amigos, mas também para compartilhar arquivos entre uma máquina e outra. A forma de compartilhar arquivos e diretórios é diferente de um sistema operacional para outro
Ter os computadores interligados pode ser muito útil não só para jogar em rede com seus amigos, mas também para compartilhar arquivos entre uma máquina e outra. A forma de compartilhar arquivos e diretórios é diferente de um sistema operacional para outro
Ter os computadores interligados pode ser muito útil não só para jogar em rede com seus amigos, mas também para compartilhar arquivos entre uma máquina e outra. A forma de compartilhar arquivos e diretórios é diferente de um sistema operacional para outro
Computadores em rede doméstica executando versões diferentes do windowsCarolen Ferreira Lima
Ter os computadores interligados pode ser muito útil não só para jogar em rede com seus amigos, mas também para compartilhar arquivos entre uma máquina e outra. A forma de compartilhar arquivos e diretórios é diferente de um sistema operacional para outro
www.acksol.com
Innerseal Plus(+) reinforces concrete surfaces against
heavy wear and tear as well as providing protection
against chlorides and aggressive liquids. The protection is
open to diffusion, long-lasting and acid resistant.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
Comparative Phytochemical and Physicochemical Study of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)...BRNSS Publication Hub
Curcuma longa belongs to family and ocimum sanctum belongs to family lamiaceae. The phytochemical and physicochemical analysis was carried out for tulsi and haldi and haldi and a comparative study were done. Determination of total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble ash of tulsi and haldi were carried out by using standard procedure. The phytochemical screening has been done for different extract it revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavanoid, tannin, carbohydrate. Phytochemical and physicochemical parameters of Tulsi and haldi were stablished for their identification. The present study is focused on phytochemical and physicochemical study on haldi and tulsi. The qualitative physicochemical analysis was performed for the detection of secondary metabolites (viz. alkaloid, protein, tannin, saponin etc.).
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution using Algal BiocharSagar Sonkar
Although the food and beverage industries are not as polluting as some other sectors like metal or leather industries, but they have been responsible for air, water and soil pollution by emitting dust and unpleasant odor in the air.
If the effluents from the food and beverage industry are contaminated with toxic metals, these can affect adversely on human health.
Phenolic compounds which are present in various concentrations in several of these waste streams cause toxic effects and are reported as Cancer causing and may also cause long-term ecological damage.
Microalgae have been reported to accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals, hexachlorobenzene, herbicides, insecticides and even Phenol.
Spirulina Platensis, that was commonly used as nutritional supplements, could be easily cultured, and the species were shown to thrive in municipal and agricultural wastewater effluents for removal of contaminants by production of biochar.
The most common method for the removal of this dissolved organic material is the adsorption with activated carbon, a product that is produced from a variety of carbonaceous materials and biochar is one of it.
Extraction of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn. Indian Mango Fruit Peelijtsrd
This study extracted pectin from the fruit peels of Mangifera indica Linn. Indian Mango sold in Catarman. The Mango fruit peels pectin has greenish light brown color, sweet dry smell odor and coarse texture. The 0.5 pectin solution has pH of 4, acidic and is soluble in water but insoluble in both hexane and chloroform reagents. Extracted pectin has 280°C to 284°C high melting point and gelling point of 32°C in 10min. The glucose content of extracted pectin is 2 and few from chloride ions. Extracted pectin is comparable in terms of odor, texture, solubility and glucose content to commercial pectin but quit incomparable in color, pH, melting point, gelling point and chloride ion test. Aurelia Jane Jatap | Melinda C. Getalado ""Extraction of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn. (Indian Mango) Fruit Peel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25180.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/25180/extraction-of-pectin-from-mangifera-indica-linn-indian-mango-fruit-peel/aurelia-jane-jatap
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Labdane and Pimarane Diterpenoids of Juniperus ...Editor IJCATR
Although Juniperus phoenicea L is a widely distributed wild tree in the south of Saudi Arabia, but its phytochemical and physiological evaluation is still poor. The chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH, 1:1 extract of J, phoenicea L. fruits gave β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, four labdane and two pimarane diterpenoids, including new labdane diterpenoid. Additionally, the volatile compounds of the main petroleum ether extract, as well as the steam-volatile constituents were identified by GC/MS. The separated compounds were identified by spectral tools. The new diterpenoid was identified as 5,9,10-triepicupressic acid.
A previous false identification of sandracopimaric acid, from the fruits of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt, was detected and declared to be revised.
Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using total antioxidant capacity kit of Biodiagnostic, based on Koracevic et al., for biological fluids, with slight modification to suit extracts. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference antioxidant compound. Reasonable results were obtained by applying the modified method on petroleum ether extract, methylene chloride extract and ethyl acetate extract of Juniperus phoenicea L.
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Labdane and Pimarane Diterpenoids of Juniperus ...Editor IJCATR
Although Juniperus phoenicea L is a widely distributed wild tree in the south of Saudi Arabia, but its
phytochemical and physiological evaluation is still poor. The chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH,
1:1 extract of J, phoenicea L. fruits gave β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, four labdane and two pimarane diterpenoids,
including new labdane diterpenoid. Additionally, the volatile compounds of the main petroleum ether extract, as
well as the steam-volatile constituents were identified by GC/MS. The separated compounds were identified by
spectral tools. The new diterpenoid was identified as 5,9,10 -triepicupressic acid.
A previous false identification of sandracopimaric acid, from the fruits of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt,
was detected and declared to be revised.
Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using total antioxidant capacity kit of Biodiagnostic, based on
Koracevic et al., for biological fluids, with slight modification to suit extracts. Ascorbic acid was used as a
reference antioxidant compound. Reasonable results were obtained by applying the modified method on petroleum
ether extract, methylene chloride extract and ethyl acetate extract of Juniperus phoenicea L.
Solvent extraction of salvia leaves by decantation using the solvent methanolVWR INTERNATIONAL
Introduction
Literature review
Methodology of decantation followed by rotary evaporator
Yield of extract
Phytochemical screening methods
Result
Conclusion
References
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Optimization of Polyphenol Content in Green Tea and studying its Antioxidant property
1. Sohum Jha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.01-03
www.ijera.com 1|P a g e
Optimization of Polyphenol Content in Green Tea and studying
its Antioxidant property
Sohum Jha, Aditi Kothari, Ankit Yadav
Vellore Institute Of Technology (VIT)
College address Vellore Institute Of Technology (VIT) Vellore Campus - 632014
Summary
The aim of my project is to optimize the level of Polyphenol content present in Green Tea at various
temperatures. During the project various combinations of temperatures and time intervals were used to obtain
the Green Tea extract and the polyphenol content of all these extracts were estimated. Both unfermented and
artificial fermentation condtions were used to obtain the extract. The extracts were further used to screen the
various contents of the extract both normally and after purifying the sample with PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrlidone).
The extract with the highest content of polyphenols were further used to estimate the antioxidant property after
purification with column chromatography.
I. Introduction
Green Tea is obtained from the plant Camellia
sinensis. This plant is mostly grown in China. The
green tea has found its origin in china and japan and
have been used since ages by the people out there as
a medicinal drink for refreshment as well to treat
basic ailments of human body. These days there is an
intense research going on in the area of green tea’s
activity for the treatment of various ailments like
high cholesterol level, high blood pressure,
atherosclerosis, anti bacterial, anti inflammatory, anti
ageing , antioxidant activity etc. It has been found
that the polyphenols are the major component of
green tea and are responsible for its activity as a
medicinal drink. The polyphenol content of green tea
is found to be highest as compared to other tea types
like oolang, black tea, white tea, yellow tea etc.
It is due to very less oxidation of polyphenols
during the green tea making process. Black tea
obtained after partial or full fermentation has very
less polyphenol content. Low oxidation due to less
exposure to sunlight during the green tea processing
is responsible for the highest polyphenol content.
The aim of my project is to find out the
temperature and time interval at which highest
amount of polyphenol can be obtained in the green
tea extract. So that it can be used at an industrial
scale to obtain green tea highly rich in polyphenols. It
will decrease the amount of green tea consumption
per day and will increase the efficiency of green tea.
II. Process Plan
1. Green Tea Extracts obtained at various
temperatures and time intervals.
2. Concentration of Green tea extracts using the
Vacuum evaporator.
3. Estimation of polyphenols by using Folin
Ciocalteu’s reagent and UV spectrophotometer.
4. Screening of various components present in the
green tea extract.
5. Screening of various components present in the
green tea extract after treating it with PVP
(Polyvinyl pyrrlidone).
6. Purification of green tea extract having highest
polyphenol content using column separation.
7. Measuring of antioxidant property using FRAP
assay and phosphomolybdenum assay.
Objectives
1. To obtain the green tea extract with highest
amount of polyphenols after optimization of
temperature and time interval.
2. To purify the green tea extract with highest
amount of polyphenols using column separation.
3. To measure the antioxidant activity using FRAP
assay and phosphomolybdenum assay.
4. To screen the various components present in the
green tea extract.
5. To provide with a method that can be used at an
industrial scale to obtain green tea extract with
highest amount of polyphenols without much
loss.
III. Materials and Methods
1. Green Tea Extract (unfermented):
Materials required: Glass beaker, Magnetic
stirrer, thermometer, filter paper, aluminium foil (to
cover the beaker), weighing balance, 5gram green tea
leaves and distilled water.
Method:
1. 5grams of green tea leaves are weighed and
dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water in a
beaker.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Sohum Jha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.01-03
www.ijera.com 2|P a g e
2. The solution is kept for stirring on a magnetic
stirrer with around 400 rpm.
3. The temperature and time interval are fixed
accordingly.
4. The extract is than filtered using filter paper.
Various temperatures and time intervals used are as
follows:
Temperature (in ˚C) Time Interval (in hours)
60 1
70 1
50 1
55 1
55 2
Room temperature Overnight
Estimation of polyphenols in various green tea
extracts:
SOP used: SOPA0016
2. Green tea extract( Artifically fermented):
Materials used: Beaker, yeast broth, 5 grams
green tea leaves, shaker.
Method:
1. 5 grams of green tea leaves are weighed and are
added to 100 ml of distilled water (sterilized).
2. 1 ml of yeast broth is added to the sample in the
laminar flow.
3. The solution is kept in shaker overnight.
4. Next day optical density is measured using UV
spectrophotometer.
3. Screening of components present in green tea
extract :
SOP No for flavonoids: SOPA0059
SOP No for alkaloids: SOPA0057
SOP No for Phenols: SOPA0053
SOP No for Saponins: SOPA0081
SOP No for Phytosterols : SOPA0085
SOP No for Phlobatannins: SOPA0087
5. Screening of components present in green tea
extract purified with PVP :
SOP No for flavonoids: SOPA0059
SOP No for alkaloids: SOPA0057
SOP No for Phenols: SOPA0053
SOP No for Saponins: SOPA0081
SOP No for Phytosterols : SOPA0085
SOP No for Phlobatannins: SOPA0087
6. Extraction of polyphenols using PVP:
Method:
1. The aqueous green tea extract is concentrated
using vacuum evaporator.(final volume 10 ml)
2. To the concentrated extract 3 % PVP is added
and dissolved.
3. The sample is than centrifuged at 5000 rpm for
10 mins.
4. The supernatant is separated from the pellet.
5. To the pellet 10 ml of 70 % acetone is added and
the pellet is dissolved.
6. The supernatant and the acetone dissolved
sample is estimated and screened.
7. Purification of green tea extract using column
speration:
Materials required: Separating column, 3 grams
of silica gel, 30 ml solution containing ethanol and
water (1:1) and 2 ml of green tea extract.
Method:
1. 3 grams of silica gel is weighed and added to the
separating column.
2. Around 5 ml of ethanol and water solution is
added to pack the column.
3. 2 ml of sample is added followed by the addition
of 2 ml of mobile phase.
4. Four fractions each containing 4 ml are obtained
by the subsequent addition of mobile phase to
the column.
8. Estimation of antioxidant property of the four
fractions obtained:
SOP No for FRAP assay: SOPA0050
SOP No for Phosphomolybdenum assay: SOPA0093
IV. Results and Interpretation
1. Polyphenol content in various green tea extracts:
Temperature(in˚C) Time (in hours) Polyphenol %
50 1 66
60 1 51
70 1 49
55 2 72
Room Temp Overnight 72
Fermented Overnight 27
Room temp Overnight(with PVP) 64
2. Screening of components of green tea extract(
without PVP):
Component Result
Flavonoids ( NaOH test) Positive
Flavonoids (lead acetate test) Positive
Saponins Positive
Phytosterols Negative
Phenols Positive
Phlobatannins Negative
Alkaloids Negative
3. Screening of components of green tea extract (
with PVP):
Component Result
Flavonoids ( NaOH test) Positive
Flavonoids (lead acetate test) Positive
Saponins Negative
Phytosterols Negative
Phenols Positive
Phlobatannins Negative
Alkaloids Negative
3. Sohum Jha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.01-03
www.ijera.com 3|P a g e
4. Estimation of antioxidant property of green
tea extract fractions using FRAP assay:
FRAP assay was done but satisfactory results
were not obtained. It was followed by
Phosphomolybdenum assay.
5. Estimation of antioxidant property of green
tea extract fractions using
Phosphomolybdenum assay:
The first two fractions were found out to contain
large amount of tannins and catechins as compared to
the other two fractions. It shows that the purification
resulted in the accumulation of tannins and catechins
in the first two fractions.
V. Conclusion or future perspectives
CONCLUSION
The optimization of temperature and time
interval for maximum polyphenol content in the
Green tea extract was achieved. It was observed that
the maximum polyphenol content is achieved when
the extract is obtained at 55˚C for 2hrs and at room
temperature for overnight. Further investigation is
required to get more accurate results.
The green tea extract showed antioxidant activity
which was confirmed by Phosphomolybdenum assay.
Further investigation is required to separate out the
compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity.
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE:
Green tea extract is found out to provide vast
range of therapeutic benefits due to the presence of
wide range of polyphenols. Further investigation is
required to find out the activity of various
polyphenols and the minimum amount of
polyphenols required to achieve the therapeutic
effect. Formulations containing a discrete amount of
polyphenols are needed to be produced at an
industrial scale.
The anticancer activity of polyphenols need to be
studied in detail.
Appendix
No. of Tables: 4
No. of Figures: 0
No. of Words:500
No. of SOP followed: 8
No. of SOP Prepared: 2
No. of Chemical Safety Date Sheet referred: 2
References
Articles:
[1.] Tea polyphenols: prevention of cancer and
optimizing health1–3
[2.] HasanMukhtar and Nihal Ahmad
[3.] Green Tea Polyphenols and Metabolites in
Prostatectomy Tissue: Implications for
Cancer Prevention
[4.] Piwen Wang1, William J. Aronson2, Min
Huang3, Yanjun Zhang1, Ru-Po Lee1,
David Heber1, and Susanne M. Henning1
[5.] TEA AND HEALTH – A REVIEW OF
THE CURRENT STATE OF
KNOWLEDGE
[6.] Department of Nutrition and Dietetic with
Clinic of Metabolic Diseases and
Gastroenterology,
[7.] National Food and Nutrition Institute in
Warsaw
[8.] Total Polyphenol Content and
Antioxidant Capacity of Commercially
Available Tea (Camellia sinensis) in
Argentina
[9.] CLAUDIA ANESINI, GRACIELA E.
FERRARO, AND ROSANA FILIP*
[10.] Chair of Pharmacognosy, Plant Physiology,
IQUIMEFA (UBA-CONICET) Faculty of
Pharmacy and
[11.] Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires,
Junı´n 956-1113-Buenos Aires, Argentina.
[12.] Lambert JD, Sang S, Yang CS (April 2007),
"Possible controversy over dietary
polyphenols: benefits vs risks", Chem. Res.
Toxicol.20 (4): 583–5,
doi:10.1021/tx7000515, PMID 17362033
[13.] Johnson R, Bryant S, Huntley AL
(December 2012). "Green tea and green tea
catechin extracts: an overview of the clinical
evidence". Maturitas (Review) 73 (4): 280–
7. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.08.008.
PMID 22986087.
[14.] Golden, EB; Lam, P. Y.; Kardosh, A.;
Gaffney, K. J.; Cadenas, E.; Louie, S. G.;
Petasis, N. A.; Chen, T. C.; Schonthal, A. H.
(2009), "Green tea polyphenols block the
anticancer effects of bortezomib and other
boronic acid-based proteasome inhibitors",
Blood 113 (23): 5927–37, doi:10.1182/
blood-2008-07-171389, PMID 19190249
Books referred
[1.] Evans, John C. Tea in China: The History of
China's National Drink.Greenwood Press,
1992.ISBN 978-0-313-28049-8
[2.] Lam, K.C./Lam, K.S. The Way of Tea: The
Sublime Art of Oriental Tea
Drinking.Barron's Educational Series,
2002.ISBN 978-0-7641-1968-2
External links:
[1.] Green Tea (an overview from the University
of Maryland Medical Center)
[2.] Green Tea's cancer fighting potential (audio
interview)
[3.] WebMD review about the health benefits of
green tea