This document discusses perception and its role in management. It defines perception as how individuals interpret and make sense of their sensory impressions to understand their environment. The key aspects covered include: 1. The perception process involves receiving, selecting, organizing sensory stimuli to form a picture of the environment. This picture varies from reality. 2. Factors like the perceiver's characteristics, the target/stimulus characteristics, and the situation influence individual perceptions. 3. Perceptual organization principles like figure-ground, proximity and constancy help individuals make sense of stimuli. 4. Managing perceptions accurately involves seeking diverse information, avoiding biases, and influencing others' perceptions when needed.

1. PRESENTED BY:-
SHIWANI SINGH {18MBA(FM)015}
ASHRAYA RANJAN
JENA{18MBA(FM)027}
GUIDED BY:-
Prof. PRADYOT
KESHARI PRADHAN

2.  Introduction
 Definition
 Sensation Vs Perception
 Element in perception
 Perception process
 Individual perception
 Sub process of perception
 Factors influencing perception
 Factor involve affecting perception
 Perceptual organisation or perception in management
 Attribution Theory
 Barriers to perceptual accuracy
 When perception fail
 Managing the perception process
 Social perception

3. Perception has been derived from the Latin
word “Perceptio”. Perception includes all those
processes by which an individual receives
information about his environment seeing,
hearing, feeling, tasting, and smelling . All the
processes are important , but the first three i.e;
seeing, hearing, and feeling are the dominant
senses.
Thus, Perception basically refers to the
manner in which a person experiences the world.

4. Perception may be defined as a process by which
individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment.

5. SENSATION PERCEPTION
 People use their sensory
organs to sense.
 Sense receive stimuli
both within and outside
the body.
 The sorting out
interpretation, analysis
and integration of
stimuli involving our
sense organs and brain.

7.  Involvement of an individual
 Process
 Receiving, selecting & organising sensory
stimuli & data
 Yield a picture of the movement
 That picture varies between the reality & just
opposite to the environment.

10. A number of stimuli are constantly confronting
people in the form of information object, events
,people etc in the environment. These serve as the
input of perceptual process.
For instance, a few of the stimuli affecting
the sense are the noise of the air coolers the sound
of there other people talking and moving, outside
noises from the vehicular traffic or a street repair
shop or a loud speaker playing some where the
impact of the total environmental situation.

11. Perceptual selectivity means that refers to a
tendency to select certain objects from the
environment for attention. The factors affecting
perceptual selection may be both internal and
external factors.

12. Emphasizes on the subsequent
activities that take place in the
perceptual process after a stimulus is
received.

13. Perception interpretation is an integral part of the
perception process. Without interpretation,
selection and organization of information do not
make any sense. In fact perception is said to have
taken place only after the data have been
interpreted.

14. Perceptual outputs encompass all that results
from the throughput process. These would
include such factors as one’s attitudes, opinions,
feelings, values & behaviours resulting from the
perceptual inputs & throughputs

16. INDIVIDUALS
PERCEPTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TARGET
(PERCEIVED NATURE)
NATURE
SIZE
APPEARANCE
LOCATION
PERCEIVERS
CHARACTERISTICS
NEEDS
EXPERIENCES
VALUES
ATTITUDES
PERSONALITY
SITUATIONAL
FACTORS
PHYSICAL SETTING
SOCIAL SETTING
ORGANISATIONAL
SETTING

18. A. Perceiver
B. Target
A. Situation

19. EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
 Intensity
 Size
 Contrast
 Repetition
 Motion
 Novelty & familiarity
 Beliefs
 Expectations
 Inner needs
 Response disposition
 Response salience
 Perceptual defence

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF
SITUATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PERCEIVER
 Strategic situation need
 Additional & talented
inputs from manager as
well as their
subordinates in the
process of decision
making.
 Needs & motive
 Self concept
 Past experiences
 Current psychological
or emotional state

21.  Figure ground
 Perceptual grouping
 Social identity
 Perceptual constancy
 Prioritizing & simplifying

22. Perceptual organisation deals with the manner in
which selected stimuli are organized in order to make
sense out of them. These are 3 principles.
1. Figure Ground Principle: The principle tells that
what we consider as figure and what as ground.
2. Perceptual Grouping : grouping is the tendency
to curb individual stimuli into meaningful
patterns.
 Similarity : The principle of similarity states that
the greater the similarity of the stimuli, the greater
the tendency to perceive them as a common group.

23.  Proximity: The principle of proximity or nearness
states that a group of stimuli that are close together
will be perceived as a whole pattern of parts
belonging together.
 Closure: It relates to the tendencies of the people to
perceive objects as a whole, even when some parts
of the object are missing.
 Continuity: The continuity principle says that a
person will tend to perceive continuous line of
pattern.

24. 3. Perceptual constancy : this principle permits the
individual to have some constancy or stability in a
tremendously variable & highly complex world.
 Shape constancy: The top of a glass bottle is seen as
circular whether we view it from the side or from
the top.
 Size constancy: When an object is moved farther
away from us we tend to see it as more or less
unvariant in size.
 Colour constancy: It implies that familiar object are
perceived to be of the same colour in varied
conditions. The owner of a red car sees it as red in
the bright as well as dull light.

27. PERCEPTION IN
MANAGEMENT
Perceptual organisation
Emphasizes on the
subsequent activities
that takes place in the
perceptual process
after a stimulus is
received

29. STEREOTYPES- It is the tendency to perceive
another person as belonging to a single class or
category

30. hallucination
Illusions
Negative self fulfilling prophecies

31.  Process of combining , integrating and
interpreting information about to gain an
accurate understanding of them.

32.  Have a high level of awareness
 Seek information from various sources to
confirm and disconfirm personal impressions
of a decision
 Be empathetic
 Influence perception of other people when they
are drawing incorrect or incomplete
impressions of events in the work setting.
 Avoid common perceptual distortions that bias
our views of people and situations
 Avoid inappropriate attributions