Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In
order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy
consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for
choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy
as energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of mobile
nodes. The objective of our proposed system is to find an optimal route based on two energy metrics while
choosing a route to transfer data packets. This system is implemented by using NS-2.34. Simulation results
show that the proposed routing protocol with transmission power and residual energy control mode can
extend the life-span of network and can achieve higher performance when compared to traditional ad-hoc
on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.
M-EPAR to Improve the Quality of the MANETsIJERA Editor
In MANET, power aware is important challenge issue to improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes. We propose modified efficient power aware routing (M-EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the network lifetime of MANET. Designing a power aware routing algorithm or technique is one of the most important point considered in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. These nodes are driven by reactive protocols where broadcasting is mandatory to form a path between two nodes. So in case of death of the node resulting out of less battery calls for re-routing. Since many existing techniques focuses on energy aware routing this paper presents combination of energy aware routing merged with link quality determined by packet drop rate. The proposed scheme has outperformed the existing technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and energy consumption.
The maximization of a networks lifetime is an important part of research in the present scenario. In ad hoc network, the topology of network changes frequently due to the mobility of mobile nodes where the communication is possible without any network infrastructure. Mobile nodes have limited energy resources so that the energy efficient routing should be provided which increases the life time of the network. The existing routing mechanisms do not consider energy of nodes for data transmission. In this paper a novel approach is analyzed to improve the networks lifetime where the data transfer is based on the minimum hop count and residual energy of the mobile nodes. The analysis is carried out by using the network simulator and the simulation results shows that the proposed work provides an energy efficient routing in ad hoc networks.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology
frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss
of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network
connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in
the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some
energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption
and increasing the network lifetime.
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology
frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss
of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network
connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in
the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some
energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption
and increasing the network lifetime
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime.
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring network of mobile devices connected through wireless. Nowadays mobile devices in mobile Ad-hoc network are battery operated. Battery is an important factor in MANET. Dynamic topology of mobile ad-hoc network and limited battery capacity are constrained on network life time. In this paper, we have presented variants of power aware techniques in an on-demand reactive routing protocol i.e. AODV which aims to prolong network lifetime. AODV is reactive protocol and it establish route on demand.
M-EPAR to Improve the Quality of the MANETsIJERA Editor
In MANET, power aware is important challenge issue to improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes. We propose modified efficient power aware routing (M-EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the network lifetime of MANET. Designing a power aware routing algorithm or technique is one of the most important point considered in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. These nodes are driven by reactive protocols where broadcasting is mandatory to form a path between two nodes. So in case of death of the node resulting out of less battery calls for re-routing. Since many existing techniques focuses on energy aware routing this paper presents combination of energy aware routing merged with link quality determined by packet drop rate. The proposed scheme has outperformed the existing technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and energy consumption.
The maximization of a networks lifetime is an important part of research in the present scenario. In ad hoc network, the topology of network changes frequently due to the mobility of mobile nodes where the communication is possible without any network infrastructure. Mobile nodes have limited energy resources so that the energy efficient routing should be provided which increases the life time of the network. The existing routing mechanisms do not consider energy of nodes for data transmission. In this paper a novel approach is analyzed to improve the networks lifetime where the data transfer is based on the minimum hop count and residual energy of the mobile nodes. The analysis is carried out by using the network simulator and the simulation results shows that the proposed work provides an energy efficient routing in ad hoc networks.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology
frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss
of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network
connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in
the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some
energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption
and increasing the network lifetime.
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology
frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss
of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network
connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in
the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some
energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption
and increasing the network lifetime
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime.
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring network of mobile devices connected through wireless. Nowadays mobile devices in mobile Ad-hoc network are battery operated. Battery is an important factor in MANET. Dynamic topology of mobile ad-hoc network and limited battery capacity are constrained on network life time. In this paper, we have presented variants of power aware techniques in an on-demand reactive routing protocol i.e. AODV which aims to prolong network lifetime. AODV is reactive protocol and it establish route on demand.
Implementing Energy Efficient Strategies in the MANET on-demand routing Proto...IJEEE
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configuring multi-hop wireless networks where, the structure of the network changes dynamically. Because of the nodes in the MANET are mobile and battery operated, energy optimization is one of the major constraints in the MANET. Failure of some nodes operation can greatly impede the performance of the network and even affect the basic availability of the network, i.e., routing. To improve the lifetime of these networks can be improving the energy levels of the individual nodes of the network. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of different design choices for this on- demand routing protocols DSR and AODV in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, the energy efficient strategies are implemented in the AODV and DSR protocols to improve the life time of the Mobile ad hoc network. The CBEER-NN is developed using the existing DSR protocol and the AO- EEDTR is developed using the existing AODV protocol. GloMoSIM simulator is used to simulate the proposed MANET environment. This paper also compares the existing DSR and AODV protocols with proposed CBEER- NN and AO-EEDTR protocols. From the simulated results, this paper concludes that the proposed CBEER-NN and AO- EEDTR protocols are improving the life time of the network by improving the average residual energy of the nodes over the existing DSR and AO-EEDTR protocols.
The main aim of energy efficient routing is to
minimize the energy required to transmit or receive packets also
called as active communication energy. Inactive energy is the
energy which not only tries to reduce the energy consumed
when a mobile node stays idle but also listens to the wireless
medium for any possible communication requests from other
nodes. To conserve energy, many energy efficient routing
protocols have been proposed. Networks of small, inexpensive,
disposable, smart sensors are emerging as a new technology with
tremendous potential. Wireless sensor networks can be randomly
deployed inside or close to phenomenon to be monitored. The
advantage of these networks is the fact that they are selfconfiguring,
which means that a sensor network can be deployed
randomly on a battlefield, in a disaster area or in an inaccessible
area without the need for human intervention. The energy
supplies of nodes are not replenished or replaced and therefore
nodes only participate in the network for as long as they have
energy. This fact necessitates energy efficiency in the design of
every aspect of such nodes. Energy consumption in sensor nodes
occurs mainly due to computational processing and, to a greater
extent, communication. The routing protocol employed by these
sensor nodes can minimize the number of transmissions that
nodes make as well as the computational complexity of routing
path selection. It is therefore of critical importance that the
routing protocol be designed with energy efficiency in mind.
MPC-EAR : Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing in Ad hoc Networksijsrd.com
Power preservation in wireless ad hoc networks is a decisive factor as energy resources are inadequate at the electronic devices in use. Power-aware routing strategies are fundamentally route selection strategies built on accessible ad hoc routing protocols. This paper proposed a new Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing (MPC-EAR ) topology for mobile ad hoc networks that enhances the network life span. Simulation results prove that the projected protocol has a higher performance other minimal energy usage, energy level aware and energy conserving routing protocols such as MTPR, MMECR and CMMECR.
MMINIMUM RESOURCE CONSUMPTIONS ROUTING FOR OPTICAL NETWORKSprj_publication
The problem of determining primary and backup paths for survivable optical WDM
networks is considered. Results of various available routing techniques that try to minimize
the combined cost of primary and the backup path are analyzed for the effects on network
parameters such as mean load, variance of the load on route, number of converters required
by the route and the length of the route. The route cost is modelled such a way that it is
extensible to include any new parameter and vary their relative importance. The efficiency of
such wavelength routed networks has been proved to improve for certain parameters, such as
reduction in blocking probability and number of converters required for desired performance.
The routing is enhanced to analyse effect on network parameters for all node full range
converters, limited number full converters, reserved primary and back up wavelengths and
with no such reservation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance Analysis of Mtpr Routing Protocol in Power Deficient Nodepijans
Power conservation in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a major challenge even today for researchers.
To conserve it various power aware routing protocols have been proposed. These protocols do not take into
consideration the residual power left in nodes. To find the impact of the same a simulator was designed in
MATLAB-7.01. The routing protocol used in our simulation is Minimum Total Power Routing (MTPR) and
different performance metrics such as path optimality, throughput and hop count were recorded in
presence and absence of power scarce node. The result shows significant impact of power scarce node on
MANET performance.
A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a very dynamic and infrastructure-less ad hoc network. The actual
network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable. MANET is a resource limited network and therefore the developed routing
algorithm for packet transmission should be power and bandwidth efficient. These kinds of dynamic
networks should operate with minimal management overhead. The management functionality of the
network increases with number of nodes and reduces the performance of the network. Here, in this paper,
we have designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Graph theoretic routing algorithm is used to develop route for packet
transmission by using the minimum resources. In this paper, we developed routing algorithm for cluster
based MANET and finds a path from source to destination using minimum cumulative degree path. Our
simulation results show that this routing algorithm provide efficient routing path with the increasing
number of nodes and uses multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster to utilize minimum power for packet
transmission irrespective of number of nodes in the network.
Energy Consumption Analysis of Ad hoc Routing Protocols for Different Energy ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), energy conservation is a critical issue as the nodes are powered by the batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Hence the power level of the nodes is a problematical factor that extensively affects the performance and efficiency of ad hoc routing protocols. The rapidly changing traffic pattern the mobility of the nodes and the lack of fixed infrastructure makes routing in a MANET a challenging issue. So one of the main issues in MANET routing protocols is the development of energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocols which requires the energy analysis of routing protocols so that some modifications can be suggested. This paper presents performance comparison of three categories of mobile ad hoc routing protocols i.e. proactive, reactive and hybrid. The performance analysis is based on different metrics of Physical Layer such as Power Consumed in Transmit Mode, Power Consumed in Receive and Idle Modes, and metrics of application layer like Average End to End Delay, Average Jitter, Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio based on the simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is performed over well known network simulator QualNet 6.1. Keywords - MANET, AODV, DYMO, OLSR, PDR
Energy efficiency cross layer protocol for wireless mesh networkIJCNCJournal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel emerging tec
hnology that will change the world more effectively
and efficiently. It is regarded as a highly promisi
ng technology being increasingly important in mobil
e
wireless networks of the future generation. In this
paper, we consider energy management for wireless
mesh networks from a point of view that started rec
ently to attract the attention means the conservati
on of
energy for operational and the environment reasons
which is known as the Green Networking. This paper
discusses different routing protocols to establish
a protocol which considers energy efficiency. The e
xisting
protocols are compared using the basic functions of
routing and the suggest protocol is designed to
overcome some of their shortcomings. We are focusin
g on the conception of the cross-layer routing
protocol that is implemented in TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) wireless mesh networks based
MAC protocol.
Cross layer design for power control and linkIJCNCJournal
Frequent changes in network topology due to mobility and limited battery power of the mobile devices are the key challenges in the adhoc networks. The depletion of power source may cause early unavailability of nodes and thus links in the network. The mobility of nodes causes frequent routes breaks and adversely affects the required performance of the applications. We propose a cross layer design for the dynamic power control protocol and link prediction (DPCPLP) that provides a combined solution for power conservation as well as link availability. This combines the effect of optimum transmit power and received signal strength based link availability estimation with AODV routing protocol using cross layer approach.
This method proposes to use optimum transmit power for transmitting the packets to a neighboring node to
increase the battery life of adhoc nodes and received signal strength based link prediction to increase the
availability of the links. In this paper, the transmit power and received signal strength of the packets are
cross-layer interaction parameters to provide the combined solution for power conservation and reliable
route formation with increased availability of links and thus the routes amongst sources and destinations. Further, this increases network and nodes’ lifetime and capacity. It improves throughput and packet delivery ratio by spatial reuse, prior prediction of link breaks and initiating the route repair. It also reduces
end-to-end delay and power consumption by use of optimum transmit power. Through simulations, we have
shown that our proposed protocol shows better performance.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile ...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (22n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile ...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (2
2n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Evaluation of Energy Consumption of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols ...IJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a distributed, infrastructure-less and decentralized network. A routing
protocol in MANET is used to find routes between mobile nodes to facilitate communication within the
network. Numerous routing protocols have been proposed for MANET. Those routing protocols are
designed to adaptively accommodate for dynamic unpredictable changes in network's topology. The mobile
nodes in MANET are often powered by limited batteries and network lifetime relies heavily on the energy
consumption of nodes. In consequence, the lack of a mobile node can lead to network partitioning. In this
paper we analyse, evaluate and measure the energy efficiency of three prominent MANET routing protocols
namely DSR, AODV and OLSR in addition to modified protocols. These routing protocols follow the
reactive and the proactive routing schemes. A discussion and comparison highlighting their particular
merits and drawbacks are also presented. Evaluation study and simulations are performed using NS-2 and
its accompanying tools for analysis and investigation of results.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Implementing Energy Efficient Strategies in the MANET on-demand routing Proto...IJEEE
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configuring multi-hop wireless networks where, the structure of the network changes dynamically. Because of the nodes in the MANET are mobile and battery operated, energy optimization is one of the major constraints in the MANET. Failure of some nodes operation can greatly impede the performance of the network and even affect the basic availability of the network, i.e., routing. To improve the lifetime of these networks can be improving the energy levels of the individual nodes of the network. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of different design choices for this on- demand routing protocols DSR and AODV in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, the energy efficient strategies are implemented in the AODV and DSR protocols to improve the life time of the Mobile ad hoc network. The CBEER-NN is developed using the existing DSR protocol and the AO- EEDTR is developed using the existing AODV protocol. GloMoSIM simulator is used to simulate the proposed MANET environment. This paper also compares the existing DSR and AODV protocols with proposed CBEER- NN and AO-EEDTR protocols. From the simulated results, this paper concludes that the proposed CBEER-NN and AO- EEDTR protocols are improving the life time of the network by improving the average residual energy of the nodes over the existing DSR and AO-EEDTR protocols.
The main aim of energy efficient routing is to
minimize the energy required to transmit or receive packets also
called as active communication energy. Inactive energy is the
energy which not only tries to reduce the energy consumed
when a mobile node stays idle but also listens to the wireless
medium for any possible communication requests from other
nodes. To conserve energy, many energy efficient routing
protocols have been proposed. Networks of small, inexpensive,
disposable, smart sensors are emerging as a new technology with
tremendous potential. Wireless sensor networks can be randomly
deployed inside or close to phenomenon to be monitored. The
advantage of these networks is the fact that they are selfconfiguring,
which means that a sensor network can be deployed
randomly on a battlefield, in a disaster area or in an inaccessible
area without the need for human intervention. The energy
supplies of nodes are not replenished or replaced and therefore
nodes only participate in the network for as long as they have
energy. This fact necessitates energy efficiency in the design of
every aspect of such nodes. Energy consumption in sensor nodes
occurs mainly due to computational processing and, to a greater
extent, communication. The routing protocol employed by these
sensor nodes can minimize the number of transmissions that
nodes make as well as the computational complexity of routing
path selection. It is therefore of critical importance that the
routing protocol be designed with energy efficiency in mind.
MPC-EAR : Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing in Ad hoc Networksijsrd.com
Power preservation in wireless ad hoc networks is a decisive factor as energy resources are inadequate at the electronic devices in use. Power-aware routing strategies are fundamentally route selection strategies built on accessible ad hoc routing protocols. This paper proposed a new Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing (MPC-EAR ) topology for mobile ad hoc networks that enhances the network life span. Simulation results prove that the projected protocol has a higher performance other minimal energy usage, energy level aware and energy conserving routing protocols such as MTPR, MMECR and CMMECR.
MMINIMUM RESOURCE CONSUMPTIONS ROUTING FOR OPTICAL NETWORKSprj_publication
The problem of determining primary and backup paths for survivable optical WDM
networks is considered. Results of various available routing techniques that try to minimize
the combined cost of primary and the backup path are analyzed for the effects on network
parameters such as mean load, variance of the load on route, number of converters required
by the route and the length of the route. The route cost is modelled such a way that it is
extensible to include any new parameter and vary their relative importance. The efficiency of
such wavelength routed networks has been proved to improve for certain parameters, such as
reduction in blocking probability and number of converters required for desired performance.
The routing is enhanced to analyse effect on network parameters for all node full range
converters, limited number full converters, reserved primary and back up wavelengths and
with no such reservation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance Analysis of Mtpr Routing Protocol in Power Deficient Nodepijans
Power conservation in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a major challenge even today for researchers.
To conserve it various power aware routing protocols have been proposed. These protocols do not take into
consideration the residual power left in nodes. To find the impact of the same a simulator was designed in
MATLAB-7.01. The routing protocol used in our simulation is Minimum Total Power Routing (MTPR) and
different performance metrics such as path optimality, throughput and hop count were recorded in
presence and absence of power scarce node. The result shows significant impact of power scarce node on
MANET performance.
A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a very dynamic and infrastructure-less ad hoc network. The actual
network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable. MANET is a resource limited network and therefore the developed routing
algorithm for packet transmission should be power and bandwidth efficient. These kinds of dynamic
networks should operate with minimal management overhead. The management functionality of the
network increases with number of nodes and reduces the performance of the network. Here, in this paper,
we have designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Graph theoretic routing algorithm is used to develop route for packet
transmission by using the minimum resources. In this paper, we developed routing algorithm for cluster
based MANET and finds a path from source to destination using minimum cumulative degree path. Our
simulation results show that this routing algorithm provide efficient routing path with the increasing
number of nodes and uses multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster to utilize minimum power for packet
transmission irrespective of number of nodes in the network.
Energy Consumption Analysis of Ad hoc Routing Protocols for Different Energy ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), energy conservation is a critical issue as the nodes are powered by the batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Hence the power level of the nodes is a problematical factor that extensively affects the performance and efficiency of ad hoc routing protocols. The rapidly changing traffic pattern the mobility of the nodes and the lack of fixed infrastructure makes routing in a MANET a challenging issue. So one of the main issues in MANET routing protocols is the development of energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocols which requires the energy analysis of routing protocols so that some modifications can be suggested. This paper presents performance comparison of three categories of mobile ad hoc routing protocols i.e. proactive, reactive and hybrid. The performance analysis is based on different metrics of Physical Layer such as Power Consumed in Transmit Mode, Power Consumed in Receive and Idle Modes, and metrics of application layer like Average End to End Delay, Average Jitter, Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio based on the simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is performed over well known network simulator QualNet 6.1. Keywords - MANET, AODV, DYMO, OLSR, PDR
Energy efficiency cross layer protocol for wireless mesh networkIJCNCJournal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel emerging tec
hnology that will change the world more effectively
and efficiently. It is regarded as a highly promisi
ng technology being increasingly important in mobil
e
wireless networks of the future generation. In this
paper, we consider energy management for wireless
mesh networks from a point of view that started rec
ently to attract the attention means the conservati
on of
energy for operational and the environment reasons
which is known as the Green Networking. This paper
discusses different routing protocols to establish
a protocol which considers energy efficiency. The e
xisting
protocols are compared using the basic functions of
routing and the suggest protocol is designed to
overcome some of their shortcomings. We are focusin
g on the conception of the cross-layer routing
protocol that is implemented in TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) wireless mesh networks based
MAC protocol.
Cross layer design for power control and linkIJCNCJournal
Frequent changes in network topology due to mobility and limited battery power of the mobile devices are the key challenges in the adhoc networks. The depletion of power source may cause early unavailability of nodes and thus links in the network. The mobility of nodes causes frequent routes breaks and adversely affects the required performance of the applications. We propose a cross layer design for the dynamic power control protocol and link prediction (DPCPLP) that provides a combined solution for power conservation as well as link availability. This combines the effect of optimum transmit power and received signal strength based link availability estimation with AODV routing protocol using cross layer approach.
This method proposes to use optimum transmit power for transmitting the packets to a neighboring node to
increase the battery life of adhoc nodes and received signal strength based link prediction to increase the
availability of the links. In this paper, the transmit power and received signal strength of the packets are
cross-layer interaction parameters to provide the combined solution for power conservation and reliable
route formation with increased availability of links and thus the routes amongst sources and destinations. Further, this increases network and nodes’ lifetime and capacity. It improves throughput and packet delivery ratio by spatial reuse, prior prediction of link breaks and initiating the route repair. It also reduces
end-to-end delay and power consumption by use of optimum transmit power. Through simulations, we have
shown that our proposed protocol shows better performance.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile ...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (22n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile ...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (2
2n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Evaluation of Energy Consumption of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols ...IJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a distributed, infrastructure-less and decentralized network. A routing
protocol in MANET is used to find routes between mobile nodes to facilitate communication within the
network. Numerous routing protocols have been proposed for MANET. Those routing protocols are
designed to adaptively accommodate for dynamic unpredictable changes in network's topology. The mobile
nodes in MANET are often powered by limited batteries and network lifetime relies heavily on the energy
consumption of nodes. In consequence, the lack of a mobile node can lead to network partitioning. In this
paper we analyse, evaluate and measure the energy efficiency of three prominent MANET routing protocols
namely DSR, AODV and OLSR in addition to modified protocols. These routing protocols follow the
reactive and the proactive routing schemes. A discussion and comparison highlighting their particular
merits and drawbacks are also presented. Evaluation study and simulations are performed using NS-2 and
its accompanying tools for analysis and investigation of results.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Energy Efficient Multipath Routing For Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
1. International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 2, No.3, August 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijitmc.2014.2302 11
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTIPATH ROUTING FOR
MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS
May Cho Aye and Aye Moe Aung
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, University of Technology
(Yatanarpon Cyber City), Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
ABSTRACT
Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In
order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy
consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for
choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy
as energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of mobile
nodes. The objective of our proposed system is to find an optimal route based on two energy metrics while
choosing a route to transfer data packets. This system is implemented by using NS-2.34. Simulation results
show that the proposed routing protocol with transmission power and residual energy control mode can
extend the life-span of network and can achieve higher performance when compared to traditional ad-hoc
on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.
KEYWORDS
AOMDV, energy aware routing, residual energy, transmission power control, energy efficient.
1. INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes with no pre-established
infrastructure forming a temporary network. Each device in a MANET is free to move
independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently.
Because of the limited transmitter range of the nodes, multiple hops may be needed to reach other
nodes. Due to the mobility of the nodes, the structure of the network changes dynamically [1]. In
MANET, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, and so the
determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based on the network
connectivity. Mobile Ad Hoc networks find its application in many areas and are useful for many
cases.
Routing protocols in MANETs are classified under two major fields of protocols: Proactive or
table-driven and Reactive or on-demand. Some of reactive or on-demand protocols are Dynamic
Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Ad-hoc On-
demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing (AOMDV). These protocols employ a minimum-hop
metric for choosing a route and do not consider energy. DSR is a simple and on-demand routing
protocol for MANET. DSR uses source routes to control the forwarding of packets through the
network [2].
2. International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 2, No.3, August 2014
12
AODV [3] is an on-demand routing protocol which is essentially a combination of DSR and
DSDV. In AODV, a route is established only when it is required by a source node for transmitting
data packets. AOMDV is an extension to the AODV protocol; it belongs to on demand and
reactive routing protocol of ad-hoc wireless networks. The main goal is to compute multiple loop-
free and link-disjoint paths between source and destination pair [4].
The efficient node-energy utilization in mobile ad-hoc networks is an essential role. Death of
node due to energy exhausted in ad hoc network leads to the network partition and causes
communication failure in the network. Since energy is limited in wireless mobile ad hoc
networks, designing energy aware routing protocols has become a main issue. The aim of these
protocols is to reduce the energy consumption of the mobile nodes in the network in order to
maximize the lifetime of the network. So, based on a reactive and multipath routing, we propose a
new routing protocol and also consider transmission power of nodes and residual energy as
energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of
mobile nodes.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: In section 2, we present the related works
relevant to our paper. Section 3 describes a detailed description of the proposed system. In section
4, we discuss the simulation analysis and results of the proposed system through simulation
experiments and the section 5 provides the conclusion.
2. RELATED WORKS
There are several researches that have been done for energy efficient routing protocols in wireless
mobile ad hoc network. In this section, we discuss some related works relevant to our paper.
In [5], the authors developed a new routing algorithm which named as ECNC_AODV (Energy
Constraint Node Cache) based routing protocol which is derived from the AODV protocol and
this algorithm is based on the current energy status of each node and the cached node.
The authors in [6] proposed the algorithm which combines two of the energy metrics and
integrates these metrics into AODV in an efficient way so that the Ad hoc network has a greater
life time and the energy consumption across the nodes is reduced.
In [7], the authors suggested an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for mobile ad hoc
networks, called MMRE-AOMDV, which extends the standard AOMDV routing protocol. The
main idea of the protocol is to find the minimal nodal residual energy of each route in the route
selection process and arrange multi-route by descending nodal residual energy. Once a new route
with greater nodal residual energy is emerging, it is reselected to forward rest of the data packets.
It can balance individual node’s energy consumption and hence prolong the entire network’s
lifetime.
The authors [8] proposed an optimized energy aware routing called OEAR which takes into
account energy of the node and the number of packets buffered in the node while selecting the
route. The proposed OEAR finds the most stable path among the existing paths from source to
destination using on-demand routing.
3. International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 2, No.3, August 2014
13
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the traditional AOMDV, it builds multiple paths using RREQs. It does not take into account
the energy for choosing the paths. Here the proposed protocol not only considers residual energy
but also transmission power of nodes in paths selection to maximize the lifetime of networks. The
proposed system consists of three stages:
1. Control transmission power
2. Calculate residual energy
3. System operation
3.1. Transmission Power Control
When a node receives a packet from a neighbor, the channel attenuation is computed as the
difference of the transmitted power Powertxmax and the received power Powerrx. The ideal
transmission power can be calculated as follows:
Powertx = Powertxmax – Powerrx + Sr + Secth (1)
where Sr is the minimal power level required for correct packet reception and Secth is the power
included to overcome the problem of unstable links due to channel fluctuations [9].
In order to find the optimal path, the value P can be defined as follows:
P = maxj mini (RE/Powertx) (2)
The optimum route is determined by using the value of P described above. Among all feasible
paths, we choose the path with the maximum value P as the optimal route for transmitting data
packets. Here RE is the residual energy on the route and Powertx is the transmission power.
3.2. Residual Energy Calculation
The residual energy is the remaining energy at every node which is the energy left after the packet
transmission. The residual energy RE can be calculated by using the following formula
RE = EI – EC(t) (3)
where EI is the initial energy of a node and EC(t) is energy consumed by a node after time t. Total
energy consumption of all nodes is defined as the following equation
TEC = N * Initial Energy – RE (4)
Here N is denoted as the number of nodes used in the network.
3.3. Operation of Proposed AOMDV
We have proposed energy aware on-demand routing protocol for choosing energy efficient path.
The goal of our proposed AOMDV is to find the optimal route which can reduce the energy
consumption of mobile nodes and increase the lifetime of the network. This system discovers the
4. International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 2, No.3, August 2014
14
feasible routes based on residual energy and transmission power of nodes as energy metric. This
new schemes has three phases.
3.3.1. Route Discovery
Our proposed AOMDV protocol performs a route discovery process similar to the original
AOMDV protocol. When a source node wants to send a packet to destination for which it does
not already have a route, it forward a route request (RREQ) packet to all the neighbours across
the network. Two additional fields called transmission power Powertx and residual energy of node
RE are added in the RREQ header information.
The extended Route Request packet of proposed AOMDV is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Extended route request message format of proposed AOMDV
In route discovery phase, the source node initiates the extended RREQ message to the destination
node. When the destination node receives the Route Request (RREQ) packet, it will produce the
Route Reply (RREP) packet and send back to the source node. The RREQ packet will be received
by the intermediate nodes within the range of wireless transmission. If these nodes are not
destination and do not receive the RREQ with the same packet ID, they will forward the RREQ.
In this case, this proposed system applies an energy threshold functions in route discovery, in
order to filter out the nodes with lower residual energy and to reduce the broadcast operations in
route discovery. If the calculated energy value is greater than the threshold value of energy, the
RREQ message forwards to the next neighbour node, otherwise it will be discarded. The
transmission power is computed at every node in the network. When the RREQ message arrive at
next node, the transmission power and residual energy is updated into the route list entries. The
structure of routing table entries for AOMDV and proposed AOMDV are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Routing table entries for traditional AOMDV and proposed AOMDV
SA DA Seq No Hop
Count
Timeout Powertx RE
Traditional AOMDV Proposed AOMDV
Destination Address Destination Address
Sequence Number Sequence Number
Advertised-hop count Advertised-hop count
Route List
{(next hop1, hop count1),
(next hop2, hop
count2),.....}
Route List
{(next hop1, hop count1, Powertx1,
RE1),
(next hop2, hop count2, Powertx2,
RE2),.....}
Expiration time out Expiration time out
5. International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 2, No.3, August 2014
15
3.3.2. Route Selection
In route selection phase, when the source node receives the RREPs packets from the neighbour
nodes, it starts a timer and collects the RREPs during the period. Then the source node begins to
calculate the values P based on the corresponding records in RREPs according to Eq. 2 and
choose the path with the maximum value P as the optimal route. Finally, data packets are sent
through this path with the transmission power recorded in RREP.
3.3.3. Route Maintenance
When a node finds a failure of route, it will send a route error (RERR) packet to the previous
node to indicate the route breakage. The intermediate node which receives this RERR message
informs to the source node. Then the source node will remove the corresponding item from the
routing table and switch to alternate path.
4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1. Simulation Model and Parameters
The system is implemented using NS-2.34 [10] to simulate our proposed algorithm. In our
simulation, the channel capacity of mobile hosts is set to the same value: 2 Mbps. The testing is
done in a simulation environment which is 1000m x 1000m in area and the simulation time is 200
seconds. The speed is set as 5m/s. The simulated traffic is Constant Bit Rate (CBR).
The simulation settings and parameters are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Simulation parameters
Simulator NS-2.34
Routing Protocols Traditional AOMDV,
Proposed AOMDV
Simulation Time (Sec) 200 sec
Simulation Area 1000 m* 1000 m
Number of Nodes 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250
Transmission Range (m) 250 m
Mobility Model Random way point
Maximum Speed 5 m/sec
Connection Rate 5 packets/sec
Data Packet Size 64 bytes
Traffic Source CBR
Initial Energy 100 Joules
6. International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 2, No.3, August 2014
16
4.2. Performance Metrics
The performance of the proposed AOMDV protocol is compared with that of traditional AOMDV
protocol according to the following metrics.
4.2.1. Average Energy Consumption
It is the average energy consumed by all nodes in the network.
4.2.2. End to End Delay
The end to end delay is the average time interval between the generation of a packet at a source
node and the successfully delivery of the packet at the destination node.
4.2.3. Throughput
The throughput is the ratio of the data packets received at the destination to the data
packets sent out from the sources.
4.3. Performance Results
We evaluate the performance of the two protocols in terms of average energy consumption, end
to end delay and throughput as the performance metrics. We compare the proposed protocol
based on transmission power of nodes and residual energy with traditional AOMDV.
Fig. 2 shows that the proposed AOMDV reduces the total energy consumption than conventional
AOMDV even the number of nodes are varied.
Fig. 2. Average Energy Consumption Comparison
In Fig.3, the proposed AOMDV has the lower average end-to-end delay compared to AOMDV
with different number of nodes. It outperforms energy efficient communication.
7. International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 2, No.3, August 2014
17
Fig. 3. Average End-to-End Delay Comparison
Fig.4 shows that the proposed AOMDV is better than original AOMDV based on throughput.
Fig. 4. Throughput Comparison
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for choosing energy
efficient path. The proposed algorithm considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy
to extend the network lifetime and reduce the energy consumption of mobile nodes. This system
is provided to reduce energy consumption and end to end delay to improve the network lifetime
and throughput.