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Learn Key Learning Theories and Concepts
- 2. Definition A relatively permanent change in behavior of a person that occurs as a result of a his direct or indirect (experience) interactions with the environment. The behavioral change must be relatively permanent. The change in behavior may be both good or bad.
- 3. Nature/Features of Learning Change in behavior Change should be permanent Change should be based upon some experience, practice or training. Learning is reflected in behavior Change in behavior may be both good or bad Everything can be learned
- 4. Factors affecting learning Motivation of a learner Mental set of a learner to be prepared to learn. Learning materials- quality, easiness, meaningfulness Practice – is a very basic condition for learning Environment -in which learning occurs.
- 5. Learning theories: Ivan Pavlov-Russian psychologist Behavior is learned by repetitive association between a stimulus and a response.(S-R association) Unconditioned stimulus-invariably causes reaction in a specific way Unconditioned response- reaction to the unconditional stimulus Conditioned stimulus- Artificial stimulus Conditioned response- Reaction to the conditional stimulus alone Classical Conditioning Theory
- 7. Summary of the theory Learning is a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned and an unconditioned response.
- 8. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner, a Havard psychologist. Operant means behavior that produces some result. It is a type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or to prevents a punishment. People emit responses that are rewarded and will not emit responses that are either not rewarded or punished. The tendency to repeat such behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of it, brought about by the consequences of the behavior.
- 9. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning stimulus Response Promotion Work Hard Innovation Praised Feels Happy Greeted by Friends
- 10. Cognitive Theory Tolman is widely recognized as a cognitive theorist Cognition refers to person‘s ideas, thoughts, knowledge, interpretations and understanding about himself & his environment. Cognitive learning involves learn by reason, intuition and perception. Behavior is goal directed.
- 11. Social learning theory Social learning theory(Bandura)- states that learning is a continuous interaction between the individual and the particular social environment in which he/she functions. People learn from one another via, observation, imitation and modelling. Its an extension of operant conditioning. It emphasizes on model learning.