Laboratory session in Physics II subject for September 2016-January 2017 semester in Yachay Tech University (Ecuador). Topic covered: electricity, magnetism
Based on Bruna Regalado's work
The document discusses electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and structure of a conductor, with tungsten filament lamps having high resistance and copper wires having low resistance. It also covers Ohm's law, defining resistance as the ratio of potential difference to current, and how resistors, circuits, and resistor combinations work based on this relationship. Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing electric circuits are also summarized.
Electric fields arise from electric charges and can be represented by electric field lines. A positive test charge experiences a force when placed in an electric field, allowing the field strength to be calculated. The field is strongest closest to the charged object and decreases with distance. Materials are classified as conductors, insulators or semiconductors based on how easily their electrons can move. Coulomb's law defines the force between two point charges as directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This document provides information about electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and cross-sectional area of a conductor. It also describes Ohm's law, which states that current is directly proportional to voltage in a conductor. Resistors can be made of nichrome wire or ceramic and carbon. Kirchhoff's laws are introduced to help solve circuit problems using conservation of charge and energy.
The document lists experiments and activities for a physics curriculum. It includes 16 experiments to demonstrate various physics concepts like projectile motion, moment of inertia, gases, waves, resonance, torque, and more. It also lists activities to supplement the experiments. The experiments are divided into two sections, with Section A focusing on electricity and Section B on optics. Recommended textbooks on physics for Classes 11 and 12 are also provided.
The document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
- The ancient discovery of magnetism in lodestone by the Chinese in 2000 BC who used it for navigation.
- The properties of magnets including having magnetic fields with poles that attract or repel other magnets and magnetic materials.
- Induced magnetism caused by an external magnetic influence.
- Differences between magnetic, non-magnetic, and magnetized materials and how to test for magnetism.
- Electrical and physical methods of magnetization and demagnetization.
- Plotting magnetic field lines using a compass to map field patterns.
This document discusses magnetic fields created by electric currents. It begins by introducing magnetic fields and magnets. It then explains that a current-carrying wire creates a circular magnetic field, as shown by iron filings. The direction of the field depends on the current direction. A flat coil and solenoid also produce magnetic fields, with the solenoid's field resembling that of a bar magnet. Current-carrying wires and charged particles experience forces in magnetic fields according to Fleming's left-hand rule. Parallel wires with the same/opposite currents attract/repel each other due to their magnetic fields. The ampere is defined based on the force between parallel current-carrying wires. Magnetic field strength B is directly
This document provides information about the class 12 physics syllabus and exam structure for the academic year 2012-2013 in India.
The syllabus is divided into 10 units covering topics like electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, optics, modern physics, electronic devices and communication systems. The question paper will be of 70 marks and 3 hours duration. 3-5 marks will be allocated to value based questions.
The practical exam will have two experiments each from section A and B carrying 8+8 marks. Practical records will be 6 marks and a project 3 marks. Viva will be 5 marks, totaling to a 30 mark practical exam. 15 experiments are to be performed from the listed experiments
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It defines types of charges as positive or negative, with protons carrying positive charge and electrons carrying negative charge. It explains concepts such as conductors, insulators, electric potential, potential difference, and Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance. Measurement devices like voltmeters and ammeters are described. Factors affecting resistance and heating effects of electric current are also summarized. Important scientists like Georg Ohm and James Joule and their contributions are highlighted.
The document discusses electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and structure of a conductor, with tungsten filament lamps having high resistance and copper wires having low resistance. It also covers Ohm's law, defining resistance as the ratio of potential difference to current, and how resistors, circuits, and resistor combinations work based on this relationship. Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing electric circuits are also summarized.
Electric fields arise from electric charges and can be represented by electric field lines. A positive test charge experiences a force when placed in an electric field, allowing the field strength to be calculated. The field is strongest closest to the charged object and decreases with distance. Materials are classified as conductors, insulators or semiconductors based on how easily their electrons can move. Coulomb's law defines the force between two point charges as directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This document provides information about electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and cross-sectional area of a conductor. It also describes Ohm's law, which states that current is directly proportional to voltage in a conductor. Resistors can be made of nichrome wire or ceramic and carbon. Kirchhoff's laws are introduced to help solve circuit problems using conservation of charge and energy.
The document lists experiments and activities for a physics curriculum. It includes 16 experiments to demonstrate various physics concepts like projectile motion, moment of inertia, gases, waves, resonance, torque, and more. It also lists activities to supplement the experiments. The experiments are divided into two sections, with Section A focusing on electricity and Section B on optics. Recommended textbooks on physics for Classes 11 and 12 are also provided.
The document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
- The ancient discovery of magnetism in lodestone by the Chinese in 2000 BC who used it for navigation.
- The properties of magnets including having magnetic fields with poles that attract or repel other magnets and magnetic materials.
- Induced magnetism caused by an external magnetic influence.
- Differences between magnetic, non-magnetic, and magnetized materials and how to test for magnetism.
- Electrical and physical methods of magnetization and demagnetization.
- Plotting magnetic field lines using a compass to map field patterns.
This document discusses magnetic fields created by electric currents. It begins by introducing magnetic fields and magnets. It then explains that a current-carrying wire creates a circular magnetic field, as shown by iron filings. The direction of the field depends on the current direction. A flat coil and solenoid also produce magnetic fields, with the solenoid's field resembling that of a bar magnet. Current-carrying wires and charged particles experience forces in magnetic fields according to Fleming's left-hand rule. Parallel wires with the same/opposite currents attract/repel each other due to their magnetic fields. The ampere is defined based on the force between parallel current-carrying wires. Magnetic field strength B is directly
This document provides information about the class 12 physics syllabus and exam structure for the academic year 2012-2013 in India.
The syllabus is divided into 10 units covering topics like electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, optics, modern physics, electronic devices and communication systems. The question paper will be of 70 marks and 3 hours duration. 3-5 marks will be allocated to value based questions.
The practical exam will have two experiments each from section A and B carrying 8+8 marks. Practical records will be 6 marks and a project 3 marks. Viva will be 5 marks, totaling to a 30 mark practical exam. 15 experiments are to be performed from the listed experiments
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It defines types of charges as positive or negative, with protons carrying positive charge and electrons carrying negative charge. It explains concepts such as conductors, insulators, electric potential, potential difference, and Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance. Measurement devices like voltmeters and ammeters are described. Factors affecting resistance and heating effects of electric current are also summarized. Important scientists like Georg Ohm and James Joule and their contributions are highlighted.
Lorentz Force Magnetic Force on a moving charge in uniform Electric and Mag...Priyanka Jakhar
1) The document discusses the magnetic force on a moving charge and current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. It defines magnetic force and derives the formulae for force on a charge and conductor.
2) Magnetic force on a moving charge is directly proportional to the charge, velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula derived is F = qvBsinθ.
3) Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor is directly proportional to the current, length of conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula is F = ILBsinθ.
Electricity is created by the interaction of positive protons and negative electrons. Electrons are attracted to protons, forming ions, and can move between atoms. Objects become electrically charged through friction, contact with another charged object, or induction, which is the redistribution of electrons. Electrical conductors like metals allow electron movement, while insulators do not. Electrical force follows Coulomb's law and is measured in volts. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Resistance opposes current and is measured in ohms according to Ohm's law. Electrical circuits use a voltage source to power devices by transferring energy.
1) The document discusses electromagnetism and how magnetic fields can be produced by electric currents in wires and coils. It explains concepts like the right-hand grip rule and how magnetic fields are oriented.
2) Factors that affect the strength of electromagnets are discussed, including the number of turns in the coil, the electric current, and whether an iron core is used. Soft iron cores produce stronger magnetic fields.
3) Examples of applications of electromagnets are given, including electric bells, electromagnetic relays, and telephone earpieces. The working principles of these devices rely on magnetizing soft iron components using electric currents.
The document discusses magnetic fields produced by electric currents. It begins by introducing the Biot-Savart law, which describes the magnetic field generated by a straight wire carrying a current. It then examines the magnetic field of a circular current loop, noting that the field depends on the current I, distance R from the loop, and radius a. At large distances R compared to the radius a, the field approximates that of a magnetic dipole with a magnetic dipole moment m proportional to the current I and area A of the loop.
Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1819 that a compass needle is deflected by a current-carrying wire, demonstrating the relationship between electricity and magnetism. A current produces a circular magnetic field around it, and the direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the Right-Hand Grip rule. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields and show that changing magnetic fields produce electric fields and vice versa. Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges and electric currents. These forces allow applications like electromagnets, electric motors, and particle accelerators.
This document discusses the history and key concepts of magnetism. Some of the main points covered include:
- The first known magnets were naturally occurring lodestones. Pierre de Maricourt mapped the magnetic field of a lodestone in 1263 and discovered that magnets have north and south poles.
- In the 19th century, scientists such as Faraday, Maxwell, and Henry discovered relationships between electricity and magnetism and that changing magnetic fields can induce currents in conductors.
- All magnets have magnetic dipoles with north and south poles. While electric charges can be isolated, magnetic monopoles have not been observed to exist independently.
this presentation is based on magnetic effect of electric current, a which many of us have studies or will be studying in higher classes.this presentation is a better way of understanding the topic and in a visual way
This document discusses the concepts of electric fields and electric field intensity. It defines electric field as a region of space around charged particles that exert electrostatic forces on other charges. Electric field intensity is defined as the electrostatic force per unit positive test charge. The electric field due to a point charge is discussed, along with the superposition principle and electric field lines. Electric dipoles are introduced as pairs of equal and opposite charges, with discussions of dipole moment, and the electric field intensity and torque experienced by dipoles.
The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
The document discusses semiconductors and their properties. It begins by explaining that semiconductors have a smaller bandgap than insulators, allowing electrons in the valence band to jump to the conduction band with external energy. This gives semiconductors the ability to conduct electricity under certain conditions. It then describes the valence band, conduction band, and forbidden bandgap in semiconductors. The document also discusses the fermi level and how it relates to charge carriers in semiconductors.
Okay, let's think through this step-by-step:
* When just the resistor is connected, power is 1.000 W
* When the capacitor is added, power is 0.500 W
* When the inductor is added (without the capacitor), power is 0.250 W
* Power delivered depends on the impedance of the circuit. Adding more reactive elements (capacitor, inductor) increases the total impedance.
* When both the capacitor and inductor are added, they will combine to further increase the total impedance compared to having just one of them.
* Based on the trend so far, we can infer that adding both reactive elements will deliver even less power than having just one.
The document provides instructions for viewing a presentation in slideshow mode using a computer. It explains how to advance slides, access resources and lessons from the menu, and exit the slideshow. The table of contents lists the sections and objectives covered in an electric forces and fields chapter.
The document discusses Kirchhoff's laws of electrical circuits and their applications. Kirchhoff's first law, also known as the junction law, states that the algebraic sum of all currents meeting at a junction is zero. Kirchhoff's second law states that the algebraic sum of the potential differences (voltage drops) around any closed network plus the emfs in the circuit is zero. The document also explains Wheatstone bridge circuit, meter bridge method for determining unknown resistances, Kelvin's method for measuring galvanometer resistance using meter bridge, sources of errors and their minimization in these experiments, and the principle and applications of potentiometer for measuring emf and internal resistance of a cell.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on electromagnetic induction and related topics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter contents and objectives. The remainder of the document consists of slides covering concepts like electromagnetic induction, generators, motors, transformers, and examples problems, with definitions, explanations, diagrams and calculations.
- Magnetic flux (ΦB) is a measure of magnetic field strength over an area, measured in webers (Wb). ΦB = BA, where B is magnetic field strength and A is area.
- According to Faraday's law of induction, any change in magnetic flux over time induces a voltage in a circuit. The faster the change, the greater the induced voltage.
- Lenz's law states that an induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change causing it, in order to conserve energy. This explains the negative sign in Faraday's law.
1. Batteries work by using a chemical reaction to create a difference in electrolytic potential between two terminals placed in an electrolyte. This potential difference causes ions to flow from one terminal to the other.
2. Primary cells cannot be recharged, while secondary cells can be recharged by applying an external voltage to reverse the chemical reaction.
3. The electromotive force (EMF) of a source is the electrical potential energy, measured in volts, that is transferred to each coulomb of charge passing through the source. Common examples of sources that provide EMF include dry cells, dynamos, and solar cells.
This document provides information about Earth's magnetism and magnetic fields. It explains that Earth's magnetic field is generated by a dynamo effect in the planet's liquid iron core, similar to how a bicycle dynamo works. It also defines key terms related to magnetism, including uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields, magnetic field lines, magnetic poles, dipoles, permeability, and susceptibility. The document discusses how Earth's magnetic field behaves similarly to a bar magnet and protects the planet, while hot temperatures cause metals to lose their magnetic properties.
Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields by observing that a compass needle deflected when placed near a wire with a current. He established that a moving electric charge produces a circular magnetic field around the conductor. The right-hand rule determines the direction of this magnetic field based on the direction of current flow. Oersted's findings led to new technologies like motors and generators by demonstrating the control of magnetic fields using electricity.
1) The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field generated by a current-carrying conductor. It states that the magnetic field is proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the current element.
2) The direction of the magnetic field generated by a current element is perpendicular to both the current element and the line from the current element to the point where the magnetic field is calculated.
3) Examples of applying the Biot-Savart law include calculating the magnetic field generated by a circular loop of wire and along the axis of a solenoid. The magnetic fields add linearly for multiple current elements.
(Thompson's Method) Electron's charge to mass ratio. ..(manish & jatin) ...pptJatinMahato1
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) of electrons using Thompson's method.
2. The apparatus used includes an electron gun, e/m tube filled with low-pressure helium gas, and Helmholtz coils to produce a magnetic field. Electrons are accelerated and their path is deflected by the magnetic field.
3. By measuring the diameter of the electron path for different accelerating voltages and magnetic field strengths, the value of e/m is calculated using the equation e/m = 8V/B2d2. The experimentally obtained value of 1.729 × 1011 C/kg agrees well with the accepted value of
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's laws govern the analysis of electric circuits.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can have one or more loops and resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a current.
Lorentz Force Magnetic Force on a moving charge in uniform Electric and Mag...Priyanka Jakhar
1) The document discusses the magnetic force on a moving charge and current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. It defines magnetic force and derives the formulae for force on a charge and conductor.
2) Magnetic force on a moving charge is directly proportional to the charge, velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula derived is F = qvBsinθ.
3) Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor is directly proportional to the current, length of conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula is F = ILBsinθ.
Electricity is created by the interaction of positive protons and negative electrons. Electrons are attracted to protons, forming ions, and can move between atoms. Objects become electrically charged through friction, contact with another charged object, or induction, which is the redistribution of electrons. Electrical conductors like metals allow electron movement, while insulators do not. Electrical force follows Coulomb's law and is measured in volts. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Resistance opposes current and is measured in ohms according to Ohm's law. Electrical circuits use a voltage source to power devices by transferring energy.
1) The document discusses electromagnetism and how magnetic fields can be produced by electric currents in wires and coils. It explains concepts like the right-hand grip rule and how magnetic fields are oriented.
2) Factors that affect the strength of electromagnets are discussed, including the number of turns in the coil, the electric current, and whether an iron core is used. Soft iron cores produce stronger magnetic fields.
3) Examples of applications of electromagnets are given, including electric bells, electromagnetic relays, and telephone earpieces. The working principles of these devices rely on magnetizing soft iron components using electric currents.
The document discusses magnetic fields produced by electric currents. It begins by introducing the Biot-Savart law, which describes the magnetic field generated by a straight wire carrying a current. It then examines the magnetic field of a circular current loop, noting that the field depends on the current I, distance R from the loop, and radius a. At large distances R compared to the radius a, the field approximates that of a magnetic dipole with a magnetic dipole moment m proportional to the current I and area A of the loop.
Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1819 that a compass needle is deflected by a current-carrying wire, demonstrating the relationship between electricity and magnetism. A current produces a circular magnetic field around it, and the direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the Right-Hand Grip rule. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields and show that changing magnetic fields produce electric fields and vice versa. Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges and electric currents. These forces allow applications like electromagnets, electric motors, and particle accelerators.
This document discusses the history and key concepts of magnetism. Some of the main points covered include:
- The first known magnets were naturally occurring lodestones. Pierre de Maricourt mapped the magnetic field of a lodestone in 1263 and discovered that magnets have north and south poles.
- In the 19th century, scientists such as Faraday, Maxwell, and Henry discovered relationships between electricity and magnetism and that changing magnetic fields can induce currents in conductors.
- All magnets have magnetic dipoles with north and south poles. While electric charges can be isolated, magnetic monopoles have not been observed to exist independently.
this presentation is based on magnetic effect of electric current, a which many of us have studies or will be studying in higher classes.this presentation is a better way of understanding the topic and in a visual way
This document discusses the concepts of electric fields and electric field intensity. It defines electric field as a region of space around charged particles that exert electrostatic forces on other charges. Electric field intensity is defined as the electrostatic force per unit positive test charge. The electric field due to a point charge is discussed, along with the superposition principle and electric field lines. Electric dipoles are introduced as pairs of equal and opposite charges, with discussions of dipole moment, and the electric field intensity and torque experienced by dipoles.
The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
The document discusses semiconductors and their properties. It begins by explaining that semiconductors have a smaller bandgap than insulators, allowing electrons in the valence band to jump to the conduction band with external energy. This gives semiconductors the ability to conduct electricity under certain conditions. It then describes the valence band, conduction band, and forbidden bandgap in semiconductors. The document also discusses the fermi level and how it relates to charge carriers in semiconductors.
Okay, let's think through this step-by-step:
* When just the resistor is connected, power is 1.000 W
* When the capacitor is added, power is 0.500 W
* When the inductor is added (without the capacitor), power is 0.250 W
* Power delivered depends on the impedance of the circuit. Adding more reactive elements (capacitor, inductor) increases the total impedance.
* When both the capacitor and inductor are added, they will combine to further increase the total impedance compared to having just one of them.
* Based on the trend so far, we can infer that adding both reactive elements will deliver even less power than having just one.
The document provides instructions for viewing a presentation in slideshow mode using a computer. It explains how to advance slides, access resources and lessons from the menu, and exit the slideshow. The table of contents lists the sections and objectives covered in an electric forces and fields chapter.
The document discusses Kirchhoff's laws of electrical circuits and their applications. Kirchhoff's first law, also known as the junction law, states that the algebraic sum of all currents meeting at a junction is zero. Kirchhoff's second law states that the algebraic sum of the potential differences (voltage drops) around any closed network plus the emfs in the circuit is zero. The document also explains Wheatstone bridge circuit, meter bridge method for determining unknown resistances, Kelvin's method for measuring galvanometer resistance using meter bridge, sources of errors and their minimization in these experiments, and the principle and applications of potentiometer for measuring emf and internal resistance of a cell.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on electromagnetic induction and related topics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter contents and objectives. The remainder of the document consists of slides covering concepts like electromagnetic induction, generators, motors, transformers, and examples problems, with definitions, explanations, diagrams and calculations.
- Magnetic flux (ΦB) is a measure of magnetic field strength over an area, measured in webers (Wb). ΦB = BA, where B is magnetic field strength and A is area.
- According to Faraday's law of induction, any change in magnetic flux over time induces a voltage in a circuit. The faster the change, the greater the induced voltage.
- Lenz's law states that an induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change causing it, in order to conserve energy. This explains the negative sign in Faraday's law.
1. Batteries work by using a chemical reaction to create a difference in electrolytic potential between two terminals placed in an electrolyte. This potential difference causes ions to flow from one terminal to the other.
2. Primary cells cannot be recharged, while secondary cells can be recharged by applying an external voltage to reverse the chemical reaction.
3. The electromotive force (EMF) of a source is the electrical potential energy, measured in volts, that is transferred to each coulomb of charge passing through the source. Common examples of sources that provide EMF include dry cells, dynamos, and solar cells.
This document provides information about Earth's magnetism and magnetic fields. It explains that Earth's magnetic field is generated by a dynamo effect in the planet's liquid iron core, similar to how a bicycle dynamo works. It also defines key terms related to magnetism, including uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields, magnetic field lines, magnetic poles, dipoles, permeability, and susceptibility. The document discusses how Earth's magnetic field behaves similarly to a bar magnet and protects the planet, while hot temperatures cause metals to lose their magnetic properties.
Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields by observing that a compass needle deflected when placed near a wire with a current. He established that a moving electric charge produces a circular magnetic field around the conductor. The right-hand rule determines the direction of this magnetic field based on the direction of current flow. Oersted's findings led to new technologies like motors and generators by demonstrating the control of magnetic fields using electricity.
1) The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field generated by a current-carrying conductor. It states that the magnetic field is proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the current element.
2) The direction of the magnetic field generated by a current element is perpendicular to both the current element and the line from the current element to the point where the magnetic field is calculated.
3) Examples of applying the Biot-Savart law include calculating the magnetic field generated by a circular loop of wire and along the axis of a solenoid. The magnetic fields add linearly for multiple current elements.
(Thompson's Method) Electron's charge to mass ratio. ..(manish & jatin) ...pptJatinMahato1
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) of electrons using Thompson's method.
2. The apparatus used includes an electron gun, e/m tube filled with low-pressure helium gas, and Helmholtz coils to produce a magnetic field. Electrons are accelerated and their path is deflected by the magnetic field.
3. By measuring the diameter of the electron path for different accelerating voltages and magnetic field strengths, the value of e/m is calculated using the equation e/m = 8V/B2d2. The experimentally obtained value of 1.729 × 1011 C/kg agrees well with the accepted value of
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's laws govern the analysis of electric circuits.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can have one or more loops and resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a current.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. According to Ohm's law, current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a material property that impedes current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
This document summarizes the key electrical properties of metals and semiconductors. It discusses Ohm's law and how electrical conductivity in metals is influenced by drift velocity and current density. It also explains how resistivity is related to temperature in metals. For semiconductors, it describes the band structure of insulators, metals and semiconductors and how conductivity varies with intrinsic carrier concentration and temperature in intrinsic semiconductors. It then discusses the effects of doping on carrier concentrations and conductivity in n-type and p-type extrinsic semiconductors. Finally, it provides an overview of compound semiconductors made of two or three elements.
1. Electric charges can be positive or negative, and electric forces cause like charges to repel and unlike charges to attract according to Coulomb's Law.
2. Atoms contain protons with a positive charge and electrons with a negative charge; objects are neutral when they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons.
3. Electric fields are created by electric charges and describe the interaction of electric forces; electric fields can be used to accelerate electrons in devices like x-ray machines and televisions.
4. Capacitors are used to store electric charge and consist of conductive plates separated by an insulator; the amount
1. The document describes an experiment to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons using Thomson's cathode ray tube.
2. Two methods are used: 1) null deflection where electric and magnetic fields cancel each other out, and 2) deflection by a magnetic field alone where the radius of curvature is measured.
3. Equations are derived relating the experimental measurements to the charge-to-mass ratio. The results from both methods are within 2% of the accepted value, validating Thomson's original discovery of the electron.
Basic electric theory - Introduction to Magnetism.pptxhappycocoman
This document introduces basic concepts of magnetism including:
- Magnetic materials can be natural magnets, temporary magnets, or non-magnetic.
- Key terms are defined such as magnetic field, flux, reluctance, and permeability.
- Magnetic fields are generated by current-carrying conductors and solenoids according to right-hand grip rules.
- Electromagnets, which are used in motors and generators, consist of coils wrapped around an iron core.
- Coulomb's law describes the electric force between two point charges. It states that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- The document discusses various methods of charging objects, including rubbing, conduction, and induction. It also describes the properties of conductors and insulators.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use Coulomb's law to calculate the electric force between charges, including resolving forces into components. Equilibrium situations involving electric forces and other forces are also analyzed.
This document provides information about electrostatics and related concepts:
- Electrostatics is the study of static electricity and involves the forces between electrically charged particles at rest. Thales of Miletus discovered static electricity by observing that rubbing amber with wool caused it to attract small particles.
- There are two types of electric charge: positive and negative. Electrons carry a negative charge while protons carry a positive charge. Materials become positively charged when electrons are removed and negatively charged when electrons are added.
- Coulomb's law describes the electric force between two charged particles. It states that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
1) James Clerk Maxwell unified existing laws of electricity and magnetism through his equations, revealing that changing electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light.
2) Solving Maxwell's equations results in the wave equation, showing that light is an electromagnetic wave.
3) Electromagnetic waves carry energy through space, and all remote sensing is based on the modulation of this energy.
This document discusses electricity and defines key concepts related to electric current. It defines current as the rate of flow of electric charge and gives its SI unit as the ampere. It describes conventional current as the flow of positive charges and electric current as the flow of negative charges. It also discusses different types of current sources and the effects of electric current, including heating, chemical, and magnetic effects.
This document defines electricity and electric current. It explains that electric current is the flow of electric charge and is measured in Amperes. It also discusses different types of current sources like cells, generators, thermo-couples and solar cells. The document then covers several effects of electric current including heating, chemical, and magnetic effects. It explains electromagnetism and how electric currents produce magnetic fields based on experiments by Hans Oersted.
Transformers operate by exploiting the principle of mutual inductance between two coils. They are used to convert alternating current (AC) voltages from one level to another. An ideal transformer consists of two coils wound on a common magnetic core, with no direct electrical connection between them. Current flowing through the primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux that induces a voltage in the secondary coil. Transformers are widely used in power distribution systems to increase or decrease voltages as needed.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity and magnetism including:
1) Positive and negative charge, Coulomb's law, and the forces between charged objects.
2) What charge is and that protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges.
3) Conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and their properties related to charge flow.
4) Electromagnets, magnetic fields generated by electric currents, and their applications.
5) Electromagnetic induction, transformers, alternating current, and direct current.
Electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit. Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). The direction of electron flow is opposite to the direction of conventional current. Resistance is a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current. Resistance depends on the material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. According to Ohm's law, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Cells can be connected in series, where the total voltage is the sum of individual voltages, or parallel, where the total current is the sum of individual currents.
1. The document discusses electricity, including electric charge, current, potential difference, and circuits. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples of calculations.
2. Series and parallel circuits are analyzed and compared. Equations for current, voltage, and resistance in each type of circuit are provided.
3. The relationship between potential difference and current is explored through Ohm's Law. Factors that affect resistance are also described.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric charge can be positive (protons) or negative (electrons) and is quantized. The elementary charge is the charge of a single electron or proton.
2. Current is the flow of electric charge in a conductor over time. It is measured in amperes. Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
3. Resistance depends on factors like material and dimensions. Resistors can be connected in series or parallel configurations.
4. Electric potential difference is the work required to move a charge between two points. It is measured in volts.
5. Electric circuits require
The document discusses the basics of electricity including:
- Electrons flow through an atom's nucleus in orbits and electricity is the flow of electrons from atom to atom in a conductor.
- Current or amperage refers to the electrical flow in a circuit and is measured in amps. Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms.
- There are two types of current - direct current (DC) which flows in one direction, and alternating current (AC) which flows back and forth as the polarity alternates.
- Transformers use changing magnetic fields to induce voltage in another coil and allow voltage conversion but cannot be used with direct current which produces a static magnetic field.
There are three types of electrical charges: positive charges consist of protons, negative charges consist of electrons, and the SI unit of charge is the coulomb. Conductors contain free or loosely bound electrons that allow them to conduct electricity, while insulators do not have free electrons and obstruct electricity flow. Potential difference is defined as the work required to move a unit positive charge between two points in an electric field. Common measuring instruments include the voltmeter, which measures potential difference, and the ammeter, which measures electric current in amperes. Resistors can be connected in series, where the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances, or parallel, where the total resistance is lower than the lowest individual resistance.
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Sesión de Laboratorio 2: Electricidad y magnetismo
1. GUIDE FOR PRACTICE 2:
ELECTROSTATICS AND MAGNETOSTATICS
1. CONTENT:
Electrostatics
a-.) Electric charges
b-.) Coulomb's Law
Magnetism
a-.) Definition of magnetism
b-.) Definition of magnet
c-.) Types and Uses
Electrical circuits:
Ohm's law
a-.) Current and Resistance
b-.) Measurements with the multimeter
DC circuits
a-.) Electromotive force (fem)
b-.) Combination of resistors in series and parallel
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1-.) Consider the types of electrical charges in the world.
2-.)Knowing the physical phenomenon of magnetism.
3-.) Knowing the magnets and experimentally determine its poles.
2-.)Make measurements of voltage, current and resistance with the multimeter.
3-.) Combining resistors in series and in parallel and obtain the equivalent resistance.
4-.) Knowing Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws.
2. THEORETICAL BASICS:
One of the fundamental forces of nature is electromagnetic, which is between charged particles.
When loads are quiescent, only the force due to the electric field is observed. If loads are
moving, also the force due to the magnetic field is observed.
Electrostatics
Electric charges
In the eighteenth century Benjamin Franklin determined that there are two types of electric
charges, a positive (proton p +) and a negative (e electron), and that the same sign charges repel
and different signs attract, depending on which patterns established as glass (+) and plastic (-).
To know if a body is electrically charged electroscope is often used, which can quickly raise or
lower the burden of an object by charge separation phenomenon of induction.
Coulomb's law:
The magnitude of each of the electrical forces interacting two point charges q1 and q2 at rest is
directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of both charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance r that separates and has the direction of the line that unites them.
Fe=Ke∙q1∙q2/r2
PHYSICS II
LABORATORY
2. Being constant Coulomb Ke=1/(4πε0)=8,9876∙109
N∙m2
/C2
y ε0=8,8542∙10-12
C2
/N∙m2
the
vacuum permittivity. The charging unit (e) smallest known in nature is the charge of an
electron (-e) or a proton (+ e), with a magnitude of e=1,60218∙10-19
C.Therefore, a load of 1C
= 6,24 ∙ 1018
e-
o p+
(in 1 cm3
Copper there are about 1023
e-
free). However, despite having the
same charge, the mass of 1 e-
=9,1094 ∙10-31
Kg and mass 1 p+
=1,67262 ∙10-27
Kg.It is known
that the hydrogen atom is the simplest of the chemical elements, possessing only 1 e-
and 1 p+
,
separated by a distance of 5,3 ∙10-11
m.
MAGNETISM
The name comes from the Greek magnetism Magnesia province, where the largest deposits of
magnetite (Fe3O4), with marked mineral magnetic properties. In Greek civilization and
magnetism he was known, but it was not until the work of James Clerk Maxwell when science
"understand" the whole phenomenon. Its famous four equations, originally were twenty, and
managed to synthesize in electromagnetic theory known experimental results of other
researchers, such as Coulomb, Gauss, Faraday and Ampere.
Previous notions
It is called magnetism to property that have some bodies, called magnets, to exert attraction
on other bodies containing iron. It is a phenomenon of physical type. Magnetism to occur
there must be moving charges because the magnetic properties occur by movements of the
electrons, which are each a small magnet, which are located in such a way (in the same
direction) which combine their effects.
The magnetic properties are more pronounced at the ends of the magnet, which are called
magnetic poles, North (N) pole and South (S) pole. Just as the electric charges repel and
attract other magnets that are close by like poles repel and if approaching from opposite poles
attract. It is impossible to isolate a single magnetic pole, so that if a magnet is split in two,
each piece again be a north pole and one south.
In speaking of magnetism called a vector magnetic field B represented by its field lines so that
at each point in space the field is tangent to these lines. The fact that the magnetic poles never
be given separately means that the field lines are always closed, leaving the North Pole and
the South Pole entering (Figure 1).
It is called magnetic field to the portion of space,
where forces on moving charges are exercised,
because of this. When a piece of iron, a magnet or
current thread are placed in an area where there is a
field are subjected a force tending to orient in a
certain way.
Figure 1: Magneticfieldlines.
Magneticfieldlines
The magnetic field lines allow roughly estimated the existing magnetic field at a given point,
taking into account the following characteristics:
• The magnetic field lines are always closed loops that run north to south outside the magnet
and from south to north inside the magnet
• The magnetic loops never intersect
• The magnetic lines of different magnets attract and repel each other: The lines in the same
direction attract and repel the opposite direction
3. • Because moving loads behave like magnets (produce magnetic fields), the effect of
magnetism may be due to electron flow (electric current) as in the case of a magnet and is
independent of the medium.
Uses magnets
There are natural magnets, such as magnetite or triiron tetroxide; and other artificial, that man
has created. The magnets are used to achieve door openings for magnetic boards, pin
cushions, toys; It is a very useful application of the magnet, the compass, which consists of a
box containing inside a needle that moves in free form, but that is magnetized, and therefore
their orientation is always north-south. The power of attraction of the magnetized bodies is
greater at the ends or poles. The Earth acts like a giant magnet, it attracts the bodies that are
upon it by the force of gravity, in this the North Pole and the South Pole (Figure 2) are also
recognized. Similarly, they are called magnetism, phenomena that are caused by some kind of
electrical currents type.
Figure 2: Magnetic poles on Earth
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS:
Ohm's law
Ohm relates the voltage, current and resistance: current in a circuit is directly proportional
to the voltage across the circuit printed, and is inversely proportional to the resistance of the
circuit. Thatis to say:
Current
And electric current in a conductor is defined as I=dQ/dt, wheredQIt is charge passing through
a conductor cross section in a time intervaldt.The unit in the S.I. for current is Ampere, where
1 A= 1C/s Electric current is defined as the movement of the positive charges, that is, the
current direction is opposite to the movement of e-
, meaning that goes from positive to
negative.
Resistance
The resistance R of a conductor is defined as R=ΔV/I (Ley de Ohm),whereΔV is the potential
difference across it in I is the current leads. The SI unit for resistance is volts per ampere,
which is defined as 1 ohm (Ω); that is to say: 1 Ω= 1 V/A.For an uniform material with cross-
sectional area A and length L, the resistance across the length L block is R= ρ∙L/A,whereρit is
the resistivity of the material. To know the value of a resistor used the following color code:
4. Figure 3: color code to determine the values of the resistors 4 and 5 bands.
Measurements with the multimeter
• To measure the voltage or voltage drop across a resistor is done by selecting the option
voltmeter and measuring in parallel.
• To measure the current through a resistor is selecting and measuring ammeter in series.
• To measure a resistance must first remove the circuit voltage or opening it to not pass
current, and selecting ohmmeter measured in parallel.
• That is, that to measure the potential difference is not required to open the circuit while
measuring the electrical current must open the circuit to incorporate the ammeter.
DC circuits
Electromotive force
For there to be an electric current in a closed circuit must be a battery or power supply
electromotive force fem a potential difference (figure 4). The battery femε is the maximum
voltage that it can supply across its terminals. Since a battery is made of material, there is a
flow resistance of the loads within the same. This resistance is called internal resistance r. The
potential difference is supplied battery ΔV=ε-I∙r. The fem of a battery is equal to voltage
across its terminals when the current is zero. That is, the emf is equivalent to the open circuit
voltage of the battery.
Figure 4: Diagram of a circuit of a source of fem, internal resistance r, connected to an
external resistor, resistance R.
5. Resistors in series and parallel (figure 5)
• The equivalent resistance of a set of resistors connected in a series combination is:
Req= R1+R2+R3+…, in this combination it is kept constant the current flowing.
• The equivalent resistance of a set of resistors connected in a parallel combination is based on
the correspondence 1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+…, in this combination remains constant voltage
in the circuit.
Figure 5: equivalent Resistors: serial (left) and parallel (right)
3. LABORATORY MATERIALS:
Panel pins 4 mm
Potentiometer (P1) 250Ω, 4w, G3
Switch, G1
Resistance. 47Ω, 1w, G1
Resistance. 100Ω, 1w, G1
Resistance. 470Ω, 1w, G1
Resistance. 1 k, 1w, G1
Graphite resistance. 4.7 KQ, 1W, G1
Electroscope metal indicator
Resistance. 10 k, 1W, G1
Resistance. 47 KQ, 1W, G1
DC power source from 0 to 12V, 2A / AC: 6V,
12V, 5A
Multimeter
Support bar, L = 100mm
Magnet, d = 8mm, L = 60mm
Polycarbonate plate
Pocket compass
Sprinkler iron powder
Scissors
4. EXPERIENCES:
Activity 1: Determining the sign of electric charges by standards established by
Benjamin Franklin
1) Place in the inn laboratory on a small white sheet pieces: paper (white sheet), aluminum
foil, foam flex, ground cork, others. Take the glass rod (Plexiglas) and rub with the cloth, then
move it closer to each of the items you have on the counter.
2.) Perform again the experience but with the plastic bar.
Activity 2: Determination of magnetic field lines
1.) Place the magnet on the counter 60mm laboratory. This hold the polycarbonate plate or a
sheet of paper, spray at low altitude and on the plate, and gently iron powder. (Note: red polo
represents the north).
2.) Note the orientation of the magnetic field lines and identify the respective poles.
Note: If you want to get a better distribution of iron powder carefully tap the plate or white
sheet.
Activity 3: Determination of the orientation of the needle of a compass by using a
magnet
1.) Place the magnet 60mm (standard) on the counter of the laboratory.
2.) Take the pocket compass and describe a circle around the magnet.
Activity 4: Identification of the poles of a magnet using the magnet pattern
1.) Place the magnet 60mm (standard) on the counter of the laboratory.
6. 2.) Take the magnet 50mm and move it near the magnet pattern.
3-.) Identify the poles observing the attraction or repulsion present.
Activity 5: Obtaining the resistance value by color coding
1.) Take several carbon resistors and using color code indicates its value.
2.) Check with the multimeter the value obtained.
Activity 6: Measuring the current through a simple resistive circuit in two ways:
using the multimeter as ammeter and voltmeter-ohmmeter
1.) Install a circuit with 2 resistors in series and a potentiometer (P1) (variable resistance) and
feed it with a voltage 8 V. Indicate current value supplied.
2.) With the Meter measures the voltage values in every part of the electrical circuit.
3.) By Ohm's Law to determine the value of the currents flowing through the circuit.
Activity 7: Combination of resistors in series and parallel
1.) Riding tablet Tests 3 resistors in series and measure the equivalent resistance.
2.) Perform installation again but with parallel resistors.
5. EVALUATION OF DATA
ACTIVITY 1
Indicate what happens to each of the items on the counter and observed what happens.
Indicate the sign of the charge of each element.
ACTIVITY 3
Draw a circle on the orientation of the compass needle indicating the respective poles.
ACTIVITY 4
According to the type of force experienced determine how far a greater or lesser attraction or
repulsion feels.
ACTIVITY 5
Complete thefollowingtable:
R (theoretical
value)
Color of
stripes
Tolerance Resistance (with error)
Specificquestions
1.) For the hydrogen atom, compare the electrical and gravitational force between the p +
and e-
, knowing that the gravitational constant is G = 6.67x10-11
Nm2
/ kg2
2.) What is a eV and what physical quantity is measured?
3-.) Analyze and interpret the configuration of magnets described below, where N is the
north pole of the magnet, S is the South Pole between these two magnets and height h, a
7. piece of iron with a smaller height is placed at the of magnets. Configuration: N-S-iron-S-
N.
4.) In the above configuration, you consider what can be achieved by a magnet with two
equal poles at their ends? If yes of what use would this magnet?
5.) What advantages does placing resistors in series or parallel?
6.) According to the definition of resistivity of a material influences how the length of the
conductor for selecting a certain resistance.
7.) What is the relationship between voltage, current if the voltage is increased or
decreased? Would such increase or decrease how it affects the resistance?
5-. EXTRA HELP LITERATURE
• Jerry D. Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa and Bo Lou. Physical. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007
• Paul A. Tipler and Gene Mosca. Physics for Science and Technology, 10th edition Editorial
Reverte, 2007
• Paul G. Hewitt. Conceptual Physics, 11th edition. Pearson Education, 2009
• Raymond A. and C. VuilleSerway. College physics. Cengage Learning, 2011
• Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew L. Sands. The Feynman Lectures on
Physics "vol. 1. Addison Wesley, 1989
Links:
Electroscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mj3YduHNDmg
As use a breadboard
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9LaxI34RK4
Using multimeter (basic)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCW0v6am_U0
28. The Mechanical Universe – Static
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN3jw9HFyXY&list=PLbVU10RMo-
a707GUomDWzPY0I40JyveLt&index=28
31. The Mechanical Universe - Voltage, power, strength
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2w3HY0UXKBI&list=PLbVU10RMo-
a707GUomDWzPY0I40JyveLt&index=31
Introduction to the magnetic field
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZVKEZsUVpo
What is magnetism?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvhpTgmvMRI
The great Gauss and magnetic field
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxZ9OJsO6PI