pellets can be defined as multi particulate system or multiunit system
They are spherical particulates manufactured by agglomeration of the powder granules containing drug substance and excipients.
Pellets can be prepared by a special technique called Pelletization.
This technique is referred to an agglomeration process that convert fine powder or granules of bulk drug or excipient in to small , free flowing , spherical or semi spherical pellets .
Multi particular drug delivery system especially suitable for achieving controlled delay released oral formulation with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time.
Multi particulate drug delivery system are mainly oral dosage form consisting of a multiplicity of small discrete units each exhibiting some desire characteristics.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
Pharmaceutical aerosols have been playing a crucial role in the health and wellbeing of millions of people throughout the world for many years. These products include pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, sublingual’s, skin sprays (coolants, anaesthetics, etc.) and dental sprays. The technology’s continual advancement, the ease of use, and the more desirable pulmonary-rather-than-needle delivery for systemic drugs has increased the attraction for the pharmaceutical aerosol in recent years.
Many of the tests required for the evaluation of MDIs are similar to those used for other dosage forms. These include description, identification, and assay of the active ingredient; microbial limits; moisture content; net weight, degradation products and impurities (if any); extractable; and any other tests deemed appropriate for the active ingredient.
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
Legal and official requirement of container, packaging Dheeraj Saini
Here we discuss, the following subject topics
1. Official and legal requirements of container
2. Types of packing
3. Material used in packing or container
4. Label
5. Labelling techniques
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
Pharmaceutical aerosols have been playing a crucial role in the health and wellbeing of millions of people throughout the world for many years. These products include pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, sublingual’s, skin sprays (coolants, anaesthetics, etc.) and dental sprays. The technology’s continual advancement, the ease of use, and the more desirable pulmonary-rather-than-needle delivery for systemic drugs has increased the attraction for the pharmaceutical aerosol in recent years.
Many of the tests required for the evaluation of MDIs are similar to those used for other dosage forms. These include description, identification, and assay of the active ingredient; microbial limits; moisture content; net weight, degradation products and impurities (if any); extractable; and any other tests deemed appropriate for the active ingredient.
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
Legal and official requirement of container, packaging Dheeraj Saini
Here we discuss, the following subject topics
1. Official and legal requirements of container
2. Types of packing
3. Material used in packing or container
4. Label
5. Labelling techniques
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
This presentation gives brief information on pelletization, significance of pelletization. Information also cover on formulation aspects of pellets and different existing methods of production of pellets.
An emulsion is similar to a suspension only in that it is a mixture of two components. That is where the similarities end, however. Unlike a suspension, which can consist of two components of any phase, an emulsion is a mixture of two liquids.
zebrafish are a workhorse as a translatable research model. And there are a multitude of assays in which they’ve shown promise.
The zebrafish is perhaps one of the most frequently used model organisms for genetic and developmental studies. The zebrafish is known for its unique regenerative abilities and rapid embryonic development.
The scientific name of zebrafish is Danio rerio and it belongs to the minnow family, Cyprinidae. The fish got its common name from the presence of five uniform and pigmented horizontal stripes on the side of its body, which resemble the stripes of a zebra. The characteristic stripes of zebrafish are blue in colour and they extend from the gill cover to the end of the caudal fin.
Scientists use fluorescent proteins as markers to more easily identify certain processes or reactions during microscopy research. Green fluorescent proteins (GFP), are used to create chimeric proteins which can be expressed in cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Using directed mutagenesis, fluorescence can emit in multiple wavelengths.
Fluorescent proteins are critical to research involving embryonic and larval zebrafish since they are transparent and develop nearly all organs and musculoskeletal structures six days after fertilization. Transparent embryos thus allow researchers to observe organs or tissues marked with tissue specific expressions of fluorescent proteins as they develop. Dozens of transgenic zebrafish lines have been created which express fluorescent proteins in organs, glands, and other bodily structures.
Regulatory Affairs is a profession which has developed from the desire of governments to protect public health, by controlling the safety and efficacy of products in areas including pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, medical devices, pesticides, agrochemicals, cosmetics and complementary medicines.
Emollients are moisturising treatments applied directly to the skin to soothe and hydrate it. They cover the skin with a protective film to trap in moisture.
Emollients are often used to help manage dry, itchy or scaly skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis.
Emollients are available as:
Lotions – good for hairy or damaged areas of skin (such as weeping eczema) as they are thin and spread easily, but they're not very moisturising
Sprays – good for hard-to-reach areas and for sore or infected skin that shouldn't be touched; quickly absorbed
Creams – good for daytime use as they're not very greasy and are absorbed quickly
Ointments – good for very dry, thickened skin and for night-time use as they are greasy, thick and very moisturising; they're usually free of preservatives so are suitable for sensitive skin, but they shouldn't be used on weeping eczema
Bath Oils and Shower Products
Soap Substitutes
Leave-on emollients
Emollient lotions, sprays, creams and ointments should be applied directly to the skin. They should be smoothed, not rubbed, into the skin gently and in the same direction that your hair grows, to help prevent hair follicles from getting blocked.
They can be used to replace lost moisture whenever your skin feels dry or tight. They are very safe and you can't overuse them.
You may need to experiment with different emollients or try a combination. For example, you may decide to use a cream during the day and an ointment at night.
Leave-on emollients
Emollient lotions, sprays, creams and ointments should be applied directly to the skin. They should be smoothed, not rubbed, into the skin gently and in the same direction that your hair grows, to help prevent hair follicles from getting blocked.
They can be used to replace lost moisture whenever your skin feels dry or tight. They are very safe and you can't overuse them.
You may need to experiment with different emollients or try a combination. For example, you may decide to use a cream during the day and an ointment at night.
Leave-on emollients
Emollient lotions, sprays, creams and ointments should be applied directly to the skin. They should be smoothed, not rubbed, into the skin gently and in the same direction that your hair grows, to help prevent hair follicles from getting blocked.
They can be used to replace lost moisture whenever your skin feels dry or tight. They are very safe and you can't overuse them.
You may need to experiment with different emollients or try a combination. For example, you may decide to use a cream during the day and an ointment at night.
Leave-on emollients
Emollient lotions, sprays, creams and ointments should be applied directly to the skin. They should be smoothed, not rubbed, into the skin gently and in the same direction that your hair grows, to help prevent hair follicles from getting blocked.
They can be used to replace lost moisture whenever your skin feels dry or tight.
Thalidomide was first developed by CIBA, a Swiss pharmaceutical company in the early 1950s, and subsequently introduced as Contergan by Chemi Grunenthal.
The drug was initially advertised as a sedative which would allow users to undergo a deep sleep in the absence of a hangover and with a reduced risk of developing drug dependency. At the time, basic testing was done on the drug, and it was considered not to have any toxic effects on humans.
However, unlike today’s level of rigorous testing, the drug was not analyzed for any potentially dangerous teratogenic effects.
In the 1950s, scientists did not know that the effects of a drug could be passed through the placental barrier and harm a foetus in the womb, so the use of medications during pregnancy was not strictly controlled. And in the case of thalidomide, no tests were done involving pregnant women.
As the drug was traded under so many different names in 49 countries, it took five years for the connection between thalidomide taken by pregnant women and the impact on their children to be made. A UK Government warning was not issued until May 1962.
One reason why researchers and doctors were slow to make this connection was due to the wide range of changes to foetal development. Limbs, internal organs including the brain, eyesight and hearing could all be affected.The first time the link between thalidomide and its impact on development was made public in a letter published in The Lancet from an Australian doctor William McBride, in 1961.
The drug was formally withdrawn by Chemie Grünenthal on 26 November 1961 and a few days later, on 2 December 1961, the UK distributors followed suit. However, it remained in many medicine cabinets under many different names.
In the few short years that thalidomide was available, it's estimated that over 10,000 babies were affected by the drug worldwide. Around half died within months of being born. The thalidomide babies who survived and their families live with the effects of the drug.
The Thalidomide Society was formed in 1962 by the parents of children affected by the drug thalidomide. The original aim of the Society was to provide mutual support and a social network as well as to seek compensation.
In 1972, a highly publicised campaign led by the Sunday Times newspaper helped to secure a further settlement for children affected by thalidomide in the UK.
Thalidomide forced governments and medical authorities to review their pharmaceutical licencing policies. As a result, changes were made to the way drugs were marketed, tested and approved both in the UK and across the world.
One key change was that drugs intended for human use could no longer be approved purely on the basis of animal testing. And drug trials for substances marketed to pregnant women also had to provide evidence that they were safe for use in pregnancy.
Anagen :
Anagen is the active growth stage of hair.
During the anagen stage the hair contain it’s highest amount of melanin.
This stage is lasts between 3-6 years.
Catagen:
Catagen is a transition stage in which the hair stops growing but the hair is not shed.
During this stage the follicle is being reabsorbed .
This stage lasts 2-3 weeks.
Telogen:
Telegen is a resting stage during which the follicle receds and the hair begin to fall in preparation for the development of new hair.
This stage lasts between 6-8 weeks.
Anagen:
The hair growth cycle continues as anagen begins again.
The old hair has shed and a new follicle has formed.
A new hair begins growing to replace the hair that was shed.
What is Health?
Acc. to WHO 1948, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is Disease?
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
What is “Germ theory of Disease”?
The germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the growth and reproduction of specific microorganisms within a host body.
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
Confidentiality can be defined as the
ethical principle or legal right that a
physician or other health professional will
hold secret all information relating to a
patient, unless the patient gives consent
permitting disclosure.
Types of crystals & Application of x raykajal pradhan
some basic information:-
A crystal lattice is a 3-D arrangement of unit cells.
Unit cell is the smallest unit of a crystal, By stacking identical unit cells, the entire lattice can be constructed
A crystal’s unit cell dimensions are defined by six numbers, the lengths of the 3 axes, a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles, α, β and γ.
If a unit cell has the same type of atom at the corners of the unit cell but not also in the middle of the faces nor in the centre of the cell, it is called primitive and given by symbol P
7 types of crystal system details
14 bravis lattice
APPLICATION X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
1. Structure of crystals
2. Polymer characterisation
3. State of anneal in metals
4. Particle size determination
a) Spot counting method
b) Broadening of diffraction lines
c) Low-angle scattering
5.Applications of diffraction methods to complexes
a) Determination of cis- trans isomerism
b) Determination of linkage isomerism
6.Miscellaneous applications
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. Presented and Prepared by :Ms. Kajal A. Pradhan
Assistant professor
B. Pharm. , M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutics)
2. What is pellets?
Mechanism of pellets
Multi unit dosage system
Pelletization techniques
Advantages of pellets
Disadvantages of pellets
Pelletization techniques
Factors affecting of pellets
Evaluation parameters
Application of pellets
Current products of pellets
Reference
2
3. Pellets can be defined as multi unit particulate system these are free
flowing, spherical particulates manufactured by agglomeration of fine
powders granules of drug substances and excipients by using
appropriate processing equipment.
Size – 0.5-1.5mm.
Due to it size and shape it is used as injections and oral drug delivery
system.
3
4. An innovative use of pellet in pharmaceutical
field:
Improve aesthetic appearance of products.
Achieve control release rate of drugs when coated with polymers.
Improve flow properties and flexibility in formulation
development and manufacturing.
It has less variance in transient time through the gastro intestinal
tract (GIT) than a single unit dosage form like tablet.
4
5. Pellets can be prepared by a special technique called
Pelletization.
This technique is referred to an agglomeration process that
convert fine powder or granules of bulk drug or excipient in
to small , free flowing , spherical or semi spherical pellets .
This technique is needed to produce pellets of uniform size
with high drug loading capacity and also prevent segregation
and dust.
5
6. Before Selection and optimization of any Pelletization/granulation
process, it is important to understand the fundamental mechanisms of
pellet formation and growth:
I. Nucleation phase
II. Coalescence phase
III. Layering phase
IV. Abrasion transfer phase
6
8. Multi particular drug delivery system especially suitable for achieving
controlled delay released oral formulation with low risk of dose
dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as
well as reproducible and short gastric residence time.
Multi particulate drug delivery system are mainly oral dosage form
consisting of a multiplicity of small discrete units each exhibiting some
desire characteristics
8
10. Multi particulate less dependent on gastric emptying , resulting in less
inter and intra subject variability in gastrointestinal transit time also
better distributed and likely to cause local irritation
Benefits of multi particulate dosage form such as:
increases bioavailability
reduce risk of system toxicity
reduce risk of local irritation
10
11. Many reason of multi particulate system eg : to facilitate disintegration
in stomach or to provide a convenient fast disintegration tablet that
dissolves in water before swallowing which can aid compliance in
older patient and children
After disintegration which occurs with in few minutes often within few
seconds , the individual subunits particulate pass rapidly through the
GIT .
11
If this subunit have diameter less than 2mm they are able to leave
the stomach continuously even if the pylorus is closed.
These result in lower intra and inter individual variability in plasma
levels and bioavailability.
12. Mechanism of multi particulate
dosage system are as follow:
Diffusion
Erosion
osmosis
12
13. Preheating of core particle was done.
The drug solution was loaded over core particle and dried.
Drug loaded pellets was sifted through the sieve.
The enteric sustain or controlled released polymer was
dissolved in a solvent to prepare a coating solution.
Solution was sprayed over drug loaded pellets and dried.
This coated pellets was then compressed along with other
excipients to prepare the MUPS tablets.
13
15. Improve appearance of product.
Pellets are of small size and have good flow ability compare
to powder form.
Ease of handling, such as filling into capsules.
Different release profiles at different sites in the
Gastrointestinal tract.
Protection against degradation of active ingredients by
oxidation or moisture by providing film coating
High degree of patient acceptance when filled in capsules
due to their elegance as compared to tablets.
High drug loading capacity without producing large
particles.
15
16. Pellets filling involve capsule filling which can increase the
costs.
Tableting of pellets destroy film coating on the pellets.
The size of the pellets may vary formulation to formulation
but usually is in range of 0.05 mm and 2 mm.
16
19. Balling:Liquid in required amount is added prior to or during agitation stage to
finely divided particles and this mass under continuous rolling or tumbling
motion results in spherical particles. Equipment used is pans, discs, drums, or
mixers.
19
Compression :Pelletization process in which mixtures or blends of active
ingredients and excipients are compacted under pressure to obtain pellets of
definite shape and size . These pellets are of narrow size distribution and can
be filled into capsules.
20. Dry mixing
• All ingredients are mixed in order to form
homogenous mixture
Wet mixing
• The powder are wet mixed to form sufficiently
plastic mask
Extrusion stage
• Wet mass is shaped into cylindrical segments with a
uniform diameter
Spheronization stage
• Small cylinders are rolled into spheres(spheroids)
20
24. A process droplets of liquid formulation are converted in
solid spherical particles or pellets by using liquid nitrogen as
the fixing medium at 160⁰C.
24
26. 1. Moisture content
2. Rheological characteristics
3. Solubility of excipients and drugs in granulating fluid
4. Composition of granulation fluids
5. Physical properties of starting materials
6. Speed of Spheronizer
7. Extrusion screen
26
27. 1. Particle size distribution
2. Surface area
3. Porosity
4. Density
5. Hardness and friability
6. Tensile strength
27
28. Taste masking.
Immediate release.
Sustained release.
Chemically incompatible products.
Varying dosage without reformulation.
As a self emulsifying pellets.
Pectin film coated based pellets for site specific target delivery .
Gastro retentive floating pellets.
Fast meting pellets in mouth.
28
29. A. “PELLETS FOR CAPSULE/TABLET DOSAGE FORMS”
29
I. Enteric Coated/Delayed Release Pellets
1. Aspirin
2. Diclofenac sodium
II. Extended Release/Time Release/Sustained Release and Controlled Release
Pellets
1. Diclofenac Sodium
2. Diclofenac Potassium
3. Venlafaxine HCl
