In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
A white spirit spill at a factory site located in a residential area of south eastern Australia led to contamination of shallow groundwater that fed into a nearby river. The contaminated groundwater contained toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene and n-alkanes in the C6-C36 fraction range. A funnel and gate permeable reactive barrier was designed and built, based on preliminary pilot scale tests using peat as the medium for the gate and the work conducted is presented as a case study. The technical effectiveness of the funnel and gate, over the 10 month operating period in which data was collected, indicates that peat represents an effective material for use in the gate component of funnel and gate remedial systems. The application of the funnel and gate technology represented a substantial saving to the client and was effective in preventing ongoing pollution of the nearby river. The construction of the funnel and gate system also incurred the minimum disturbance to the public access areas between the facility and the river.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
A white spirit spill at a factory site located in a residential area of south eastern Australia led to contamination of shallow groundwater that fed into a nearby river. The contaminated groundwater contained toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene and n-alkanes in the C6-C36 fraction range. A funnel and gate permeable reactive barrier was designed and built, based on preliminary pilot scale tests using peat as the medium for the gate and the work conducted is presented as a case study. The technical effectiveness of the funnel and gate, over the 10 month operating period in which data was collected, indicates that peat represents an effective material for use in the gate component of funnel and gate remedial systems. The application of the funnel and gate technology represented a substantial saving to the client and was effective in preventing ongoing pollution of the nearby river. The construction of the funnel and gate system also incurred the minimum disturbance to the public access areas between the facility and the river.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
Groundwater Quality Modelling using Coupled Galerkin Finite Element and Modif...AM Publications
This paper presents a coupled Galerkin finite element model for groundwater flow simulation (FEFLOW)
and Modified Method of Characteristics model for the simulation of solute transport (MMOCSOLUTE) in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. The coupling factor is velocity field which is simulated
by finite element technique. The study mainly focuses on groundwater quality aspects hence the flow simulation
model has been kept conventional whereas the solute transport model is improvised by approximating dispersion term.
This coupled model is used to obtain the space and time distribution of head and concentration for the reported
synthetic test case. Further the sensitivity of model results to variation in parameters viz. porosity, dispersivity and
combined injection and pumping rates is analyzed. The model results are compared with the reported solutions of the
model presented by Chiang et al. (1989).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strategic In-stream Systems (STRAINS) is a small-scale, low-tech, in-stream decontamination strategy deployed to overcome these problems. STRAINS use the insights of the Sowl Kere studies to develop a series of larger interventions which can be placed directly with nallahs to prevent the contamination and eutrophication of urban lakes.
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
Hybrid system comprising of Wind/Diesel generation system for a practical standalone application considers
Wind turbine generators and diesel generator as primary power sources for generating electricity. Battery banks
are considered as a backup power source. The total value of cost is reduced by meeting energy demand required
by the customers. Bat optimization technique is implemented to optimize wind and battery modules. Wind and
battery banks are considered as primary sources and diesel generator as a secondary power source for the system
Groundwater Quality Modelling using Coupled Galerkin Finite Element and Modif...AM Publications
This paper presents a coupled Galerkin finite element model for groundwater flow simulation (FEFLOW)
and Modified Method of Characteristics model for the simulation of solute transport (MMOCSOLUTE) in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. The coupling factor is velocity field which is simulated
by finite element technique. The study mainly focuses on groundwater quality aspects hence the flow simulation
model has been kept conventional whereas the solute transport model is improvised by approximating dispersion term.
This coupled model is used to obtain the space and time distribution of head and concentration for the reported
synthetic test case. Further the sensitivity of model results to variation in parameters viz. porosity, dispersivity and
combined injection and pumping rates is analyzed. The model results are compared with the reported solutions of the
model presented by Chiang et al. (1989).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strategic In-stream Systems (STRAINS) is a small-scale, low-tech, in-stream decontamination strategy deployed to overcome these problems. STRAINS use the insights of the Sowl Kere studies to develop a series of larger interventions which can be placed directly with nallahs to prevent the contamination and eutrophication of urban lakes.
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
Hybrid system comprising of Wind/Diesel generation system for a practical standalone application considers
Wind turbine generators and diesel generator as primary power sources for generating electricity. Battery banks
are considered as a backup power source. The total value of cost is reduced by meeting energy demand required
by the customers. Bat optimization technique is implemented to optimize wind and battery modules. Wind and
battery banks are considered as primary sources and diesel generator as a secondary power source for the system
Geotechnical properties of the soil have been carried out at the construction site of an overhead bridge in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The project is a 230 m long overhead bridge crossing between first and second artillery in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Two tests that were carried out on the soil are the Atterberg limit test and particle size analysis test. The results reveal that the liquid limit is 36, 8, the plastic limit is 21.1 and the plasticity index is 15.7. This implies that the Atterberg limits are slightly above the recommended standard set by the Federal Ministry for Works and Housing, however, considering the swampy wet nature of the environment within the Port Harcourt Metropolis, the results obtained still fall within a range that can be worked with few modifications. The average diameter of the particles (D value) are D10=0.05, D30=0.17, D60=1.12 Cu=1.5 and Cc=0.5. The soil sample tested shows proper gradation since the coefficient of uniformity (Cu)>>4.
An Experimental Study on the Migration of Pb in the Groundwater Table Fluctua...NOMADPOWER
As a result of fluctuations in the shallow groundwater table, hydrodynamic conditions change alongside environmental conditions and hydrogeochemical processes to affect pollutant migration. The study aimed to investigate the migration, adsorption, and desorption characteristics of Pb on fine, medium, and coarse sand in the water table fluctuation zone by using several laboratory methods, including the kinetic aspects of Pb2+ adsorption/desorption and water table fluctuation experiments.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
In this paper, linear graphical method, moment method and inverse function method are first applied in the laboratory test of one dimensional sand column device, determining the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. The longitudinal dispersions for five groups of sand taken from 20cm below the ground surface in the Oil Refinery of China Petroleum Ningxia Filial are obtained. On this basis, the problems within the calculation process when the three kinds of methods are applied into actual data were discussed. It can be readily concluded that the three values of dispersion coefficients are approximate, and the errors caused by the subjective factors of artificial mapping and numerical reading were avoided. The inverse function method is recommended to apply for the high accuracy, sample calculation process, less known conditions and better linearity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite Liner
1. Megha N Kulkarni et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.103-108
www.ijera.com 103|P a g e
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite Liner
Megha N Kulkarni1
, C Ramakrishnegowda2
, H S Nanda3
and Puvvadi V
Sivapullaiah4
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology, Bengaluru, India.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Institute of Technology, Mysore, India.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Bangalore Technological Institute, Bengaluru, India.
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of science Bengaluru -560012, India.
Abstract
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Keywords: Breakthrough curve, Column test, Diffusion Coefficient, Hydraulic Conductivity, Retardation
Factor
I. Introduction
The authorized sector of solid waste
management has been facing tremendous problems in
maintaining sustainable waste disposal. At present
70% of the total solid waste is disposed by the
sanitary landfill method. It is important source of
heavy metals and toxic chemicals that pollute the soil
as well as the surrounding water body.
Contamination of soil and groundwater occurs in
different ways. [1]
The movement of contaminants in
the clay soil before it reaches the ground water is a
very slow process and is favorable factor for
attenuation of contaminants in various processes.
Migration of ions in the subsurface from their point
of origin assume great importance in the context of
protecting ground water quality. Hence it is
important to assess the travel time of polluting
species in soil to plan for any remedial measures.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the
extent of contaminant attenuation of chemical species
by specific soil and whether the present retardation
equation can successfully predict contaminant
transport. These aspects form an important basis for
design of clay liners for waste impoundment such as
landfills. In order to predict the transport of lead
pollutant species, the transport parameters involved
in the governing set of equations that describes the
transport processes need to be accurately defined.
The laboratory column experiments, which can be
used to estimate the transport parameters of
chemicals species migrating through waste
contaminant barriers, are discussed.
1.1 Contaminant Transport Processes Through
Soil Liner
It is impossible to practically provide complete
contaminant of leachate generated in a waste Landfill
facility. Hence the design of a suitable (either as a
primary barrier for municipal waste site or as a
backup barrier for hazardous waste)requires an
estimation of potential rate of contaminant transport
through clay liner of landfill is useful in the design of
secure waste storage facility. The following physical
and chemical processes usually govern the
contaminant transport.
1.1.1 Advection
Advection is the process by which solutes are
transported along with the flowing fluid or solvent.
Due to advection, non-reactive solutes travel at an
average rate equal to the seepage velocity of the pore
fluid
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Megha N Kulkarni et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.103-108
www.ijera.com 104|P a g e
1.1.2 Diffusion
Diffusion is the transport process in which a
chemical or chemical species migrate in response to a
gradient in its concentration
1.1.3 dispersion
Dispersion refers to the spreading and mixing
caused by the variation in velocity with which water
moves
1.2 Determination of Diffusion Coefficients by
Column Experiment
For predicting the effective diffusion coefficients
of ionic species of interest using column experiments,
a modified form of equation (1) and (2) are used.
The column experiment results are commonly
reported in terms of number of pore volumes that
have passed through packed soil column wherein one
pore volume, is the cross sectional area of column(A)
times its length(L) times the porosity(n)i.e.,Aln.
Total number of pore volum U is the total discharge
divided by value of one pore volume
U= vnAt = vt
ALn L (1)
Thus with these definitions, the one dimensional
approximate Ogata-Banks equation can be rearranged
as:
(2)
1.3 Retardation Factor
The migration of contaminants caused by the
movement of chemicals dissolved in the water is
described by the retardation factor. Attenuation of
leachate contaminant species is one of important
criteria for the choice of landfill liner.[2]
The
retardation factor for any particular chemical includes
all the interactions between the many chemical
species and the solid surfaces of the porous media.
These interaction tend to retard the migration of the
chemical behaviors need to be known.
Retardation factors, Rf, can be determined in
flow experiment where Rf for particular species in the
ratio of solution velocity to the contaminant velocity.
The retardation factor for that species is by equation
(3) as below.[3]
sp
gw
f
v
v
R (3)
Where Vgw is the velocity of the water and Vsp is the
velocity of the contaminant species
1.3.1 Analytical Solutions to One Dimensional
Contaminant Transport Equations
Method used to solve the one dimensional
governing equation, analytical methods are widely
used for calculating the contaminant migration The
best known analytical solution for concentration C at
time t and depth x beneath the surface of a barrier,
which is assumed to be infinitely deep and subject to
a constant surface concentration, Co is represented
by equation (4) as [4]
(4)
II. Experimental Details
In order to predict the transport of lead pollutant
specie, the transport parameters involved in the
governing set of equations that describes the transport
processes need to be accurately defined. The
laboratory column experiments, which can be used to
estimate the transport parameters of chemicals
species migrating through waste contaminant barriers
2.1 Influent Reservoir
It consists of a tank made of polyethylene with
two openings. One at the top for transferring the
synthetic source solution of interest into it and the
other at the bottom to allow it to migrate through the
soil specimen.
2.2 Column Assembly
The column assembly consists of Plexiglas
cylinder of 11-cm long, 4-cm inner dia and 1 cm
thick wall. The Plexiglas cylinder is attached to the
base plate, which houses a porous stone as shown in
the Fig 2.1. The soil specimen of 4cm dia and 10 cm
height is compacted into the Plexiglas cylinder in
three equal layers using a screw jack to ensure
uniform compaction for the entire specimen. Once
the soil sample was in place, one more set of porous
stone are placed at the top and capped with top plate
as shown in the figure.
2.3 Effluent Collector
It consists of a jar covered at the top to avoid
evaporation of collected leachate. The effluent
collected in the collector is monitored regularly.
vL/UD2
U1
erfc
2
1
C
C
eo
84.0
C
C
when]
U
1)(U
[J
o
1/20.84
16.0
C
C
when]
U
1)(U
[J
o
1/20.16
2
0.160.84e ]J[J
8
vL
D
)(2
exp
)(22
1
fe
sf
e
sf
fe
sf
o tRD
tvxR
erfc
D
xvR
tRD
tvxR
erfc
C
C
3. Megha N Kulkarni et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.103-108
www.ijera.com 105|P a g e
Fig 2.1 Components Of Experimental Set-Up Of Column Soil Test
III. Experimental Procedure
3.1 Preparation of Soil Sample and Compaction
The oven dried soil is mixed with necessary
amount of water separately as to prepare samples of
required density. The details of experiment condition
of soil specimen with source solutions are presented
in Table 3.1. The soil is then compacted to required
density by dividing the soil into 3 equal parts by
weight and then, each part is compacted into plexglas
cylinder,
3.2 Monitoring the effluent leachate
The desired solution is passed through the
column. The volume of the effluent that comes out of
the column with time was monitored at regular
intervals and the concentration of ions measured. The
interval selected varied with flow rate. The test is
terminated once effluent concentration reaches
influent concentration (C=C0).
3.3 Chemical analysis of leachate
The chemical Analysis was performed by using
AAS instrument. Dilution were made to bring the
concentration into instrument range.
IV. Materials and Methods
4.1 Clayey Soil
Clayey soil obtained from Mandur dumpsite in
Bangalore was used in this study. The samples were
collected by open excavation from a depth of 1 meter
from natural ground. The soil was dried and passed
through IS 452-micron sieve. The soil so obtained
has clay content of 62%. The cation exchange
capacity of soil is about 31meq/100 g.
4.2 Bentonite Used
Bentonite procured from Indian Institute from
Bangalore was used in the present study. Bentonite is
a natural clay mineral and is found in many places of
the world it belongs to 2:1 clay family the basic
structure in it is composed of two tetrahedrally
coordinated sheets of silicon ions surrounding a
sandwiched octahedrally coordinated sheet of
aluminum ions. It has excellent sorption properties
and possesses sorption sites available within its
interlayer pace as well as on the outer edges
V. Determination of Effective Diffusion
Coefficients
The column method is used to calculate transport
parameter and its is most preferred and is described
here. This soil column test, traditionally known as
leaching column test and has been used to study the
adsorption and migration of contaminants through
clay barriers. Firstly steady state flow is established
through the soil sample by using distilled water in
source reservoir. After steady state fluid has been
established, the fluid in the influent reservoir is
changed to a solution to a known and constant
concentration (C0) of particular chemicals
constituents. The concentration (C) in the effluent
reservoir is measured as a the data are reduced in the
form of break through curves, the breakthrough
curves are modelled using analytical solutions and
hence the, Diffusion coefficient can be calculated by
knowing C, C0, v, L. This section describes some of
the more common procedures, which have been used
to calculate the transport parameters.
5.1 Ogata Bank’s Method
In this method a plot of relative concentration
versus time or number of pore volume are plotted
from the plot the time (t0.16) corresponding to C/C0 =
0.16 and time (t0.84) corresponding to C/C0 = 0.84 are
obtained using these values and knowing the
thickness of soil (L) and knowing the value of
velocity, effective diffusion coefficient is calculated
as follows:
Where, U=vt/L
COMPACTED
SOIL BENTONIte
Influent line
O-ring
Top platePorous stone (1cm
thick)
Plexiglass cylinder
(10cm long, 4cm dia,
0.5mm thick)
Bottom plate
4. Megha N Kulkarni et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.103-108
www.ijera.com 106|P a g e
5.2 Time Lag Method
In this method, the total amount of diffusion
substance per cross sectional area, Qt is plotted versus
time and determining the values for the intercept, TL
then diffusion coefficient, D, is calculated from the
equation,
5.3 Root - Time Method
In this method, the time corresponding to relative
concentration of 0.1 (90% equilibrium) is obtained
from the breakthrough curve of the species. Then
diffusion coefficient, D, is calculated using the
equations,
VI. Ion Migration in Soil Bentonite
Mixture Based on Diffusion
Coefficient Only
From the fig. 6.1 it is clear that the effect of
variation in diffusion coefficient of Lead obtained by
different methods on breakthrough curves is marginal
and none of the curves are close to the experimental
curve. Thus the breakthrough time for lead with
diffusion coefficient from theoretical curves for C/C0
= 0.5 is 250 to 390 hours and the breakthrough time
obtained experimentally from is 1300 hrs. It is clear
that the theoretical breakthrough time is occurring
earlier than the experimental breakthrough times.
Fig. 6.1 Comparison of theoretical breakthrough curves obtained using different diffusion coefficients with
experimental curve for Lead ion.
There is considerable difference in the nature of
curves while the theoretical curve indicates piston
flow, the experimental curve indicates presence of
attenuation/ retardation process. This shows that the
effective diffusion coefficient alone, as calculated by
different methods, is not adequate to describe
breakthrough curves. This also indicates that the
effective diffusion coefficient as calculated by
different methods is not fully accounting all the
retardation processes that may occur while the lead
ion is migrating through soil.
VII. Role of Retardation Factor in the
Prediction of Experimental
Breakthrough Curves of Ions in Soil
Fig.7.1 shows the theoretically obtained
breakthrough curves, using diffusion coefficients
obtained by different methods, with retardation factor
selected on trial and error for lead ion along with
experimental curve. From the figure is clear that all
the theoretical curves agree reasonably well with the
experimental curve except Ogata bank’s method.
However some variation in the diffusion coefficients,
even though the same retardation factor is used. Thus
the breakthrough time for lead ion with any diffusion
coefficient from theoretical curves for C/C0 = 0.5
varies in the range of 1200 to 2000 hrs; and the actual
breakthrough time obtained by experimental curve is
1300 hrs. Relatively the curves obtained using
diffusion coefficient obtained by Root time method is
closer to the experimental breakthrough curve.
6D
L
T
2
L
90
t
2L0.2436
D
5. Megha N Kulkarni et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.103-108
www.ijera.com 107|P a g e
Fig. 7.1 comparison of theoretical breakthrough
curves obtained using retardation factor and different
diffusion coefficients with experimental curve for
lead ion
Compared to the theoretical curves obtained
without retardation factor, the theoretical curves with
retardation factor shows considerable variation
between C/C0 = 0.5 and 1.0. this is due to difference
in the nature of breakthrough curves. The curves
exhibit lesser characteristics of piston flow. The
theoretical curves obtained without retardation factor
showed earlier breakthrough time, whereas the curve
in this case showed not only higher breakthrough
times but also nearer to the experimental value.
VIII. Rate of Migration of Ions in Soil
Bentonite Liner
8.1 Migration of Lead Ion Considering only
Diffusion Conditions
Fig 8.1 shows the variation of relative
concentration with time for lead ion using respective
diffusion coefficient and with retardation factor in
soil bentonite mixture for lead and considering 1 m
as thickness of the liner breakthrough occurred at
about 500 years for lead ion.
Fig 8.1 Variation of relative concentration with time
for Lead ion considering diffusion only
The breakthrough time for any relative
concentration can be obtained in any soil. The curve
showing the variation of breakthrough time of lead
ion in soil bentonite mixture with respect to relative
concentration in the particular soil.
8.2 Migration of Lead Ion Considering both
Advection-Diffusion Conditions
Fig.8.2 shows the variation of depth of arrival of
C/C0 of 0.5 front for Lead ion with 1 m thickness of
liner considering both advection and Diffusion. It can
be seen that the breakthrough concentration for lead
ion reaches bottom of Soil Bentonite liner of 1 m
thickness of about nearly 170 years.
Fig.8.2 Variation of relative concentration with time for Lead considering both Advection-diffusion
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time in hours
C/Co
Experiment
D1 Literature
D2 Ogata
D3 Time lag
D4 Root time
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time in years
C/Co
Diffusion only
LEAD,D1=3.5e-6,R2=5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Time in years
C/Co
Advection-Diffusion only
Lead,D1=2.70e-6,V=5.35e-6,R=4.5
6. Megha N Kulkarni et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.103-108
www.ijera.com 108|P a g e
Comparing the breakthrough times obtained in case of diffusion alone the breakthrough times are reduced
considerably in the present case. Considerable reduction in breakthrough time occur due to advection in soil
bentonite for lead ion.
Fig.8.3 shows the variation of depth of arrival of C/C0 of 0.5 front for Lead ion with 0.5 m thickness of liner
considering both advection and Diffusion. It can be seen that the breakthrough concentration for lead ion
reaches bottom of Soil Bentonite liner of 0.5 m thickness within 100 years.
Fig.8.3 Variation of relative concentration with time for Lead ion considering both Advection-diffusion for 0.5m
thickness of liner.
Comparing the breakthrough times obtained in
case of Advection-Diffusion for 1 m thickness, the
breakthrough times are reduced considerably in the
present case. Considerable reduction in breakthrough
time occur due to reduction in thickness of the soil
Bentonite liner for lead ion.
IX. Conclusions
From the current research the following major
conclusions are as follows:
1. Determining the diffusion coefficient of an ion
experimentally is an important step for the
calculation of rates of migration of ions.
2. Diffusion coefficients is sensitive to the method
of determination, Generally, diffusion coefficient
obtained from. Root-Time Method is lower and
is matching with the literature value.
3. It is clear that prediction of breakthrough curve
considering diffusion alone is not sufficient,
hence there is a need to consider retardation
factor too.
4. To obtain the values for retardation factor
required, the breakthrough curve of ions in soil
bentonite mixture using both the ions and
different diffusion coefficients as determined
above, are generated and compared with
experimental breakthrough curves.
5. The evaluation is done both with and without
Advective flow condition.
6. Breakthrough times will be more if we design
appropriate thickness of liner.
REFERENCES
[1] Ramanathan A.L., Study of Groundwater
Contamination through landfill site, NCT
Delhi (2006).
[2] Drury D., Hydraulic considerations for
choice of landfill liner, Geoenvironmental
Engineering, pp.312-318.(1997).
[3] Bouwer, H., Ground Water, Vol. 29, pp. 41-
46. (1991).
[4] Ogata, A., Theory of Dispersion in Granular
Medium, US Geological Survey,
Professional Paper, 411-1.(1970).
[5] Shakelford, CD., and Daniel, D.E., Diffusion
in Saturated Soil,Results for Compacted
Clay, Int. J of Geotechnical Engineering
(ASCE), Vol. 117, pp 485-506.(1991).
[6] Maya Naik, S N., Influence Of Diffusion
Coefficient And Retardation Factor In
Contaminant Transport Through Soil
Liners, Ph. D Thesis, Indian Institute Of
Science, Bangalore.(2003).
[7] Rowe, R.K., Quigley, John R.M and
Booker, R.J., Clayey Barrier Systems for
waste disposal facilities, E & FN Spon, an
imprint of Chapman & Hall, London,
U.K.(1995).
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Time in years
C/Co
Advection-Diffusion only
Lead,D1=2.70e-6,V=5.35e-6,R=4.5