Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
Five senses are eyesight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: Repetitive stimuli catches attention more.
BY.........RAGHAV KR. Movement: Moving objects draw more attention than rest.
Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Concept of perception, Definition of perception, Nature of perception, Picture of perception, Different perceptual barriers, Perceptual process, develop perceptual skills in manager.
Organizational Change & Development ppt-1.pdfRaghavjha37
When there is a difference in our previous condition, it is called a change.
For ex: earlier work was done in a factory manually, but the same is now
done with the help of electronic machine. This has brought a change in the
earlier condition of workers working in this factory.
Any alteration which occurs in the overall work environment of an
organization.
In other words, change means of alteration of status quo or making things
difference.
When there is a difference in our previous condition, it is called a change.
For ex: earlier work was done in a factory manually, but the same is now
done with the help of electronic machine. This has brought a change in the
earlier condition of workers working in this factory.
Any alteration which occurs in the overall work environment of an
organization.
In other words, change means of alteration of status quo or making things
difference.
The term power refers to the capacity or ability to influence
the behavior of others to get the desire result (output).
Bases of power(Sources of Power)
Positional Power: Positional power also known as formal power,
emerges from the position held by individual in an organization.
Legitimate power: It is derived from the position a person hold in an
organization, e.g. managing director, C.E.O, general manager etc. By
holding that power one is able to influence the behavior of others.
Reward power : It is based on influencer’s ability to
Control the allocation of resources and rewards.
Control the Salaries, wages, commissions etc.
Coercive power: It is based on influencer’s ability to punish the
employees for not carrying out orders. It also includes
Power of application of physical sanctions.
Restriction on movement, controlling satisfaction of basic need like, food,
comfort etc, suspension, dismissal
Information power: comes from the access to Information needed by
others. The person who have sensitive information, can use this
information to influence the behavior of others.
Politics
Those activities in the organization that are not required as
part of one’s formal role in the organization, but, it attempts
to influence the distribution of advantages & disadvantages
within the organization.
It is a way people gain and use power in an organization.
Some political activities are:
Withholding information from decision makers
Spreading rumours
Leaking confidential information
Making alliances
Whistle blowing
Concept of perception, Definition of perception, Nature of perception, Picture of perception, Different perceptual barriers, Perceptual process, develop perceptual skills in manager.
Organizational Change & Development ppt-1.pdfRaghavjha37
When there is a difference in our previous condition, it is called a change.
For ex: earlier work was done in a factory manually, but the same is now
done with the help of electronic machine. This has brought a change in the
earlier condition of workers working in this factory.
Any alteration which occurs in the overall work environment of an
organization.
In other words, change means of alteration of status quo or making things
difference.
When there is a difference in our previous condition, it is called a change.
For ex: earlier work was done in a factory manually, but the same is now
done with the help of electronic machine. This has brought a change in the
earlier condition of workers working in this factory.
Any alteration which occurs in the overall work environment of an
organization.
In other words, change means of alteration of status quo or making things
difference.
The term power refers to the capacity or ability to influence
the behavior of others to get the desire result (output).
Bases of power(Sources of Power)
Positional Power: Positional power also known as formal power,
emerges from the position held by individual in an organization.
Legitimate power: It is derived from the position a person hold in an
organization, e.g. managing director, C.E.O, general manager etc. By
holding that power one is able to influence the behavior of others.
Reward power : It is based on influencer’s ability to
Control the allocation of resources and rewards.
Control the Salaries, wages, commissions etc.
Coercive power: It is based on influencer’s ability to punish the
employees for not carrying out orders. It also includes
Power of application of physical sanctions.
Restriction on movement, controlling satisfaction of basic need like, food,
comfort etc, suspension, dismissal
Information power: comes from the access to Information needed by
others. The person who have sensitive information, can use this
information to influence the behavior of others.
Politics
Those activities in the organization that are not required as
part of one’s formal role in the organization, but, it attempts
to influence the distribution of advantages & disadvantages
within the organization.
It is a way people gain and use power in an organization.
Some political activities are:
Withholding information from decision makers
Spreading rumours
Leaking confidential information
Making alliances
Whistle blowing
Personality is the relative permanent set of
Psychological and Behavioral attributes that distinguish
one person from another.
It also includes physiological characteristics like
external appearance as well as behavior of individual.
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and
interacts with others.
Determinants of personality
There are various factors that help a personality to develop. The
following are the some of the major determinants of personality:
Biological factors: The biological features related to the
formation of body plays vital role in development of
personality. These are:
Heredity
Brain
Physical Features
Heredity: Physical Structure, Facial looks, Muscle composition, energy level,
temperament are the some of the characteristics that are acquired from parents. These
heredity factors play vital role in overall personality development.
By - Raghav Sir
Determinants of personality
Brain: Brain also play role the development of personality. The person who have
their right hemisphere stronger are more artistic, spiritual and emotional in nature.
Those whose left hemisphere stronger are more logical, controlled and leadership
in quality.
Physical features: Height, Weight, Color, features also have some influence on the
personality.
Family & social factors: Child’s first interaction starts with
mother and later on with other member of family and society. He tries
to acquire certain qualities of his parents, neighbors and friends.
Following family & social factors contributes to personality:
Home environment
By - Raghav Sir
Determinants of personality
Home environment
Family members
Social groups: A child also identifies himself with a person whom he
considers as a model (e.g. Actors, Actress, Leaders. Etc.). He wants
to be like his model and he takes on the attributes of that model.
Cultural factors: The culture in which we are conditioned, the norms
of our society, values and beliefs also influences our personality. Each
culture expect and trains its members to behave in the ways that are
acceptable to the society.
Situational factors: It is said that experience is the greatest teacher.
People may acquire knowledge, skills an languages from situational
experiences. People learn from the situation and acquire traits as per
situational requirements. Situational approach of organizational behavior,
situation is an important factor in determining behavior.
A relatively permanent change in behavior of a person that occurs as a result of a his
direct or indirect (experience) interactions with the environment.
The behavioral change must be relatively permanent.
The change in behavior may be both good or bad
Nature/Features of Learning
Change in behavior
Change should be permanent
Change should be based upon some experience, practice or training.
Learning is reflected in behavior
Change in behavior may be both good or bad
Everything can be learned
A group refers to a body of individuals consisting of two or more
persons who interact with each other on regular basis to accomplish a
common goal.
FEATURES OF A GROUP
Two or more persons
Interaction with each other
Common Goal
Interact Regularly
Collective identity
Shared goal interest
TYPES OF GROUPS
Primary & Secondary groups
Primary groups: few persons having common identity, values, interests & goals. E.g: family,
group of close friends, etc.
Secondary groups: collection few primary groups hence large group, weak inter-personal
relations & unity of purpose. Eg: a country, village & an organization.
Small & large groups
Formal & Informal groups
Formal Group: It refers to a group formed by the management (organization) to achieve the
objective of organizational.
Informal Groups: It refers to a group which is randomly formed by the workers by its own,
because of common interest and liking among the members of a formal group.
Membership Group: Member ship group means a group which has actually members of it.
e.g., Club is an example of membership group. If any person wants to join the club he has to
obtain its membership.
Reference Group: A reference group is a group to which we compare ourselves regardless of
whether we are the part of that group or not.
“Organisation Behaviour is concerned with the study of what people do in an organisation and how that behaviour affects the performance of the organisation.”
It is a branch of social science that seeks to build theories that can be applied to predicting, directing & controlling human behavior in an organization.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Definition
Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
Five senses are eyesight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
BY.........RAGHAV KR.
3. Process of Perception
BY.........RAGHAV KR.
Objects
Events
People
Attitudes
Opinions
Feelings
Behavior
Values
Inputs/
Stimuli
Throughputs/
Mechanism
Outputs
Selection
Organization
Interpretation
4. Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
BY.........RAGHAV KR.
5. Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: Repetitive stimuli catches attention more.
Movement: Moving objects draw more attention than rest.
BY.........RAGHAV KR.
6. Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Halo effect
one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.
7. Application of perception in
OB
Employment interview
Performance Appraisal
Employee Efforts
Employee Loyalty.
