Planning & design of water conservation (water harvesting) structures by nave...NAVEEN PATEKAR
The site which is suitable for construction of particular structure and which satisfied the design aspects and fulfil the requirement after construction
The suitable sites for water harvesting structures can be identify with the help of Remote sensing and GIS.
SOIL TYPE
SLOPE
INFILTRATION
RUNOFF POTENTIAL
LAND COVER LAND USE
STREAM ORDER
The document discusses various methods for measuring soil permeability in the field, including pumping tests, percolation tests, slug tests, and infiltrometer tests using single or double rings. Pumping tests involve pumping water from a well and measuring drawdown over time to calculate permeability. Percolation tests passively measure the rate of water infiltration into soil over several hours. Slug tests quickly raise and lower the water level in a well to determine how quickly the water level returns to equilibrium. Single and double ring infiltrometers measure infiltration rates using rings inserted into the soil surface.
The document provides guidance on determining potential sites for water conservation structures. It discusses identifying suitable sites using remote sensing and GIS tools to create maps showing things like watershed boundaries, soil types, and slope. It also covers properties of soil relevant to runoff and infiltration like texture, permeability, and slope. Different soil types are classified based on these properties into groups A through D in terms of their runoff potential and suitability for various water conservation measures. Guidelines for designing structures like check dams and percolation tanks are also outlined.
The document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques, including both direct and indirect artificial recharge methods. Direct surface methods like percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, and ditch/furrow systems enhance groundwater infiltration. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts that allow direct recharge. Indirect methods are induced recharge, which uses pumping to induce surface water infiltration, and aquifer modification methods that alter characteristics to improve storage and flow. The techniques described can help maximize storage, improve water quality, and replenish overexploited aquifers.
Soil investigation for the design of metro station(final year project)Arif Siddiqui
This is basically study based project.
Study of soil parameters have been performed.
Soil sampling is done and after that some tests have been performed.
Geo technical properties of soil by sajid hussainsajid hussain
This document provides an overview of foundational principles of soil mechanics. It discusses key topics including grain size distribution, plasticity, soil classification, effective stress, consolidation, and shear strength. Sieve analysis and hydrometer testing are described for determining grain size distribution of coarse-grained and fine-grained soils. Index properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index are also summarized. The concepts of total stress, pore water pressure, and effective stress are introduced. Finally, the process of consolidation, whereby excess pore pressures dissipate over time under increased loading, is explained.
The document discusses permeability and describes permeability as a property that measures how easily fluids can move through pore spaces in a material. It then discusses several methods to test permeability, including laboratory methods like the constant head and falling head permeability tests, and field methods like pumping tests. Finally, it outlines some common uses of permeability testing, such as determining suitability of soil for construction or wastewater treatment systems.
Planning & design of water conservation (water harvesting) structures by nave...NAVEEN PATEKAR
The site which is suitable for construction of particular structure and which satisfied the design aspects and fulfil the requirement after construction
The suitable sites for water harvesting structures can be identify with the help of Remote sensing and GIS.
SOIL TYPE
SLOPE
INFILTRATION
RUNOFF POTENTIAL
LAND COVER LAND USE
STREAM ORDER
The document discusses various methods for measuring soil permeability in the field, including pumping tests, percolation tests, slug tests, and infiltrometer tests using single or double rings. Pumping tests involve pumping water from a well and measuring drawdown over time to calculate permeability. Percolation tests passively measure the rate of water infiltration into soil over several hours. Slug tests quickly raise and lower the water level in a well to determine how quickly the water level returns to equilibrium. Single and double ring infiltrometers measure infiltration rates using rings inserted into the soil surface.
The document provides guidance on determining potential sites for water conservation structures. It discusses identifying suitable sites using remote sensing and GIS tools to create maps showing things like watershed boundaries, soil types, and slope. It also covers properties of soil relevant to runoff and infiltration like texture, permeability, and slope. Different soil types are classified based on these properties into groups A through D in terms of their runoff potential and suitability for various water conservation measures. Guidelines for designing structures like check dams and percolation tanks are also outlined.
The document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques, including both direct and indirect artificial recharge methods. Direct surface methods like percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, and ditch/furrow systems enhance groundwater infiltration. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts that allow direct recharge. Indirect methods are induced recharge, which uses pumping to induce surface water infiltration, and aquifer modification methods that alter characteristics to improve storage and flow. The techniques described can help maximize storage, improve water quality, and replenish overexploited aquifers.
Soil investigation for the design of metro station(final year project)Arif Siddiqui
This is basically study based project.
Study of soil parameters have been performed.
Soil sampling is done and after that some tests have been performed.
Geo technical properties of soil by sajid hussainsajid hussain
This document provides an overview of foundational principles of soil mechanics. It discusses key topics including grain size distribution, plasticity, soil classification, effective stress, consolidation, and shear strength. Sieve analysis and hydrometer testing are described for determining grain size distribution of coarse-grained and fine-grained soils. Index properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index are also summarized. The concepts of total stress, pore water pressure, and effective stress are introduced. Finally, the process of consolidation, whereby excess pore pressures dissipate over time under increased loading, is explained.
The document discusses permeability and describes permeability as a property that measures how easily fluids can move through pore spaces in a material. It then discusses several methods to test permeability, including laboratory methods like the constant head and falling head permeability tests, and field methods like pumping tests. Finally, it outlines some common uses of permeability testing, such as determining suitability of soil for construction or wastewater treatment systems.
Clay Mineralogy & Plasticity Characteristics of Soil wasim shaikh
The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and clay, and to distinguish between different types of silts and clays. The water content at which the soils change from one state to the other are known as consistency limits or Atterberg's limit.
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
Soil exploration involves field and laboratory studies to obtain information about surface and subsurface soil conditions at a proposed construction site. This includes determining the types of soil strata, depth and thickness of layers, groundwater level, and engineering properties. Soil exploration is needed to safely design foundations and structures by providing data on soil compressibility, strength, and groundwater. Various exploration techniques are used including test pits, boreholes, penetration tests, and geophysical methods to evaluate subsurface conditions to the required depth. The results are used to select appropriate foundation types and design parameters.
This document summarizes key concepts related to reservoir phase behavior and interfacial phenomena. It includes:
- A typical pressure-temperature diagram showing the critical point, bubble point curve, and dew point curve used to classify reservoirs as oil or gas based on temperature.
- Definitions of surface tension, interfacial tension, and surface free energy as forces that exist at boundaries between phases.
- Explanations of liquid, solid, and liquid-liquid interfaces with examples. Wettability is also introduced as the preferential wetting of solids by liquids.
- Figures illustrating fluid distributions and interfacial energies in water-wet and oil-wet systems. Young's equation relates
New York: Alternative Stormwater Management Practice - Rain GardensSotirakou964
The document provides details on the design, construction, and maintenance of rain gardens as an alternative stormwater management practice. Rain gardens are shallow depressions planted with native plants that capture and filter runoff from small areas like rooftops and driveways. They are well-suited for residential redevelopment projects. Key aspects covered include recommended sizing based on water quality volume, suitable plant selection, amended soil composition, and routine upkeep requirements.
Forestland soil was the most permeable to water, allowing water to pass through in just a few minutes with 0% porosity. Clay soil was the least permeable, not allowing any water to pass through and having 100% porosity. Riverbank soil and beach soil had intermediate permeability, with riverbank soil having lower permeability than beach soil as indicated by the longer time for water to pass through. Porosity and permeability were found to be related, with soils having more pore space (higher porosity) exhibiting lower permeability.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
Okay, here are the steps to solve this:
1) Given:
Specific gravity (Gs) = 2.65
Void ratio (e) = 0.5
2) Critical hydraulic gradient (icr) is given by the equation:
icr = Gs - 1/(1+e)
3) Substitute the values:
icr = 2.65 - 1/(1+0.5)
= 2.65 - 1/1.5
= 2.65 - 0.667
= 1.983
So the critical hydraulic gradient for this sand deposit is 1.983.
The document provides guidance on selecting and designing rain garden sites for rooftop and driveway/parking lot runoff. It outlines key steps including identifying existing stormwater infrastructure, observing stormwater flow paths, ensuring adequate space and soil drainage, and sizing the rain garden appropriately based on the drainage area and design storm volume. The document emphasizes disconnecting impervious surfaces from existing drainage systems where possible and accounting for overflow during large storms.
Soil Sampling is a very common practice in the Spring and Fall. However in other parts of the country, June and August are very popular months. This document reviews the process of collecting a proper soil for analysis.
This document summarizes a reservoir planning study being presented to the Evanston City Council. It provides background on previous structural evaluations that found the 1913, 1934, and 1948 water storage facilities to be in poor condition. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate Evanston's water storage and treatment needs over the long term to determine the most cost-effective solution. It will analyze repairing the existing structures versus replacing them and consider six alternatives, including replacing or repairing reservoirs at different locations.
This presentation covers direct and indirect methods of moisture measurement with clear descriptions of installation, principle, interpretation of readings, advantages and disadvantages of each method.
A Presentation on Aquaculture Practical WorksAbdullahMoonzer
- The document summarizes experiments conducted as part of an aquaculture practical works course to evaluate an aquaculture site using various tests.
- Tests were conducted to determine the pond area, volume, and contour line of a sample pond called Komol Dighi. Soil quality tests including feel, drop, and jar tests were used to determine the soil was sandy loam.
- Water quality tests including secchi depth and dissolved oxygen levels indicated the pond productivity was healthy with over 30% dissolved oxygen saturation.
- The site was evaluated based on 12 criteria and scored to be 77.77% suitable for aquaculture, deemed a good site.
This document discusses methods for determining the particle size distribution of soils. It describes sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis, which are used to measure particle sizes above and below 0.075 mm, respectively. It explains how sieve analysis works by sieving dry soil through a stack of sieves and measuring the mass retained on each sieve. It also provides definitions and applications of key terms used to characterize particle size distributions, such as effective size and uniformity coefficient.
This document provides an overview of sedimentation as a process for separating solids from liquids by gravity settling. It defines sedimentation and describes types such as plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Batch sedimentation is explained through different settling zones. Rate of sedimentation and applications are discussed. Common equipment for batch sedimentation include thickeners and clarifiers. Thickeners are used to concentrate solids while clarifiers purify liquids. Circular and parallel plate clarifiers are described.
Uniformity coefficient of drip and sprinkler irrigation systemslingams
This document discusses uniformity coefficients for drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. It defines uniformity coefficient as a ratio that expresses the variation in particle sizes for a material. For sprinkler systems, Christiansen's uniformity coefficient is commonly used, where a value of 85% or more is considered satisfactory. The coefficient evaluates the uniformity of water application. For drip systems, Christiansen's formula only broadly indicates uniformity, as emitters differ from sprinkler nozzles. Emitter discharge variability depends on factors like operating pressure and temperature fluctuations. The document also introduces design emission uniformity, a metric proposed by Karmeli and Keller to evaluate drip system performance.
The document summarizes an experiment studying rainwater infiltration into unsaturated layered soil columns. It introduces infiltration and the hydrologic cycle, and how unsaturated soils behave when wetted. The experiment aims to provide evidence of infiltration's effects. Two soil samples were tested in soil columns with sensors measuring moisture, suction, and outflow over rainfall periods. Test results showed the samples had different infiltration patterns and properties altered by moisture. The experiment helps explain unsaturated soil behavior and how infiltration impacts slope stability and groundwater.
An effluent treatment plant uses physical, chemical, and biological processes to alter wastewater properties and remove toxins, producing effluent that can be safely discharged or reused. Common treatment steps include pre-treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove sludge and oils, secondary biological treatment using microbes, tertiary treatment to remove additional contaminants, and disinfection to reduce pathogens before discharge. The document provides an overview of an effluent treatment plant's purpose and various treatment processes.
DP&D is a multidisciplinary engineering firm with over 25 years of experience providing design, construction, and optimization services for dairy processing facilities around Australia. The firm is comprised of three directors with decades of experience in dairy project management, development, and construction. DP&D offers a variety of project delivery methods and has experience with numerous types of dairy facilities, including spray drying plants, cheese plants, effluent treatment plants, and packaging lines. Their goal is to continue growing their expertise in dairy processing through training and recruiting experienced engineers.
Clay Mineralogy & Plasticity Characteristics of Soil wasim shaikh
The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and clay, and to distinguish between different types of silts and clays. The water content at which the soils change from one state to the other are known as consistency limits or Atterberg's limit.
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
Soil exploration involves field and laboratory studies to obtain information about surface and subsurface soil conditions at a proposed construction site. This includes determining the types of soil strata, depth and thickness of layers, groundwater level, and engineering properties. Soil exploration is needed to safely design foundations and structures by providing data on soil compressibility, strength, and groundwater. Various exploration techniques are used including test pits, boreholes, penetration tests, and geophysical methods to evaluate subsurface conditions to the required depth. The results are used to select appropriate foundation types and design parameters.
This document summarizes key concepts related to reservoir phase behavior and interfacial phenomena. It includes:
- A typical pressure-temperature diagram showing the critical point, bubble point curve, and dew point curve used to classify reservoirs as oil or gas based on temperature.
- Definitions of surface tension, interfacial tension, and surface free energy as forces that exist at boundaries between phases.
- Explanations of liquid, solid, and liquid-liquid interfaces with examples. Wettability is also introduced as the preferential wetting of solids by liquids.
- Figures illustrating fluid distributions and interfacial energies in water-wet and oil-wet systems. Young's equation relates
New York: Alternative Stormwater Management Practice - Rain GardensSotirakou964
The document provides details on the design, construction, and maintenance of rain gardens as an alternative stormwater management practice. Rain gardens are shallow depressions planted with native plants that capture and filter runoff from small areas like rooftops and driveways. They are well-suited for residential redevelopment projects. Key aspects covered include recommended sizing based on water quality volume, suitable plant selection, amended soil composition, and routine upkeep requirements.
Forestland soil was the most permeable to water, allowing water to pass through in just a few minutes with 0% porosity. Clay soil was the least permeable, not allowing any water to pass through and having 100% porosity. Riverbank soil and beach soil had intermediate permeability, with riverbank soil having lower permeability than beach soil as indicated by the longer time for water to pass through. Porosity and permeability were found to be related, with soils having more pore space (higher porosity) exhibiting lower permeability.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
Okay, here are the steps to solve this:
1) Given:
Specific gravity (Gs) = 2.65
Void ratio (e) = 0.5
2) Critical hydraulic gradient (icr) is given by the equation:
icr = Gs - 1/(1+e)
3) Substitute the values:
icr = 2.65 - 1/(1+0.5)
= 2.65 - 1/1.5
= 2.65 - 0.667
= 1.983
So the critical hydraulic gradient for this sand deposit is 1.983.
The document provides guidance on selecting and designing rain garden sites for rooftop and driveway/parking lot runoff. It outlines key steps including identifying existing stormwater infrastructure, observing stormwater flow paths, ensuring adequate space and soil drainage, and sizing the rain garden appropriately based on the drainage area and design storm volume. The document emphasizes disconnecting impervious surfaces from existing drainage systems where possible and accounting for overflow during large storms.
Soil Sampling is a very common practice in the Spring and Fall. However in other parts of the country, June and August are very popular months. This document reviews the process of collecting a proper soil for analysis.
This document summarizes a reservoir planning study being presented to the Evanston City Council. It provides background on previous structural evaluations that found the 1913, 1934, and 1948 water storage facilities to be in poor condition. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate Evanston's water storage and treatment needs over the long term to determine the most cost-effective solution. It will analyze repairing the existing structures versus replacing them and consider six alternatives, including replacing or repairing reservoirs at different locations.
This presentation covers direct and indirect methods of moisture measurement with clear descriptions of installation, principle, interpretation of readings, advantages and disadvantages of each method.
A Presentation on Aquaculture Practical WorksAbdullahMoonzer
- The document summarizes experiments conducted as part of an aquaculture practical works course to evaluate an aquaculture site using various tests.
- Tests were conducted to determine the pond area, volume, and contour line of a sample pond called Komol Dighi. Soil quality tests including feel, drop, and jar tests were used to determine the soil was sandy loam.
- Water quality tests including secchi depth and dissolved oxygen levels indicated the pond productivity was healthy with over 30% dissolved oxygen saturation.
- The site was evaluated based on 12 criteria and scored to be 77.77% suitable for aquaculture, deemed a good site.
This document discusses methods for determining the particle size distribution of soils. It describes sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis, which are used to measure particle sizes above and below 0.075 mm, respectively. It explains how sieve analysis works by sieving dry soil through a stack of sieves and measuring the mass retained on each sieve. It also provides definitions and applications of key terms used to characterize particle size distributions, such as effective size and uniformity coefficient.
This document provides an overview of sedimentation as a process for separating solids from liquids by gravity settling. It defines sedimentation and describes types such as plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Batch sedimentation is explained through different settling zones. Rate of sedimentation and applications are discussed. Common equipment for batch sedimentation include thickeners and clarifiers. Thickeners are used to concentrate solids while clarifiers purify liquids. Circular and parallel plate clarifiers are described.
Uniformity coefficient of drip and sprinkler irrigation systemslingams
This document discusses uniformity coefficients for drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. It defines uniformity coefficient as a ratio that expresses the variation in particle sizes for a material. For sprinkler systems, Christiansen's uniformity coefficient is commonly used, where a value of 85% or more is considered satisfactory. The coefficient evaluates the uniformity of water application. For drip systems, Christiansen's formula only broadly indicates uniformity, as emitters differ from sprinkler nozzles. Emitter discharge variability depends on factors like operating pressure and temperature fluctuations. The document also introduces design emission uniformity, a metric proposed by Karmeli and Keller to evaluate drip system performance.
The document summarizes an experiment studying rainwater infiltration into unsaturated layered soil columns. It introduces infiltration and the hydrologic cycle, and how unsaturated soils behave when wetted. The experiment aims to provide evidence of infiltration's effects. Two soil samples were tested in soil columns with sensors measuring moisture, suction, and outflow over rainfall periods. Test results showed the samples had different infiltration patterns and properties altered by moisture. The experiment helps explain unsaturated soil behavior and how infiltration impacts slope stability and groundwater.
An effluent treatment plant uses physical, chemical, and biological processes to alter wastewater properties and remove toxins, producing effluent that can be safely discharged or reused. Common treatment steps include pre-treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove sludge and oils, secondary biological treatment using microbes, tertiary treatment to remove additional contaminants, and disinfection to reduce pathogens before discharge. The document provides an overview of an effluent treatment plant's purpose and various treatment processes.
DP&D is a multidisciplinary engineering firm with over 25 years of experience providing design, construction, and optimization services for dairy processing facilities around Australia. The firm is comprised of three directors with decades of experience in dairy project management, development, and construction. DP&D offers a variety of project delivery methods and has experience with numerous types of dairy facilities, including spray drying plants, cheese plants, effluent treatment plants, and packaging lines. Their goal is to continue growing their expertise in dairy processing through training and recruiting experienced engineers.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs), which treat industrial wastewater before releasing it into the environment. ETPs use physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove pollutants from wastewater and make it free of impurities. The treatment involves preliminary, primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary stages to purify the water by removing suspended solids, BOD, COD, oil, grease and other parameters to meet government standards for safe release. The document also provides details about various treatment units and processes used at each stage.
The document discusses effluents from the textile industry. It provides details on the various processes in textile manufacturing that generate effluent, the types of pollutants produced at each stage, and typical characteristics of textile industry effluent. The summary is:
Textile manufacturing involves several wet processing steps that use large amounts of water and generate highly polluted effluent. Effluent from preparatory, dyeing, printing, and finishing stages contributes to high levels of BOD, COD, suspended solids, and color. Effective treatment is needed to remove pollutants before the effluent is discharged.
ETP Presentation by Siddarth Ananthagirisiddarthnandu
This document discusses the importance of effluent treatment plants (ETPs) and their design and operation. It begins by explaining how water is essential for life and industries, and that ETPs are needed to treat industrial wastewater before recycling or discharge. It then describes the key components of ETP design based on factors like wastewater quantity and quality. Finally, it outlines the common treatment methods used at ETPs, including physical, chemical and biological processes at preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary levels.
The document discusses common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), which treat wastewater from multiple industrial plants before disposal or reuse. CETPs allow for economies of scale in wastewater treatment. They address issues like lack of space and provide more consistent treatment than individual plants. However, operating a CETP that receives varied wastewater can be challenging. The document outlines several factors that influence CETP planning and operation, as well as different wastewater treatment technologies, advantages of CETPs, challenges, categories of industries served, effluent treatment steps, conveyance methods, disposal methods, and treated effluent quality standards.
This document provides details on the design and process of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Rourkela Steel Plant. The ETP uses coagulants, flocculants and pH adjusters to treat wastewater from the gas cleaning plant. Key components of the ETP include flash mixers for chemical treatment, thickeners to separate solids from water, sludge tanks for sludge storage, and a filter press to dewater the sludge. The ETP is designed to meet performance standards for treated water quality and sludge moisture content.
The document discusses the process of establishing and operating a dairy/milk processing plant. It covers selecting a suitable site near milk production and transportation. It then discusses constructing facilities with proper ventilation and drainage. Equipment is installed for milk collection, processing like pasteurization and separation, producing products like milk, butter, cheese, and their storage and marketing. Key steps involve collecting, processing, producing, and distributing dairy products.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants. It describes effluent as liquid waste flowing from various sources and outlines the key stages of industrial wastewater treatment and sewage treatment. These include pre-treatment, screening, grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using biological processes, and sometimes tertiary treatment for advanced cleaning. Sludge produced is also treated and disposed of safely.
dairy plant operations like Preparation of pasteurised milk, SMP, ETP or waste treatment in dairy plant. This is about concerned dairy plant OMFED, Odisha.
This document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of Delta Knit Composite Ltd. The ETP uses a biological treatment process to treat 120 m3/hr of industrial wastewater. The treatment process includes screening, equalization, pH correction, aeration, sedimentation, sludge thickening, and recycling of sludge. The ETP is able to reduce pollutants in the wastewater and produce treated effluent that can be safely discharged and dried sludge.
Dairy products, especially milk, provide many essential nutrients. Milk contains protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals that are important for growth, energy, bone and tooth health, and more. The document recommends daily milk consumption amounts based on age. It also discusses the processing of milk including pasteurization and fortification, different forms of milk like whole, low-fat and skim, and grades of milk quality.
The document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Rourkela Steel Plant. The ETP treats wastewater from the Gas Cleaning Plant and recycles it for further use. The wastewater contains high levels of suspended solids that are removed through a multi-step process involving flash mixing with coagulants, settling in clarifiers, dewatering using a filter press, and recycling of treated water. The ETP is designed to treat 1140 cubic meters of wastewater per hour to reduce costs and conserve water resources.
This document provides an introduction and overview of industrial wastewater treatment. It discusses how industries use water for manufacturing and processing purposes, which becomes wastewater that must be treated before discharge to prevent environmental pollution. The document then outlines some key contaminants found in wastewater and characteristics of industrial wastewater. It describes common wastewater treatment methods including physical, mechanical, chemical and biological processes and provides details on specific unit operations like screening, sedimentation, flotation and biological treatment methods.
Effluent Treatment Plant Design, Operation And Analysis Of Waste Water Jaidev Singh
Contents
1. Introduction to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
1.1 Use of water in industries
1.2 Industrial waste water sources
1.3 Effluent Treatment Plant
1.4 National Standards for waste water
1.5 What do these standards means?
1.6 Waste water treatment
1.7 Planning an Effluent Treatment Plant : Factors to Consider
2. Treatment Methods
2.1 Physical Unit Operations
2.2 Chemical Unit Processes
2.3 Biological Unit Processes
3. Operation and control
3.1 Mixed liquor suspended solids
3.2 Sludge Volume Index and Sludge Density Index
3.3 Sludge Age; Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT)
3.4 Food/Mass Ratio
3.5 Constant MLSS
3.6 Return Activated Sludge Control (RAS)
4. Choosing an Effluent Treatment Plant
4.1 Biological Treatment
4.2 Physico-Chemical Treatment
4.3 Physico-Chemical and Biological Treatment
4.4 Area Requirement Comparison
4.5 Cost Comparison
5. Chemical Analysis of Waste Water
5.1 Commonly used chemicals
5.2 Chemical Tests and procedures
PRACTICAL AND DESIGN ASPECTS OF TERRACING (2)-4.pptxsiddhantshukla53
The document provides information on terrace design and construction. It discusses different types of terraces including broad base terraces, bench terraces, and graded terraces. It covers topics such as terrace layout, survey procedures, design considerations including determining terrace width, spacing, cross-section, and construction steps. Equations for calculating vertical interval, depth of cut, and cross-sectional area are presented. Terrace maintenance including repairing breaks and controlling sediment deposition is also summarized.
The document discusses the hydraulic design of sprinkler irrigation systems, including selecting sprinkler types and spacing based on manufacturer specifications to achieve uniform water coverage, calculating sprinkler discharge rates and wetted area, and considering factors such as soil characteristics, crop water requirements, and wind conditions when designing the pipe network and layout of mainlines, submains, and laterals. The goal is to provide sufficient water flow and uniform distribution while maintaining pressure throughout the system.
The document discusses subsurface investigations for foundations. It describes various methods used for soil exploration including test pits, borings, geophysical methods, and in-situ tests. The key methods covered are auger boring, wash boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, standard penetration test, and cone penetration test. The document also discusses planning exploration programs, sampling techniques, factors affecting depth and spacing of boreholes, and interpretation of soil exploration data for foundation design.
Terraces are designed and spaced to reduce soil erosion to a tolerable level. There are different types of terraces for different slopes. The key design considerations for terraces include spacing, channel length and grade, and capacity. Terraces must be maintained over time to remove sediment and maintain grade, as improper drainage can cause waterlogging and crop damage. New technologies using RTK guidance are being used to more accurately grade and maintain terraces.
This document provides information on various irrigation methods and designs, including surface irrigation methods like furrow irrigation and border irrigation, as well as sprinkler irrigation and drip/trickle irrigation. It describes the key design parameters for furrow irrigation systems, such as furrow shape and spacing, selection of advance stream size, and maximum furrow lengths. Evaluation methods for furrow and border irrigation systems are also outlined.
Introduction and comparison of ground improvement techniquesNouman Ijaz Chatha
This presentation will provide the reader with all the necessary information regarding ground improvement techniques for both cohesive and non-cohesive soils with comparison among few. It also carries some practical examples of ground improvement.
1. The document discusses different types of embankment dams including earth-fill dams and rock-fill dams. Earth-fill dams are constructed using compacted earth and have a low-permeability core, while rock-fill dams use rock as the primary fill material.
2. Design criteria for embankment dams include considerations for the foundation conditions, suitable soil/rock materials, embankment slopes, and spillway capacity. Factors like settlement, compaction, permeability, and stability must be addressed in the design.
3. Failure modes of earth-fill dams include piping, which occurs when seepage forces exceed soil self-weight, causing destabilization and potential dam failure.
Stormwater management for challenging sites. This slide show was used for a class presented on Dec 5, 2013 at the Rogue Valley Sewer Services in Central Point, OR.
This document provides an overview of water resources engineering as it relates to earth dams. It discusses common causes of dam failure such as upstream slope failure, excessive pore pressure, and foundation settlement. It also outlines criteria for safe dam design including protection from wave action and ensuring stability. The document describes typical earth dam components like the central impervious core and cutoff trench. It explains concepts like seepage analysis using flow nets and measures to control seepage like chimney drains and relief wells. Overall, the document covers failure mechanisms, design considerations, components, analysis techniques, and control strategies for earth dams.
This document provides an introduction to ground improvement techniques. It discusses why ground improvement is required when soils have inadequate properties for a given engineering use. Common problem soils are listed, including soft soils, swelling soils, and loose sands. The document then summarizes various ground improvement methods such as dewatering using electro-osmosis, preloading, compaction techniques like vibro-compaction and dynamic compaction, and soil mixing using deep mixing methods. Details on how each technique works and the types of soils they are suitable for are provided.
This document summarizes a technical session on the seismic remediation of Perris Dam using cement deep soil mixing (CDSM). Key points include:
- Perris Dam was constructed in 1973 and needed seismic upgrades to strengthen its foundation and limit deformation during strong seismic events.
- CDSM involved predrilling, grout mixing, and verification coring to homogenize and strengthen alluvial soils beneath the dam. Venting of water and air was observed during predrilling and dewatering.
- Analysis found venting preferentially occurred in areas correlating with the dam's underlying channel structure and was less where dewatering lowered the water table more. The CDSM treatment was successfully
This document discusses how pervious concrete and permeable pavements help reduce water runoff. It begins by defining pervious concrete as a pavement system that allows water to pass through it. It then explains the need for pervious pavement to recharge groundwater, reduce stormwater runoff, and meet EPA regulations. The document provides details on mixture designs, installation methods, and design considerations for pervious concrete for various applications like parking lots, sidewalks, and roads. It emphasizes the importance of proper soil conditions, thickness design, and construction techniques for ensuring pervious concrete effectively reduces water runoff.
This document discusses various aspects of designing and installing subsoil drainage systems. It provides guidance on determining pipe sizing and placement, choosing the proper filter material, and common installation mistakes to avoid. Key points covered include designing the system from the discharge point upward with uniform fall, using washed sand rather than gravel as the filter material to prevent particle migration, and ensuring proper trench grading and slope.
Chapter 6.0 modern foundation tech. & ground improvement DYPCET
Ground improvement techniques are required to enhance the engineering properties of soils that are inadequate for supporting structures. Common issues include soft, collapsible, or swelling soils. Techniques include densification using vibro compaction or dynamic compaction to increase density; reinforcement by installing compaction piles or jet grouting columns; and stabilization through admixtures or electrochemical processes. The appropriate technique depends on the soil type and desired improvement to shear strength, stiffness, or permeability.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dewatering methods used in construction projects. It discusses how the water table and groundwater conditions can impact foundations and excavations. Several key dewatering methods are described, including sumps, wells, well points, drainage galleries, and exclusion methods like ground freezing. Sumps involve pumping from perforated drums in a gravel-filled excavation and work best in fine-grained soils. Wells use large-diameter casings and pumps to dewater large areas to depth in permeable soils. Well points are smaller and more shallow but can effectively dewater coarse-grained soils through a vacuum system. Selection of the appropriate dewatering method depends on factors like soil type, excav
This document discusses different types of subsurface drainage systems including relief drainage, interceptor drainage, and their open ditch and buried components. It also describes various subsurface drainage methods such as tile drains, mole drains, drainage wells, and deep open drains. Specifically, it provides details on tile drainage systems including layouts, depth and spacing considerations, sizes and materials of tiles, installation processes, and other related elements. Mole drainage systems are also summarized, highlighting how they are created using mole plow equipment.
Drainage engineering presentation work donepavik13
The document discusses agricultural drainage and its importance for crop growth. Excess water or high salt concentrations in soil can prevent plant roots from functioning properly and impact crop yields. The three main methods of drainage discussed are surface drainage, subsurface drainage using pipes, and vertical drainage with tube wells. Surface drainage systems remove excess water from the surface and include field drains, intermediate drains, and main drains to convey water to outlets. Common surface drainage systems for flat lands are the random drain system, parallel field drain system, parallel open ditch system, and bedding system. The design of open ditches and channels is also covered.
The process of determining the layers of natural soil deposits that will underlie a proposed structure and their physical properties is generally referred to as site investigation.
This document discusses different irrigation methods and designs. It focuses on surface irrigation methods like furrow and border irrigation. For furrow irrigation, it describes the key design parameters including furrow shape and spacing, selection of initial and cut-back water streams, field slope, and furrow length. It also provides details on how to evaluate an existing furrow irrigation system. For border irrigation, it outlines the design parameters such as strip width and slope, construction of levees, and selection of advance water stream. It emphasizes the importance of field testing to determine optimal design for local conditions.
This document discusses soil exploration methods, including the purpose of soil exploration to determine foundation type and bearing capacity. It describes various investigation methods like probing, geophysical testing, soil borings using augers or wash boring, and sampling techniques to obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. It also discusses determining boring depth and spacing. Methods to evaluate groundwater conditions and field strength tests like the standard penetration test are summarized.
Scl communication with non english speaking patientsSteven McDaniel
This document discusses improving access to care for limited English proficient patients through the use of qualified interpreters. It outlines the importance of cultural and linguistic competence due to changing demographics and health disparities. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination based on race, color or national origin. The National CLAS Standards provide a framework for organizations to provide culturally competent care. Effective communication with interpreters requires speaking directly to patients, considering interpreter positioning, checking for understanding, and avoiding medical jargon.
The document discusses the Alabama Department of Public Health's use of social media. It explains that the Digital Media Branch manages ADPH's social media presence on platforms like Facebook, Flickr, LinkedIn, Twitter, Wikipedia and YouTube. The branch aims to improve information sharing, increase message frequency, and direct people to detailed information on issues. Social media has helped increase ADPH's website page views significantly by engaging citizens and communicating warnings and health campaigns in real time.
The document discusses effective communication between supervisors and employees. It emphasizes that communication is the number one reason why employees stay or leave an organization. Some tips for effective communication include being a good listener, having one-on-one feedback meetings, demonstrating core values, informing employees of expectations in a timely manner, and handling private or delicate matters privately. Both supervisors and employees should clearly communicate their expectations. All communication and feedback should be well documented.
This document discusses creating a culture of healthy choices. It defines wellness as an active process of making choices to improve well-being. It outlines barriers like obesity and proposes solutions like promoting physical activity and nutrition. The six dimensions of wellness model is used to determine approaches. Social initiatives and workplace policies are discussed as ways to influence healthy behaviors and address environmental factors. Leadership skills like listening, including stakeholders, and providing support are important for culture change projects.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
3. One of the 6 factors (Rule 420-3-1-.71)
Certain limits for OSS on steeper slopes
There are 4 soil related factors
And 2 site related factors
All are to be evaluated on each site
4. What is the slope?
% Slope = (Rise ÷ Run) x 100
Rise 40 ft
Run
100 ft
% Slope =
(40/100) x 100 =
40%
5. • Requires Engineer Design
• Start with Table 4 in Rules
• Rules require
Deeper trenches
More space between trenches
More cover over trenches
7. Table 4
Slope
Spacing of Trenches
Based on Width of Trench
and Slope
* The distances between trenches are
measured between adjacent sidewalls.
** If the minimum trench depth is
measured on the downhill side of the
trench, the minimum cover as listed
in the table should be assured.
8. Some general guidelines are:
• Make a detailed evaluation of the site to
determine options
Generally, the larger the lot, the more options
The steeper the slope, the more difficult to overcome
• Select the best location and landform
• Keep it as simple as possible
• Use a pump (effluent) if needed
• Renew your liability insurance
Then:
• If it doesn’t pass the “feel good” test; walk away
9. • Gravity
• Erosion
• Soil Stability
• Variable Soil Depth
• Shallow Rock
• Surface Water
• Spring Activity
10. Certain Landforms
• Headslopes
• Toeslopes
• Depressions
• (These are all concave
shapes)
• Also:
• Drains
• Rock Outcrops
• Complex Slopes
11.
12. Focus On The Better
Landforms Where
Waters Diverge
• Convex Ridges,
Sideslopes
20. The amount of wastewater that can be
applied each day over an indefinite
period of time to a square foot of soil
such that the effluent is absorbed and
properly treated.
22. If Benching is proposed
• Setbacks may be difficult to meet
• 25’ setback from uphill cut unless pretreatment
• 25’ setback from downhill slope over 40%
Consider Drip technology
23. Try to read and interpret
• Landforms
• Soils
• Water movement & concentration
Use these to best advantage – avoid bad
locations
Design for the long term
Call in other professionals if needed
24.
25. Permeability
Depth To ASHES (ave
seasonal high
extended saturation)
Depth To Rock and
Other Restrictions
Slope and Landform
Limitations
Flooding Frequency
Hydric Soils
26. ABILITY OF SOIL TO ALLOW
WATER TO PASS THRU IT
Permeability is
affected by anything
that affects PORES
(pathways for
water to travel)
Texture
Structure
Consistence
Bulk Density
Clay Mineralogy
Dissimilar Layers
27.
28. From Surface To Gray
Colors
Chroma 2 or less
2% or more of the volume
6” or more thick
35. If perc test are used check results against
what the soil says
Some signs are obvious
Some are more subtle
36. A 10 min/Inch perc
rate during the dry
season in a sticky,
plastic clay in an area
dominated by cedars
and red buds is a...
Non-Representative
Perc Result.
37. A 10 Min/Inch Perc
Rate In A Soil With A
Sandy Loam Texture
But Has A High Bulk
Density Layer at ~ 24”
(Fragipan)
Is Also NonRepresentative
38. A 10 min/inch perc
rate at 12” in this
sandy topsoil is likely
System may actually
be underdesigned
for the long term
Because of the clay
texture just below.
39. Consider all 6 factors or limitations
Interpret the soil and site characteristics
Compare test results w/ what’s present
If questions arise – ask for assistance
If we can a avoid a problem down the
road - we all win
40.
41. Filling a drainage channel for an EDF is
not recommended
Most undisturbed natural soils are stable
• They can be trusted to stay in place and retain
their integrity
Fill requires time to develop stability
• Or use stabilizing practices
Establish vegetation
Retaining walls
Extended shoulders (aprons)
42.
43. Table 15
SYSTEM
LIMITATION
ENGINEERED
CONVENTIONAL
SLIGHT
MODERATE
SEVERE
EXTREME
AT Required
1. Percolation
(Min/In) (1)
5-30
31-90
91-120
1-<5
121-240
>240
1a MVS (2) from
Redox(3)
24
18
18
36
18
12
1b MVS from
Hard Rock
18
18
18
18
12
1c MVS from
Other R/L (4)
12
12
12
12
6
Min trench depth
for above
12” below NGS Natural Ground Surface (3)
1-<5<1
24
w/AT
May vary but either 6” above or below(not
exactly at) the fill/soil interface
2% Slope (%)
0-15
16-25
26-40
>40 (7)
3. Flooding Frequency
Chance/Year
None
Rare
<5%
Occasional
5-50%
Frequent (7)
>50%
4. Landform
(Slope Position)
Summit
Shoulder
Back &
Other
Linear or
Convex
Lower Back
Foot & Other
Slightly
Concave
Toe
Head
Depression
& Other Concave
Swamp, Wetlands, Floodplain
Drain, Gully, Mine Spoil, Hydric
Soil Area (7)