This document discusses perception and attribution theory. It defines perception as the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. Attribution theory examines how people construct meaning from events and make attributions about causes. There are several types of attribution errors that can occur, including the fundamental attribution error of overemphasizing internal factors for others' behaviors. The document also discusses concepts like selective perception, halo effect, stereotyping, and projection. Learning is defined as the modification of behavior through experience, and principles of learning include readiness, exercise, effect, primacy, and recency. Cognitive learning theory examines an individual's thoughts and interpretations, while social learning emphasizes learning through observing others.

1. Perception
The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through
the senses.

4. Perceptual Process

5. Perceptual Process

6. Factors Affecting Perception
 The Perceiver
 The Target
 The Situation

8. Attribution theory
Attribution Theory says how the average person constructs the
meaning of an event based on his / her motives to find a cause and
his/her knowledge of the environment.

10. Attribution error is basically concerned with making mistakes
while understanding the situation and showing certain
behaviour. Since individuals are not perfect, they show different
behaviour in the same situation. It results in perceptual
difference among individuals.
Attribution Error

11. Types of Attribution Error
There are three types of attribution error described below.
1. Fundamental Attribution Error
2. Self Serving Bias
3. Other Perceptual Errors
a. Selective Perception
b. Halo Effect
c. Contrast Effect
d. Stereotyping
e. Projection
f. Primary and Regency Effect

12. 1) Fundamental Attribution Error
The Fundamental Attribution Error concerns the judgment made
focusing internal factors rather than external factors. Here,
people underestimate the influence of external factors and
overestimate the influence of internal factors while judging
others. It is popular among individualistic culture.

16. Self Serving Bias
The self-serving bias describes when we attribute positive
events and successes to our own character or actions, but
blame negative results to external factors unrelated to our
character.

18. Selective Perception
It selects only some of the stimuli to judge others. In reality it is
not possible due to lack of knowledge and interest. People may
analyse and response only on basis of their interest, attitude,
experience, and expectation.

19. Halo Effect
It draws general impressions on the basis of only one
single characteristic. The person perceives on basis of
single traits like intelligence,, punctuality appearance,
cooperativeness etc
First impression based on physical
character

20. Contrast Effect
It is the process of evaluating or comparing other people on the
basis of other people who are recently encountered. Here, person
efficiency is evaluated by comparing efficiency and traits of
recently faced candidates by evaluators. It is used generally in
taking interviews with new applicants.

23. Stereotyping
Stereotyping is judging someone or the whole community on the
basis of one’s own perception of a single person. Eg: All boys are
wrong (if one boy is wrong).

24. Projection
Projection is the tendency to see one’s own traits on others or one’s own
personal traits are assigned to others. Individuals project their own
feeling, personality, characteristics, attitude or motives on others.

25. Rukmini wrote first love letter to
Shree Krishna and the last …?

26. Primary and Regency Effect
Primary effect is concerned with the first impression of the
perceiver. It considers approaches of first impression as
the last impression. A person with some specific quality
and efficiency can provide immediate impression on the
perceiver.

27. Other Personal Errors
There are many shortcuts for subject error while judging others.
Do it is useful to make perception rapidly and provide authentic
information to predict behaviour search shortcut technique
create problem and difficulty as they lack analysis.

28. Attribution Theory basically looks at how people make sense of
their world; what cause and effect inferences they make about the
behaviours of others and of themselves
Concept and principles of learning
Learning is basically psychological in nature and a few definitions offered
by psychologists are given below:
1. Gates: Learning is modification of behaviour through experience.
2. Skinner: Learning is a process of progressive behaviour adaptation.
3. Crow and Crow: Learning involves the acquisition of habits,
knowledge, and attitude.

31. Principles of Learning
Readiness- degree of willingness
Exercise – repeating helps to remember
Effect – happy mood will be effective
Primacy – first impression is last impression
Recency – recently learned will be effective
Intensity – intensely learn not by force
Freedom – free learning not by pressure

32. Intensely
taken photo
of apple
farming in
Mustang

34. cognitive learning theory
Cognition refers to an individual’s thoughts, knowledge of
interpretations, understandings, or ideas about himself, and his
environment

37. social learning
also called observational learning, stresses the
ability of an individual to learn by observing what
happens to other people