The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable materials for construction. In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized and codified this type of columns. In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite columns using different parameters.
This paper presents a study on flexural behaviour of concrete filled steel tube based on the former
work carried out by Manojkumar. An ANSYS model is developed that can predict the behaviour of concrete
filled steel tube to determine moment carrying capacity at ultimate point for beam Concrete filled steel tube
beams are studied and verified by the finite element program ANSYS against experimental data. The Main
parameters affecting the behaviour and strength of concrete filled beams are geometrical parameters, material
nonlinearities, loading, boundary conditions and degree of concrete confinement. To account for all these
properties ANSYS model is developed. The main parameters varied in analysis study are D/t ratio,
characteristic strength of infilled concrete. The proposed model predicts ultimate moment capacity for CFT
beams. In the numerical analysis, circular and rectangular CFT cross sections are considered using different
grades of concrete. The predicted values are compared with experimental results. Numerical analysis has
shown that for rectangular CFT’s a good confining effect can be provided. Moment capacity results obtained
from the ANSYS model are compared with the values predicted by Lin Han (2004) and different codes such as
AISC-LRFD (1999) and EC4 (1994).
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
This paper presents a study on flexural behaviour of concrete filled steel tube based on the former
work carried out by Manojkumar. An ANSYS model is developed that can predict the behaviour of concrete
filled steel tube to determine moment carrying capacity at ultimate point for beam Concrete filled steel tube
beams are studied and verified by the finite element program ANSYS against experimental data. The Main
parameters affecting the behaviour and strength of concrete filled beams are geometrical parameters, material
nonlinearities, loading, boundary conditions and degree of concrete confinement. To account for all these
properties ANSYS model is developed. The main parameters varied in analysis study are D/t ratio,
characteristic strength of infilled concrete. The proposed model predicts ultimate moment capacity for CFT
beams. In the numerical analysis, circular and rectangular CFT cross sections are considered using different
grades of concrete. The predicted values are compared with experimental results. Numerical analysis has
shown that for rectangular CFT’s a good confining effect can be provided. Moment capacity results obtained
from the ANSYS model are compared with the values predicted by Lin Han (2004) and different codes such as
AISC-LRFD (1999) and EC4 (1994).
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
Axial Capacity Enhancement of CFRP Confined Columns Made of Steel Fiber Reinf...IOSRJMCE
Results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) have been presented in this paper. A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRPconfined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the behavior of ultra-high strength reactive concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets jacketing under eccentric axi al load. Twelve columns were tested up to failure, strengthened and retested to examine strengthening efficiency and to evaluate the effects of variation of the concrete type (normal or RPC), presence of steel fibers and main steel reinforcement ratio. Experimental results showed that CFRP jacketing increases the ultimate failure load of strengthened columns up to 185%, highly stiffens them (reduces lateral displacements) and allow more ductile failure than the original columns. Also, inclusion of steel fibers in RPC columns increases failure loads up to 86%, prevents palling of the concrete cover and increase the ductility.
REHABILITATION OF NORMAL AND REACTIVE POWDER REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING ...IAEME Publication
The present study outlines behavior of normal and reactive powder concrete beams repaired with epoxy resin. Such type of epoxy technique made for cracks width less than (0.05) mm. For this purpose, four reinforced concrete beams were casted and tested to maintain failure and deformations. Two amounts of tensile reinforcement ratios and concrete types were used in this study. The load-deflection behavior, ultimate capacity, mode of failure, stiffness and toughness were studied
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites u...ijtsrd
There are many varieties of the structural and architectural structures strengthened with different FRP composites are gaining popularity, and there is a growing need to understand and compare the behavior of these structures before-after GFRP composite strengthening. In this study, model steel structure was tested on the bench-scale earthquake simulator The Quanser Shake Table using ambient vibration, to determine the dynamic response. After this, slabs of the model steel structure was strengthened with GFRP composite, and tested on the bench-scale earthquake simulator The Quanser Shake Table using ambient vibration, to determine the dynamic behavior. Finally, dynamic responses of model steel structure before and after GFRP composite strengthening, such as displacements and maximum-minimum acceleration, were compared. At the end of the study, it is seen that displacements had decreased along the height of the model steel structure. Also, it is seen from the earthquake analyses that GFRP strengthening is very effective on the dynamic responses of the model steel structure. Sertaç Tuhta | Furkan Günday | Hakan Aydin "Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites under Microtremor Vibration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21455.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21455/dynamic-analysis-of-model-steel-structures-retrofitted-with-gfrp-composites-under-microtremor-vibration/serta%C3%A7-tuhta
Concrete filled steel tubes subjected to axial compressioneSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete-filled steel tubular columns have excellent earth-quake resistant properties such as high strength and ductility and large energy absorption capacity. For concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), local buckling commonly observed in bare steel columns is effectively prevented, giving a higher capacity. However if the concrete core and the steel tube are loaded simultaneously the steel tube expands more than the concrete core under moderate loads since Poisson’s ratio is higher for the steel section. The objective of this paper is To evaluate the accuracy of codal design approach by comparing experimental results with the analytical results obtained using EC4, ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD, for prediction of load carrying capacity of CFST columns under axial compression. Based on this the experimental programme is conducted on concrete filled steel tubes of length 300mm, thickness 1 to 3mm for circular, square and rectangular cross section with three different grades of concrete.200 T capacity Compression testing machine is used for experimental investigation.. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained by stated code of practices. From this it is concluded that EC4 gives conservative results. From which it is observed that EC4 gives conservative results with experimental results and it is concluded that EC4 provisions may be used for further analytical study to develop an expression to predict the section capacity CFST columns. As the grade of concrete increases the load carrying capacity is also increases. This paper presents the details of study carried out and the conclusions arrived. Keywords: CFST, high strength, local buckling, analytical, ACI-318, EC4, AISC-LRFD.
Expectations for Electronic Debate Platforms as a Function of Application DomainIJERA Editor
Electronic debate (or commenting) platforms are used with many types of online applications, as a way to engage the users or to provide enhancements, e.g., based on some type of collaborative filtering [1], [2]. The applications enhanced with such debate platforms range widely : news, products, sport, religion, politics, etc. Therefore, the emerging question is whether it is possible to make one electronic debate mechanism good for all applications, and whether the studies on the success of a debate mechanism in one domain do automatically apply to other application domains. Here we compare two traditional application domains of electronic debate platforms: product evaluation and commented news. We exploit the fact that most users are very familiar with both types of such applications, and therefore surveys can be designed to gauge reliably subtle differences between expectations and properties of these domains. Based on over 1000 responses to surveys described here, we are able to report statistically significant differences between the user behavior and expectations in the studied domains.
Effect of Nozzle Design and Processing Parameter on Characteristics of Glass/...IJERA Editor
Among the various methods commingling process is comparatively better alternative to produce hybrid yarns. The required properties of hybrid yarns can be obtained by controlling main processing parameters such as air pressure, overfeed and take-up speed along with proper selection of nozzle (jet) design. The commingling machine has been fabricated to study the commingling parameters. The nozzle is the most important element of the commingling machine. The design specification of commingling jet along with the processing parameters decides the final characteristics of yarn. In the present study two different types of jets have been selected to investigate commingling characteristics of glass/polypropylene hybrid yarn.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
Axial Capacity Enhancement of CFRP Confined Columns Made of Steel Fiber Reinf...IOSRJMCE
Results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) have been presented in this paper. A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRPconfined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the behavior of ultra-high strength reactive concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets jacketing under eccentric axi al load. Twelve columns were tested up to failure, strengthened and retested to examine strengthening efficiency and to evaluate the effects of variation of the concrete type (normal or RPC), presence of steel fibers and main steel reinforcement ratio. Experimental results showed that CFRP jacketing increases the ultimate failure load of strengthened columns up to 185%, highly stiffens them (reduces lateral displacements) and allow more ductile failure than the original columns. Also, inclusion of steel fibers in RPC columns increases failure loads up to 86%, prevents palling of the concrete cover and increase the ductility.
REHABILITATION OF NORMAL AND REACTIVE POWDER REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING ...IAEME Publication
The present study outlines behavior of normal and reactive powder concrete beams repaired with epoxy resin. Such type of epoxy technique made for cracks width less than (0.05) mm. For this purpose, four reinforced concrete beams were casted and tested to maintain failure and deformations. Two amounts of tensile reinforcement ratios and concrete types were used in this study. The load-deflection behavior, ultimate capacity, mode of failure, stiffness and toughness were studied
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites u...ijtsrd
There are many varieties of the structural and architectural structures strengthened with different FRP composites are gaining popularity, and there is a growing need to understand and compare the behavior of these structures before-after GFRP composite strengthening. In this study, model steel structure was tested on the bench-scale earthquake simulator The Quanser Shake Table using ambient vibration, to determine the dynamic response. After this, slabs of the model steel structure was strengthened with GFRP composite, and tested on the bench-scale earthquake simulator The Quanser Shake Table using ambient vibration, to determine the dynamic behavior. Finally, dynamic responses of model steel structure before and after GFRP composite strengthening, such as displacements and maximum-minimum acceleration, were compared. At the end of the study, it is seen that displacements had decreased along the height of the model steel structure. Also, it is seen from the earthquake analyses that GFRP strengthening is very effective on the dynamic responses of the model steel structure. Sertaç Tuhta | Furkan Günday | Hakan Aydin "Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites under Microtremor Vibration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21455.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21455/dynamic-analysis-of-model-steel-structures-retrofitted-with-gfrp-composites-under-microtremor-vibration/serta%C3%A7-tuhta
Concrete filled steel tubes subjected to axial compressioneSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete-filled steel tubular columns have excellent earth-quake resistant properties such as high strength and ductility and large energy absorption capacity. For concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), local buckling commonly observed in bare steel columns is effectively prevented, giving a higher capacity. However if the concrete core and the steel tube are loaded simultaneously the steel tube expands more than the concrete core under moderate loads since Poisson’s ratio is higher for the steel section. The objective of this paper is To evaluate the accuracy of codal design approach by comparing experimental results with the analytical results obtained using EC4, ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD, for prediction of load carrying capacity of CFST columns under axial compression. Based on this the experimental programme is conducted on concrete filled steel tubes of length 300mm, thickness 1 to 3mm for circular, square and rectangular cross section with three different grades of concrete.200 T capacity Compression testing machine is used for experimental investigation.. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained by stated code of practices. From this it is concluded that EC4 gives conservative results. From which it is observed that EC4 gives conservative results with experimental results and it is concluded that EC4 provisions may be used for further analytical study to develop an expression to predict the section capacity CFST columns. As the grade of concrete increases the load carrying capacity is also increases. This paper presents the details of study carried out and the conclusions arrived. Keywords: CFST, high strength, local buckling, analytical, ACI-318, EC4, AISC-LRFD.
Expectations for Electronic Debate Platforms as a Function of Application DomainIJERA Editor
Electronic debate (or commenting) platforms are used with many types of online applications, as a way to engage the users or to provide enhancements, e.g., based on some type of collaborative filtering [1], [2]. The applications enhanced with such debate platforms range widely : news, products, sport, religion, politics, etc. Therefore, the emerging question is whether it is possible to make one electronic debate mechanism good for all applications, and whether the studies on the success of a debate mechanism in one domain do automatically apply to other application domains. Here we compare two traditional application domains of electronic debate platforms: product evaluation and commented news. We exploit the fact that most users are very familiar with both types of such applications, and therefore surveys can be designed to gauge reliably subtle differences between expectations and properties of these domains. Based on over 1000 responses to surveys described here, we are able to report statistically significant differences between the user behavior and expectations in the studied domains.
Effect of Nozzle Design and Processing Parameter on Characteristics of Glass/...IJERA Editor
Among the various methods commingling process is comparatively better alternative to produce hybrid yarns. The required properties of hybrid yarns can be obtained by controlling main processing parameters such as air pressure, overfeed and take-up speed along with proper selection of nozzle (jet) design. The commingling machine has been fabricated to study the commingling parameters. The nozzle is the most important element of the commingling machine. The design specification of commingling jet along with the processing parameters decides the final characteristics of yarn. In the present study two different types of jets have been selected to investigate commingling characteristics of glass/polypropylene hybrid yarn.
Visual Product Identification for BlindIJERA Editor
This project is developed to make the life of blind people easy. This is a camera based system to scan the
barcode behind the image and read the description of the product with the help of Id stored in the barcode. This
is very beneficial in case of finding out the description of packaged goods to the blind people and thus helping
them in deciding to purchase a product or not especially which are packaged. This is because it becomes very
difficult for the blind people to distinguish between the packaged goods. In order to use this system, all the user
needs to do is capture the image on the product in the mobile phone which then resolves the barcode which
means it scans the image to find out the Id stored. Thus this application really benefits blind and visually
impaired people and thus making their work of identifying products easy. This is very easy to use and affordable
as it requires a scanner to scan the barcode and a camera phone to take the picture of the image containing the
barcode. This is now easy to implement as most of the mobile phones today have the required resolution in order
to scan the barcode to identify the Id stored in it and read out the product description. This project can be
implemented in any shopping mall, supermarket, Book stores, Medical stores etc.
Phonetic Dictionary for Natural Language Processing: KannadaIJERA Editor
India has 22 officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. Clearly, India owns the language diversity problem. In the age of Internet, the multiplicity of languages makes it even more necessary to have sophisticated Systems for Natural Language Process. In this paper we are developing the phonetic dictionary for natural language processing particularly for Kannada. Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds and provides a language to distinguish one sound from another in quality and quantity. Kannada language is one of the major Dravidian languages of India. The language uses forty nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: Swaragalu (thirteen letters); Yogavaahakagalu (two letters); and Vyanjanagalu (thirty-four letters), similar to the vowels and consonants of English, respectively.
Research on License Plate Recognition and Extraction from complicated ImagesIJERA Editor
Vehicle number plate recognition has attracted many researchers for intelligent transportation systems such as the payment of parking fee, controlling the traffic volume, traffic data collection, etc. We are presenting an enhanced license plate extraction methodology which includes edge statistics and the morphology. The proposed methodology includes vertical edge extraction, background curve and noise removing, edge statistical analysis and morphology-based license plate extraction.
A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borewell Water In Sugar Town, ...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Mandya. Mandya city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides, discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index for the ground water samples of Sugar town, Mandya city. The groundwater samples of about 40 samples were collected and subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to provide an overview of present ground water quality for the following 12 parameters such as pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride, alkalinity are to be considered for calculating the WQI. The results are analyzed by WQI method for predicting water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and effective way for assessing the quality of water. WQI is a very useful tool for communicating the information on overall quality of water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Humate effect on oil-oxidizing activity of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganismsIJERA Editor
The effect of humic substances on the activity of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms is studied. It is shown
that sodium humate, aminogumic and sulfogumic acids did not have a negative impact on the growth of oiloxidizing
microorganisms. Introduction of sodium humate in the culture medium stimulated the destructive
activity of oil-oxidizing microorganisms. At its addition the degree of oil degradation was 72.5-84.5%, and atits
absence – 70.7-78.3%.
Evaluation of Post-liquefaction Reconsolidation Settlement based on Standard ...IJERA Editor
This paper aims to deal with the evaluation of post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement of soils using
Standard Penetration Tests data. Evaluation of the settlement is conducted at Semani site in Albania, according
to the SPT method presented by Idriss and Boulanger 2008, 2010. The input data for the SPT method are SPT
borings with depth, moment magnitude of the earthquake, maximum surface acceleration during earthquake,
depth to ground water table, and the unit weights of the soils. The calculation procedure includes estimation of
the cyclic stress ratio induced in the soil by the earthquake, cyclic resistance ratio that will cause liquefaction,
factor of safety against the triggering of liquefaction, post-liquefaction strain and of the post-liquefaction
reconsolidation settlement. The results of the calculations utilizing this procedure are shown in graphs and are
compared to those based on CPT method. It is observed that the calculated post-liquefaction reconsolidation
settlements based on SPT method are less than ones calculated based on CPT method.
The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Gen...IJERA Editor
The ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) (GJ) are widely used in chemical, food and medicinal
industries. Crocin and geniposide, the main constituents of GJ, have shown a diversity of biological activities
including sedative, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. We propose some new bioactive chemicals could be
derived from geniposide. The optimum transformation condition of geniposide into geniposidic acid still
remains unclear. In order to develop a reactor, the information about the inherent reaction kinetics is required. In
a microreactor (V =62.8 mL), geniposide (0.01 mole/L, 20 mL) and NaOH (0.1 equivalent/L, pH=13, 10mL)
were left to react at 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 oC and tracked with HPLC. Results indicated that the reaction obeyed
the pseudo-first order kinetics, the corresponding pseudo-first order rate constants ( 1 k ' ) were 11.064 h-1, 8.682
h-1, 2.400 h-1, 1.021 h-1, and 0.750 h-1, and the fractional conversions were 73.4%, 60.5%, 38.6%, 43.6%, and
51.8% at 0.50, 0.50, 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h. The energy of activation was 8.751 kJ mol-1. Conclusively, this
transformation obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics with a low energy of activation, 8.751 kJ mol-1. The
optimum transformations at 80oC and 70oC for 0.5 h were 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively.
Challenges and Proposed Solutions for Cloud ForensicIJERA Editor
Cloud computing is a heavily evolving topic in information technology (IT). Rather than creating, deploying and managing a physical IT infrastructure to host their software applications, organizations are increasingly deploying their infrastructure into remote, virtualized environments, often hosted and managed by third parties. Due to this large scale, in case an attack over the network of cloud, it’s a great challenge to investigate to cloud. There is a very low research done to develop the theory and practice of cloud forensic. The investigator has huge challenge of getting the IP address of the culprit as there is dynamic IP in cloud computing. Also one among many problems is that the customer is only concerned of security and threat of unknown. The cloud service provider never lets customer see what is behind "virtual curtain" which leads customer more doubting for the security and threat issue. In cloud forensics, the lack of physical access leads to big challenge for investigator. In this paper we are presenting few common challenges which arise in cloud forensic and proposed solution to it. We will also discuss the in brief about cloud computing and cloud forensic.
A Mathematical Modeling Approach of the Failure Analysis for the Real-Time Me...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a simulation of the Mathematical Model for Real-Time Satellite Launch Platform approach in
Mexico is presented. Mexico holds the fourth best place in the world for building a platform to launch space
satellites, since its geographic location is optimal for its construction. It is essential to have the Probabilistic
Failure Analysis in Space Systems Engineering from its design, in order to minimize risks and avoid any
possible catastrophe. The mathematical approach of Failure Analysis presented throughout this paper, is
complementary to the simulation results, previously obtained with Windchill Quality Software. The final results
were performed with the Failure Analysis through fault trees (FTA) by means of a probabilistic approach
Quantitative Mathematical Model. This is the first step to propose and build the first Satellite Launch Platform
in Mexico.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preparation and Characterization of Lithium Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Elec...IJERA Editor
Solid Polymer electrolyte films have been prepared from Starch-Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) blend a well acknowledged biodegradable material. Solution cast technique was employed for the preparation of solid polymer electrolyte films added with Lithium Bromide (LiBr) salt. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the prepared films portrayed the evolution of an amorphous structure with increasing content of salt which is an important factor that leads to the augmentation of conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis revealed noticeable ionic conductivity ~ 5x 10-3 S/cm for 20 wt% of salt at ambient conditions. Ionic conductivity showed an increasing trend with salt content at ambient conditions. Transference number measurements confirmed the ionic nature of the prepared solid polymer electrolyte films. Dielectric studies revealed a sharp increase in the number of charge carriers which contributed to enhancement in conductivity. Low values of activation energy extracted from temperature dependent conductivity measurements could be favorable for device applications. For the composition with highest conductivity a temperature independent relaxation mechanism was confirmed by electric modulus scaling.
Solar energy being most common form of renewable energy fails to hold its use in daily life because of its low efficiency and high maintenance costs. However, these short comings can be fought by using the electrostatic mechanism. In this, we charge the dust particles such that they are repelled by the solar panel itself and then removed. This mechanism is relatively cheaper and the power consumption of the same sums to almost zero. Also, efficiency can further be increased by using perovskites that forms an opaque layer over the solar panel. When both of these methods are used as a single hand, the efficiency increases drastically and can be easily employed in mega industries using mega solar panels. :
Implementation of closed loop control technique for improving the performance...IJERA Editor
this review paper presents closed loop control techniques for controlling the inverter working under different load or KVA ratings. The control strategy of the inverter must guarantee its output waveforms to be sinusoidal with fundamental harmonic. For this purpose, close loop current control strategies such as H∞ repetitive controller, dual closed-loop feedback control, Adaptive Voltage Control, SRFPI controller, Optimal Neural Controller, etc. have been used to meet the power quality requirements imposed by IEEE Interconnection Standards. Based on present scenario regarding energy crises, immediate action is the use of different renewable energy sources (RESs) . Out of RESs, solar is gaining more attention. It is very important to design and developed a system which should be efficient enough to utilize the extracted energy for different types of load and feeding of energy into utility grid. Since experimentation and comparison of such inverter models on hardware being relatively expensive, the latest computing tool like MATLAB are considered to be a better alternative to simulate the outcomes of such expensive systems. The proposed closed loop control technique for the inverter working under linear and nonlinear system will be implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK working platform and results will be analyzed to check its benefits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks
Experimental Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded CFRP with...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates, or plates, offer very high-strength potential; however, handling of long pieces of these flexible plates can present challenges under field conditions. The development of methods for splicing CFRP plates will enhance the versatility and Practicality of using these materials in field applications. This paper studies the efficiency of CFRP lap splice in externally bonded CFRP flexural strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Seven half-scale beams with different conditions were tested in two-point bending until failure. Two groups were tested; the first one includes control specimens: the first without CFRP strengthening, the second strengthened with full length and without splice, and the third with cutoff at middle of the beam. All specimens in the second group having cut-off at the middle and with lap splice lengths equal 300, 450, 600, 900 mm. respectively on each side of the cut-off. The study illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, failure load, mid-span deflection, and strain in both reinforcement and CFRP. The failure load was also predicted analytically by CEB-FIP (1993), adopting the traditional sectional analysis for strain compatibility. Instead of strain measuring, three accurate bond-slip models are used to provide accurate prediction for the contribution of CFRP in the flexural capacity of the strengthened beam since all strengthened beams are failed by interfacial debonding of CFRP.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
Double Skin Composite (DSC) plates are subjected to impact required to cause complete perforation and the accompanied failure modes are investigated. The amount of energy absorbed is calculated by capturing the residual velocity of penetrator after perforating the lower plate. The difference in initial kinetic energy and residual kinetic energy is the amount of energy absorbed by the panel. In the present paper a non-linear three-dimensional finite element models for Double Skin Composite panels subjected to dynamic loading is introduced. Pilot model is used to investigate the failure pattern in the composite panel when subjected to impact loads by rigid steel penetrator, while the other models are used to analyze the energy absorption capacity of such system when perforated. Results showed that such elements have good ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation, due to ductility of lower plate skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Effect of depth to thickness ratio and length to depth ratio on hollow sectio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
SUGGESTING DEFLECTION EXPRESSIONS FOR RC 2-WAY SLABSIAEME Publication
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study.
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite PlatesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Double skin composite (DSC) is a form of “steel/concrete/steel” sandwich structure; the steel plates
are connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. In the present paper, a finite
element model for Double Skin Composite (DSC) panels subjected to quasi-static loading is developed. A series
of quasi-static finite elements models are used to analyze deformation and energy absorption capacity of such
system, when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Pilot test model is used to investigate the
failure pattern in the composite panel. The obtained results are compared to the experimental results; good
agreements are obtained between finite element and previous experimental results. Results show that such
elements have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate
skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns
1. Ehab M. Hanna Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.64-71
www.ijera.com 64|P a g e
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam
Columns
Ehab M. Hanna1
, Sameh M. Gaawan2
1
Ph.D. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Mataria, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
2
Ph.D. Associate Professor Department Of Civil Engineering Mataria, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan
University, Cairo Egypt.
Abstract
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural
applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized
traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable
materials for construction.
In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered
simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost
effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column
made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized
and codified this type of columns.
In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five
partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite
columns using different parameters.
Database subject headings: Composite, columns, encased, partially, equation, steel, slender, plates.
I. Background
The partially encased composite beam columns
(PECBC) configuration described in this paper is a
relatively recent development in composite structures
consisting of thin walled, welded H-shaped steel
section with concrete infill cast between the flanges
as shown in Figure 1. Transverse links are provided
between the flanges at regular intervals to improve
the resistance to local buckling. This new composite
system was developed to overcome the limitations
related to erection, connection design, and economy
of more commonly used composite beam column.
Studies about this new beam column system were
limited; Brent S. Pricket and Robert G. Driver (2006)
studied the behavior of partially encased composite
columns made with high performance concrete some
of the test specimens were loaded under eccentric
loading; Mahboba Begum, Robert G Driver and Alaa
E Elwi (2007) studied finite element modeling of
partially encased composite columns using dynamic
explicit method, eccentrically loaded specimens were
modeled with different link spacing and load
eccentricities and either with or without longitudinal
reinforcement.; Saima Ali & Mahboba
Begum (2011) studied the behavior of partially
encased slender composite columns in eccentric load;
and Christine La Casse (2011) made an experimental
and analytical study for PECC using high
performance concrete and fiber concrete seven
specimens were tested under axial compression and
flexure; the failure has been initiated either by the
simultaneous compressive crushing of the concrete
and the local buckling of the steel flanges or by
compressive crushing of the concrete followed by the
local buckling in the post-peak range.
II. Objective and Scope of this study
The main objective of this study is to check the
behavior and strength of PECBC, using experimental
approach along with nonlinear finite element
modeling using Cosmos / M program; to investigate
the behavior of these eccentrically loaded columns
through different parameters.
Three series were examined; series I used to
examine the PECBC while series II to examine bare
steel beam column and series III to examine
reinforced concrete columns. All three series had the
same geometric and strength characteristics.
Then a comparison of the ultimate load carrying
capacity of the three types of columns was made to
know the advantages of the new introduced PECBC
against the traditional types of steel or reinforced
concrete beam columns.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ehab M. Hanna Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.64-71
www.ijera.com 65|P a g e
Figure (1) Typical PECBC Illustration
III. Test Program
Five PECBC measuring 100x100 in cross section
were constructed as shown in Table 1; three of them
with height 500mm; one of height 800mm and one of
height 1000mm. H- Steel plates used with thickness
2mm; the flange width-to-thickness ratio for the
columns was 25. Two different link spacing were
used to study the effect of link spacing on column
behavior. Link diameter of 6mm was used. The links
are set back form the flange tips so that there is
20mm of clear concrete cover between the link and
the concrete face. Four columns were cast with
concrete of strength (350 kg/m2) and one was cast
with concrete strength (300 kg/m2). The end zone of
the columns (100mm of column length at each end)
was strengthened to prevent possible failure at these
locations due to uneven loading. Additional links
were added so that the link spacing was 50mm for the
first 100mm of the end zone as shown in Figure (1).
Test specimens P1 through P5 were designed to
examine the behavior of eccentrically loaded PEC
columns. Three Parameters were tested 1- Links
spacing. 2- Concrete compressive strength. 3-
Column height to depth ratio. P1 was the datum
specimen P2 was used to examine the effect of link
spacing as it had link spacing equal to half column
depth while the other specimens with ink spacing
equals column depth. P3 was used to examine the
effect of concrete strength as it had strength of 300
Kg/cm2 while the other specimens, had concrete
strength of 350 Kg/cm2. P4 & P5 were used to
examine the effect of column height parameter and
the effect of height to depth ration as P4 had height to
depth ratio of 8 while P5 had height to depth ratio of
10, while P1 through P3 had height to depth ratio of
5.
Four strain gauges and two linear potentiometers
are connected to each column as marked below in
Figure (2).
Figure (2) Strain gauges and linear potentiometers
numbering
Columns P-1
Specimen P-1 is used to study the effect of the
eccentric loading on the behavior of PECBC.
Loading was applied and increased gradually from 5
tons up to 20 tons; meters readings and observations
are recorded every 5 ton.
Table 1. Specimens Properties
Then load is increased from 23 tons to 40 tons gradually; readings and observations are recorded every 2 tons;
when reaching 30 tons traces of buckling of column flange is observed at the rear side 140 mm from column top
(0.3H) with traces of cracks at the column top; at 32 tons; buckling of column flange in the same location
increases; and concrete crakes are observed at the column top. The Column buckling starts at 30 tons Load; and
0.75 m.t bending moments; accordingly the failure load is 30 tons and the failure mode is buckling of flange
plates associated with concrete crushing; similar to Tremblay et al. (1998). Buckling happened right after the
link spacing confinement; and when buckling happens the steel plate leaves the concrete surface thus the
Specimen 2b (mm) d (mm) T (mm) S (mm) E (mm) H (mm) fcu (Kg/cm2) Fy (Kg/cm2)
P-1 100 100 2.0 100 25 500 350 2350
P-2 100 100 2.0 50 25 500 350 2350
P-3 100 100 2.0 100 25 500 300 2350
P-4 100 100 2.0 100 25 800 350 2350
P-5 100 100 2.0 100 25 1000 350 2350
3. Ehab M. Hanna Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.64-71
www.ijera.com 66|P a g e
confinement of the concrete no longer exists thus the concrete acts alone and cracks appear. By increasing the
load the buckling increases and appears in different location of the flange as shown in Figure (3) and the cracks
of the concrete appear everywhere as shown in Figure (4); when removing the cracked concrete the web plate
also has buckled as shown in Figure (5).
Columns P-2
Specimen P-2 is used to study the effect of the first parameter closer link spacing (s=d/2). Loading was applied
and increased gradually from 5 tons up to 20 tons; readings and observations are recorded every 5 ton; then load
increased from 22 tons to 36 tons gradually; readings and observations are recorded every 2 tons. Up to 30 ton
loading there are no observations of any flange buckling or concrete crushing. At 32 ton load traces of buckling
of column flange is observed at the front side 250 mm from column top (0.5H) at the right side and at the
bottom from the left side; along with traces of concrete cracks at column top. Column buckling starts at 32 tons
Load; and 0.8 m.t bending moments; accordingly the failure load is 32 tons and the failure mode is buckling of
flange plates associated with concrete crushing; similar to Tremblay et al. (1998).
The failure load is 2 tons higher than specimen P-1 and this is due to the closer link spacing used; thus closer
link spacing enhances the column load capacity and failure mode. Flanges buckling and concrete cracks
happened at column mid height Figure (6) & (7).
The column failure zones indications is marked out on the column showing flange plate buckling zone and
concrete failure zones Figures (8).
Columns P-3
Specimen P-3 is used to study the effect of the second parameter the different concrete compressive strength
(300 Kg/cm2). Loading was applied and increased gradually from 2 tons up to 38 tons; readings and
observations are recorded every 2 ton. Up to 26 ton loading there are no observations of any flange buckling or
concrete crushing. At 28 ton load separation between the concrete face and the flange plate at the right side at
mid height of column is observed. At 30 ton; column flange buckling occurred at height of 330 mm (0.66H)
from column top at the right side. Buckling continued to increase at this location up to 34 ton. The column
buckling starts at 28 tons load; and 0.7 m.t bending moments; accordingly the failure load is 28 tons and the
failure mode is buckling of flange plates associated with concrete crushing. The failure load was 2 tons less than
specimen P-1and the failure in both columns is due to buckling of flange plates; but it is obvious that the failure
load decreased because of using lower concrete compressive strength thus lower confinement of the concrete to
the steel flange plates thus faster buckling; also the failure load was less by 4 tons than specimen P-2 and this is
due to the using larger link spacing and less concrete compressive strength. The separation between the concrete
and the flange plates happened at the column mid height at the right side of the column Figure (9) (the same side
where the load is applied) and the buckling happened at the same side but at 0.66 of the column height Figure
(10); this separation is due to the using of lesser concrete compressive strength; this separation made the
buckling happed faster than column P-1 or P-2 accordingly lesser column capacity. When buckling happens the
steel plate leaves the concrete surface thus the confinement of the concrete no longer exists thus concrete acts
alone and cracks appears Figure (11); in this specimen after appearance of flange buckling and of concrete
cracks; test continued up to 34 tons and then stopped.
Columns P-4
Specimen P-4 is used to study the effect of the third parameter the column height to depth ratio (H/d = 8) on the
behavior of partially encased composite column under the effect of eccentric loading.
Load was applied and increased gradually from 5 tons up to 15 tons; readings and observations are recorded
every 5 ton. Then loads was increased from 15 tons to 25 tons gradually; readings and observations are recorded
every 2 tons. Up to 23 ton loading there are no observations of any flange buckling or concrete crushing. At 25
ton load; column flange buckling occurred at height of 300 mm (0.375H) from column top at the right side;
along with concrete cracks at height of 120mm from column top; then test stopped. The column buckling starts
at 25 tons Load; and 0.625 m.t bending moments; accordingly the failure load is 25 tons and the failure mode is
buckling of flange plates associated with concrete crushing. The failure load is decreased by 5 tons than
specimen P-1 and this is due to using longer column (H/d=8); the flange buckling happened faster due to the
usage of longer column Figure (12); the failure mode is similar to previous studies failure mode ; column flange
buckling starts and hence concrete cracks appears. When buckling occurred the flange steel plate leaves the
concrete surface thus the confinement of the concrete no longer exists thus the concrete acts alone and cracks
appears Figure (13).
Columns P-5
4. Ehab M. Hanna Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.64-71
www.ijera.com 67|P a g e
Specimen P-5 is used to study the effect of the third parameter the column height to depth ratio but with (H/d =
10) on the behavior of PECBC. Load was applied and increased gradually from 5 tons up to 15 tons; readings
and observations are recorded every 5 ton. Then loads increased from 15 tons to 24.5 tons gradually; readings
and observations are recorded every 1 tons. Up to 24 ton loading there are no observations of any flange
buckling or concrete crushing. At 24.5 ton load; column flange buckling occurred at height of 150 mm (0.15H)
from column bottom at the right side Figure (14); along with concrete cracks at height of 200 mm from column
top Figure (15) and bottom; then test stopped. The column buckling starts at 24.5 tons Load; and 0.61 m.t
bending moments; accordingly the failure load is 24.5 tons and the failure mode is buckling of flange plates
associated with concrete crushing; the failure load is decreased by 5.5 tons than specimen P-1 and this is due to
using longer column (H/d=10); which is similar to P-4 with only difference of 0.5 t which is due to increasing
the column height to depth ratio from 8 to 10. The flange buckling happened faster due to the usage of longer
column; the failure mode is similar to previous studies failure mode; column flange buckling starts and hence
concrete cracks appears. When buckling occurred the flange steel plate leaves the concrete surface thus the
confinement of the concrete no longer exists thus the concrete acts alone and cracks appears.
Bare Steel and Reinforced Concrete Specimens
Four Bare steel columns measuring 100x100 in cross section were constructed two of them with height 500mm,
one of 800mm height and one of 1000mm height; with specimen properties as shown in table 2 same properties
as the PECBC; and five reinforced concrete columns measuring 100x100 in cross section were constructed,
three of them with height 500, one of 800 height and one of 1000mm height; with specimen properties as shown
in table 3 below. The longitudinal reinforcement used was with same yield strength and area as of the steel
plates used for the PECBC and the steel columns. All the specimens were tested using the same machine and
under the same conditions as the PECBC specimens; loading was applied and results were recorded. Figure (16)
& (17) shows the steel and RC specimens after testing.
Table 2. Bare Steel Specimens
Specimen 2b (mm) d (mm) t (mm) S (mm) e (mm) H (mm) Fy (Kg/cm2
)
S-1 100 100 2.0 100 25 500 2350
S-2 100 100 2.0 50 25 500 2350
S-4 100 100 2.0 100 25 800 2350
S-5 100 100 2.0 100 25 1000 2350
Table 3. Reinforced Concrete Specimen
Specimen b (mm) d (mm) RFT (mm)
S
(mm)
e
(mm)
H
(mm)
fcu
(Kg/cm2
)
Fy
(Kg/cm2
)
C-1 100 100 12Dia 8.0 100 25 500 350 2400
C-2 100 100 12Dia 8.0 50 25 500 350 2400
C-3 100 100 12Dia 8.0 100 25 500 300 2400
C-4 100 100 12Dia 8.0 100 25 800 350 2400
C-5 100 100 12Dia 8.0 100 25 1000 350 2400
PECBC Testing Results
Failure mode for the five specimens is nearly the same; Column flange buckling happens thus separation
between the steel flange plate and the concrete surface happens; thus concrete is no more confined by the steel
plates and resist the load alone thus concrete cracks appears and hence concrete crushing; the failure mode is
typical to previous experimental studies happened for concentric PEC columns testing. Column’s flanges
buckling and concrete crushing. Column load capacity differs for each specimen and it is obvious that the
highest column capacity is specimen P-2 with closer link spacing S=d/2 and column height = 5 d and concrete
compressive strength of fcu = 350 kg/cm2; while specimen P-1 comes the second one as the link spacing s=d
with column height = 5 d and concrete compressive strength of fcu= 350 kg/cm2; then comes specimen P-3 with
link spacing = d with column height = 5 d but with concrete compressive strength of fcu= 300 kg/cm2 Figure;
then specimen P-4 with link spacing s=d and concrete compressive strength of fcu= 350 kg/cm2 but with
column height = 8d; and the last one is specimen P-5 with link spacing s=d and concrete compressive strength
of fcu= 350 kg/cm2 but with column height = 10d. Table 4 below shows the specimen failure load.
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Table 4. PECBC Specimens Failure Load
Specimen
No.
PECBC Specimen Failure
Load
Normal
Load (t)
Bending
Moment (m.t)
P-1 30 0.75
P-2 32 0.8
P-3 28 0.7
P-4 25 0.625
P-5 24.5 0.6125
Conclusion
The behavior of partially encased composite beam column was assessed using experimental testing
The Column load capacity differs for each specimen; the highest column capacity is specimen P-2 with closer
link spacing S=d/2 and column height = 5 d and concrete compressive strength of fcu = 350 kg/cm2; while
specimen P-1 comes the second one as the link spacing s=d with column height = 5 d and concrete compressive
strength of fcu= 350 kg/cm2; then comes specimen P-3 with link spacing = d with column height = 5 d but with
concrete compressive strength of fcu= 300 kg/cm2but; then specimen P-4 with link spacing s=d and concrete
compressive strength of fcu= 350 kg/cm2 but with column height = 8d; and the last one is specimen P-5 with
link spacing s=d and concrete compressive strength of fcu= 350 kg/cm2 but with column height = 10d.
PECBC capacity is almost triple the steel columns specimens; hence the addition of concrete to the steel
columns to cover the web plate; enhanced the column behavior due to the confinement of the steel column
creating the PECB; the concrete and the steel section acted compositely due to the existence of the steel links
which acted as shear connectors. The column gained the higher capacity while still gaining the advantage of
steel structure column as the flanges are exposed for easier beam column connection; on the other hand using
slender steel plates gives the advantage of using light sections thus more lesser crane capacity and less project
cost.
PECBC capacity is less than the reinforced concrete beam column capacity by about 17 to 27 %; hence for the
same column price (as both series had the same concrete and steel volume) the RC columns had more column
capacity by average 22% over the PECBC; but still had the disadvantage for longer construction durations and
more complicated fabrication process.
The 22% less capacity can be gained by either using higher concrete strength or thicker steel plates for the
PECBC which can be done with minimum cost and accordingly have the same RC column capacity and the
advantages of the PECB Columns.
Notations
PECBC = Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns
RC = Reinforced Concrete
b = Half flange width
d =Specimen depth
t = Plate thickness
s = Vertical link spacing
fcu= Concrete cubic compressive strength
Fy= Steel yield strength
H = Column height
Puexp.= Experimental failure load
CISC= Canadian Institute for Steel Construction
L= Load
SG= Strain Gauge
Lin Pot= Linear Potentiometer
References
[1.] Euro Code 4 Part 1 clause 4.8 Composite Columns.
[2.] CISC Canadian Institute of Steel Construction clause 18.3 Partially Encased Composite Columns.
[3.] AISC-LRFD Manual of Steel Construction American Institute Of steel Construction Load and
Resistance Factor Design third Edition.
[4.] R. Tremblay, B. Massicotte, I. Fillion and Maranda (1998) "Experimental study on the behavior of
partially encased composite columns made with light welded H-steel shapes under compressive axial
loads" Proc., 1998 SSRC Annual Technical Meeting, Atlanta, 195-204.
6. Ehab M. Hanna Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.64-71
www.ijera.com 69|P a g e
[5.] Ghosh & M. Begum “Simulations of partially encased composite columns under concentric loading
using equivalent steel section” 4th Annual Paper Meet and 1st Civil Engineering Congress, December
22-24, 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[6.] Brent S. Pricket and Robert G. Driver “Behavior of PECC made with high performance concrete”
Structural engineering report No.262; University of Alberta Department of civil and environmental
engineering; Canada.
[7.] Mahboba Begum, Robert G Driver and Alaa E Elwi “Finite element modeling of partially encased
composite columns using dynamic explicit method” 326 / Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE /
March 2007.
[8.] Saima Ali and Mahboba Begum “Behavior of partially encased slender composite columns in eccentric
loading” 4th Annual Paper Meet and 1st Civil Engineering Congress, December 22-24, 2011, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
[9.] Christine la Casse “Experimental and analytical study for PECC using high performance concrete and
fiber concrete” Civil and Geological Mining Department - Montreal University - Canada; Ph.D. Thesis
2011.
Figure (3) P-1 Flange Bucklin Figure (4) P-1 Concrete Crack Figure (5) P-1 Web Buckling
Figure (6) P-2 Flange Buckling Figure (7) P-2 Concrete Cracks Figure (8) P-2 Failure zones
Figure (9) P-3 Flange separation Figure (10) P-3 Flange Buckling Figure (11) P-2 Failure zones
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Figure (12) P-4 Flange Buckling Figure (13) P-4 Concrete Cracks
Figure (14) P-5 Flange Buckling Figure (15) P-5 Concrete Cracks
Figure (16) Bare Steel Specimens after Failure
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Figure (17) Reinforced Concrete Specimens after Failure