Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
In statically induced emf, conductor is stationary with respect to the magnetic field.
Transformer is an example of statically induced emf. Here the windings are stationary,magnetic field is moving around the conductor and produces the emf.
Ekeeda Provides Online Electrical and Electronics Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
A few basics about magnetism and Alternating currents.
Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their second module for the subject EE100 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Magnetic Circuits, Self and Mutual
inductances, dot convention, impedance, reactance concept, Impedance transformation and
coupled circuits, co-efficient of coupling, equivalent T for Magnetically coupled circuits,
Ideal Transformer.
Drives lec 19_20_Characteristics of a 1-Ph Full Converter fed Separately Exci...Mohammad Umar Rehman
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Laboratory session in Physics II subject for September 2016-January 2017 semester in Yachay Tech University (Ecuador). Topic covered: electricity, magnetism
Based on Bruna Regalado's work
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
In statically induced emf, conductor is stationary with respect to the magnetic field.
Transformer is an example of statically induced emf. Here the windings are stationary,magnetic field is moving around the conductor and produces the emf.
Ekeeda Provides Online Electrical and Electronics Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
A few basics about magnetism and Alternating currents.
Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their second module for the subject EE100 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Magnetic Circuits, Self and Mutual
inductances, dot convention, impedance, reactance concept, Impedance transformation and
coupled circuits, co-efficient of coupling, equivalent T for Magnetically coupled circuits,
Ideal Transformer.
Drives lec 19_20_Characteristics of a 1-Ph Full Converter fed Separately Exci...Mohammad Umar Rehman
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Laboratory session in Physics II subject for September 2016-January 2017 semester in Yachay Tech University (Ecuador). Topic covered: electricity, magnetism
Based on Bruna Regalado's work
Electricity and magnetism are different facets of electromagnetism
a moving electric charge produces magnetic fields
changing magnetic fields move electric charges
This connection first elucidated by Faraday, Maxwell
Einstein saw electricity and magnetism as frame-dependent facets of unified electromagnetic force
Drives lec 17_18_Continuous and Discontinuous Operating Modes of DC Drive Mohammad Umar Rehman
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Drives lec 15_16_Armature Voltage based Speed Control MethodsMohammad Umar Rehman
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Part of Lecture Series on Automatic Control Systems delivered by me to Final year Diploma in Engg. Students. Easy language and Equally useful for higher level.
Part of Lecture Series on Automatic Control Systems delivered by me to Final year Diploma in Engg. Students. Easy language and Equally useful for higher level.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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1. PEE-102A
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
Lecture-3
Instructor:
Mohd. Umar Rehman
EES, University Polytechnic, AMU
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 1 / 28
2. Try Yourself from Previous Lecture
Use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the branch currents I1, I2 & I3 and branch
voltages V1, V2 & V3 in the circuit shown in the following figure
Answer: I1 = 4 A, I2 = 3 A, I3 = 1 A, V1 = 8 V, V2 = 24 V, V3 = 4 V
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 2 / 28
3. Solution
Let us first name all the nodes and circuit elements as shown in the following
figure.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 3 / 28
10. Solution...Contd
Apply KVL in the loop QRSTQ, then we get
−I3R3 −20+I2R2 = 0
−4I3 +8I2 −20 = 0
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 6 / 28
11. Solution...Contd
Apply KVL in the loop QRSTQ, then we get
−I3R3 −20+I2R2 = 0
−4I3 +8I2 −20 = 0
−4(I1 −I2)+8I2 = 20 [from Eq.(1)]
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 6 / 28
12. Solution...Contd
Apply KVL in the loop QRSTQ, then we get
−I3R3 −20+I2R2 = 0
−4I3 +8I2 −20 = 0
−4(I1 −I2)+8I2 = 20 [from Eq.(1)]
−4I1 +12I2 = 20
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 6 / 28
13. Solution...Contd
Apply KVL in the loop QRSTQ, then we get
−I3R3 −20+I2R2 = 0
−4I3 +8I2 −20 = 0
−4(I1 −I2)+8I2 = 20 [from Eq.(1)]
−4I1 +12I2 = 20
3I2 −I1 = 5 ...(3)
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 6 / 28
14. Solution...Contd
Adding eq. (2) and (3), we get
(2)+(3)
I1 +4I2 = 16
−
I1 +3I2 = 5
7I2 = 21
I2 = 3 A
Solving for other currents, we get
I1 = 4 A,
I3 = 1 A
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 7 / 28
18. Magnetism
The word ‘magnet’ comes from the ancient Greek City of Magnesia, where
the natural magnets called lodestones were found.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 10 / 28
19. Magnetism
The word ‘magnet’ comes from the ancient Greek City of Magnesia, where
the natural magnets called lodestones were found.
Our earth is also a natural magnet.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 10 / 28
20. Magnetism
The word ‘magnet’ comes from the ancient Greek City of Magnesia, where
the natural magnets called lodestones were found.
Our earth is also a natural magnet.
The property of a magnet by which it attracts certain substances is called
magnetism and the materials which are attracted by a magnet are called
magnetic materials E. g. Fe, Ni, Co.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 10 / 28
21. Magnetism
The word ‘magnet’ comes from the ancient Greek City of Magnesia, where
the natural magnets called lodestones were found.
Our earth is also a natural magnet.
The property of a magnet by which it attracts certain substances is called
magnetism and the materials which are attracted by a magnet are called
magnetic materials E. g. Fe, Ni, Co.
Magnetism is the essential underlying physical phenomenon behind all
electrical devices like generators, motors etc.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 10 / 28
22. Magnetism
The word ‘magnet’ comes from the ancient Greek City of Magnesia, where
the natural magnets called lodestones were found.
Our earth is also a natural magnet.
The property of a magnet by which it attracts certain substances is called
magnetism and the materials which are attracted by a magnet are called
magnetic materials E. g. Fe, Ni, Co.
Magnetism is the essential underlying physical phenomenon behind all
electrical devices like generators, motors etc.
The fundamental nature of magnetism is the interaction of moving electric
charges.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 10 / 28
23. Properties of Magnets
(i) A magnet has two poles i.e. north pole and south pole and the pole
strengths of two poles are same. They point towards the N S poles of
earth when the magnet is suspended freely.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 11 / 28
24. Properties of Magnets
(i) A magnet has two poles i.e. north pole and south pole and the pole
strengths of two poles are same. They point towards the N S poles of
earth when the magnet is suspended freely.
(ii) The two poles of a magnet cannot be isolated (i.e. separated out)
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 11 / 28
25. Properties of Magnets
(i) A magnet has two poles i.e. north pole and south pole and the pole
strengths of two poles are same. They point towards the N S poles of
earth when the magnet is suspended freely.
(ii) The two poles of a magnet cannot be isolated (i.e. separated out)
(iii) Between magnets, like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 11 / 28
26. Properties of Magnets
(i) A magnet has two poles i.e. north pole and south pole and the pole
strengths of two poles are same. They point towards the N S poles of
earth when the magnet is suspended freely.
(ii) The two poles of a magnet cannot be isolated (i.e. separated out)
(iii) Between magnets, like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
(iv) Magnet always attract iron and its alloys.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 11 / 28
27. Properties of Magnets
(i) A magnet has two poles i.e. north pole and south pole and the pole
strengths of two poles are same. They point towards the N S poles of
earth when the magnet is suspended freely.
(ii) The two poles of a magnet cannot be isolated (i.e. separated out)
(iii) Between magnets, like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
(iv) Magnet always attract iron and its alloys.
(v) The space around a magnet where the influence of the magnet can be
detected in terms of force is known as magnetic field.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 11 / 28
28. Properties of Magnets
(i) A magnet has two poles i.e. north pole and south pole and the pole
strengths of two poles are same. They point towards the N S poles of
earth when the magnet is suspended freely.
(ii) The two poles of a magnet cannot be isolated (i.e. separated out)
(iii) Between magnets, like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
(iv) Magnet always attract iron and its alloys.
(v) The space around a magnet where the influence of the magnet can be
detected in terms of force is known as magnetic field.
(vi) A magnetic substance itself becomes a magnet when attached to another
magnet.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 11 / 28
30. Laws of Magnetic Force
1. Force on a charge in electromagnetic field
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 12 / 28
31. Laws of Magnetic Force
1. Force on a charge in electromagnetic field
~
Fem = ~
Fe +~
Fm
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 12 / 28
32. Laws of Magnetic Force
1. Force on a charge in electromagnetic field
~
Fem = ~
Fe +~
Fm
= q~
E +q
~
v×~
B
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 12 / 28
33. Laws of Magnetic Force
1. Force on a charge in electromagnetic field
~
Fem = ~
Fe +~
Fm
= q~
E +q
~
v×~
B
= q
~
E +~
v×~
B
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 12 / 28
35. Laws of Magnetic Force...Contd
2. Coulomb’s law for magnets
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 13 / 28
36. Laws of Magnetic Force...Contd
2. Coulomb’s law for magnets
It is analogous to the Coulomb’s law for charges. It gives an expression for the
force between two magnetic monopoles (isolated hypothetically) whose mag-
netic strengths are m1 and m2, and distance between them is r
~
FC ∝
m1m2
d2
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 13 / 28
37. Laws of Magnetic Force...Contd
2. Coulomb’s law for magnets
It is analogous to the Coulomb’s law for charges. It gives an expression for the
force between two magnetic monopoles (isolated hypothetically) whose mag-
netic strengths are m1 and m2, and distance between them is r
~
FC ∝
m1m2
d2
= K
m1m2
d2
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 13 / 28
38. Laws of Magnetic Force...Contd
2. Coulomb’s law for magnets
It is analogous to the Coulomb’s law for charges. It gives an expression for the
force between two magnetic monopoles (isolated hypothetically) whose mag-
netic strengths are m1 and m2, and distance between them is r
~
FC ∝
m1m2
d2
= K
m1m2
d2
=
1
4πµ
m1m2
d2
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 13 / 28
39. Laws of Magnetic Force...Contd
Where, µ = µ0µr is the permeability of the medium in which the magnetic
monopoles are placed. It gives an idea of ease with which a substance can be
magnetized. The unit of pole strength is Weber (Wb)
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 14 / 28
40. Laws of Magnetic Force...Contd
Where, µ = µ0µr is the permeability of the medium in which the magnetic
monopoles are placed. It gives an idea of ease with which a substance can be
magnetized. The unit of pole strength is Weber (Wb)
µ0 = 4π ×10−7 Tesla-meter/Amp or Henry/meter
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 14 / 28
41. Magnetic lines of force
The magnetic field around a magnet is visually represented by imaginary lines
called magnetic lines of force. The magnetic lines of force emerge from N-pole
of the magnet, pass through the surrounding medium and re-enter the S-pole.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 15 / 28
43. Magnetic lines ...Contd
Some properties of Magnetic Lines of force:
(i) Each magnetic line of force forms a closed loop i.e. outside the magnet,
the direction of a magnetic line of force is from north pole to south pole
and it continues through the body of the magnet to form a closed loop.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 16 / 28
44. Magnetic lines ...Contd
Some properties of Magnetic Lines of force:
(i) Each magnetic line of force forms a closed loop i.e. outside the magnet,
the direction of a magnetic line of force is from north pole to south pole
and it continues through the body of the magnet to form a closed loop.
(ii) No two magnetic lines of force intersect each other. If two magnetic lines
of force intersect, there would be two directions of magnetic field at that
point which is not possible.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 16 / 28
45. Magnetic lines ...Contd
Some properties of Magnetic Lines of force:
(i) Each magnetic line of force forms a closed loop i.e. outside the magnet,
the direction of a magnetic line of force is from north pole to south pole
and it continues through the body of the magnet to form a closed loop.
(ii) No two magnetic lines of force intersect each other. If two magnetic lines
of force intersect, there would be two directions of magnetic field at that
point which is not possible.
(iii) Where the magnetic lines of force are close together, the magnetic field is
strong and where they are well spaced out, the field is weak.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 16 / 28
46. Magnetic Flux (φ)
The number of magnetic lines of force in a magnetic field determines the value
of magnetic flux. The more the magnetic lines of force, the greater the magnetic
flux and the stronger is the magnetic field.
Its S. I. unit is Weber (Wb).
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 17 / 28
47. Magnetic Flux Density (B)
The magnetic flux density is defined as the magnetic flux passing normally per
unit area i.e.
B =
φ
A
Its S. I. unit is Wb/m2
or Tesla (T). It is a vector quantity.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 18 / 28
48. Magnetic Field Strength (H)
Magnetic intensity at any point in a magnetic field is defined as the force acting
on a unit N-pole placed at that point. Its S. I. unit is N/Wb.
Suppose it is desired to find the magnetic intensity at a point P situated at a
distance d metres from a pole of strength m Wb. Imagine a N-pole of 1 Wb is
placed at point P. Then, by definition, magnetic intensity at P is the force acting
on the unit N-pole placed at P i.e.
H =
m×1
4πµd2
=
m
4πµd2
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 19 / 28
49. Permeability (µ)
Permeability of a material means its conductivity for magnetic flux. The greater
the permeability of a material, the greater is its conductivity for magnetic flux
and vice-versa. Air or vacuum is the poorest conductor of magnetic flux. It is
given by
µ = µ0µr
where,
µ = actual permeability of the material
µ0 = absolute permeability of the material = permeability of air/vacuum
µr = relative permeability of the material
The relative permeability of a material is a measure of the relative ease with
which that material conducts magnetic flux compared with the conduction of
flux in air. For air its value is obviously 1. The value of µr for all non-magnetic
materials is also 1. However, relative permeability of magnetic materials is very
high. E. g., soft iron has a relative permeability of 8000.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 20 / 28
50. Relation Between B and H
The flux density B produced in a material is directly proportional to the applied
magnetizing force H. The greater the magnetizing force, the greater is the flux
density and vice versa
B ∝ H
B = µH = µ0µrH
µ =
B
H
= constant
The ratio
B
H
in a material is always constant and is equal to the absolute per-
meability µ of the material. Suppose a magnetizing force H produces a flux
density B0 in air. Clearly, B0 = µ0H. If air is replaced by some other material
(relative permeability µr) and the same magnetizing force H is applied, then
flux density in the material will be Bmat = µ0µrH.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 21 / 28
51. Relation Between B and H...Contd
Hence, relative permeability of a material is equal to the ratio of flux density
produced in that material to the flux density produced in air by the same mag-
netizing force. Thus, when we say that µr of soft iron is 8000, it means that for
the same magnetizing force, flux density in soft iron will be 8000 times its value
in air.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 22 / 28
52. Force on a current carrying conductor lying in a
magnetic field
When a current-carrying conductor is placed at an angle to a magnetic
field, it is found that the conductor experiences a force which acts in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of both the field and the current.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 23 / 28
53. Force on a current carrying conductor lying in a
magnetic field
When a current-carrying conductor is placed at an angle to a magnetic
field, it is found that the conductor experiences a force which acts in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of both the field and the current.
Consider a straight current-carrying conductor placed in a uniform mag-
netic field as shown in figure.
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 23 / 28
54. Force on a current carrying conductor lying in a
magnetic field
Consider a straight current-carrying conductor of length and carrying cur-
rent placed in a uniform magnetic field of density as shown in figure. Then,
the force is given by:
~
F = i
~
L×~
B
F = iLBsinθ
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 24 / 28
55. Force on a current carrying conductor...Contd
Remarks:
(i) Force is maximum when the conductor is moving perpendicular to the
field lines, i.e. θ = 90◦
(ii) Force is minimum when the conductor is moving parallel to the field lines,
i.e. θ = 0◦ or 180◦
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 25 / 28
56. Magnetisation or B-H Curve
The graph plotted between flux density B and magnetising force H of a
material is called the magnetisation or B-H curve of that material.
The general shape of the B-H curve of a magnetic material is shown in
figure. It can be seen that it is non-linear.
This indicates that the relative permeability µr =
B
µ0H
of a magnetic ma-
terial is not constant but is variable.
The value of µr largely depends upon the value of flux density.
However, the B-H curve for a non-magnetic material, like air will be a
straight line
PEE-102A U-I, L-3 26 / 28
59. Magnetic Hysteresis
When a magnetic material is magnetised first in one direction and then in
the other (i.e., one cycle of magnetisation, like in AC supply), it is found that
flux density B in the material lags behind the applied magnetising force H.
This phenomenon is known as magnetic hysteresis.
Hysteresis loss occurs in all the magnetic parts of electrical machines
where there is reversal of magnetisation.
This loss results in wastage of energy in the form of heat, and leads to
undesirable temperature rise.
Hysteresis loss is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop.
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