The document discusses the hydraulic design of sprinkler irrigation systems, including selecting sprinkler types and spacing based on manufacturer specifications to achieve uniform water coverage, calculating sprinkler discharge rates and wetted area, and considering factors such as soil characteristics, crop water requirements, and wind conditions when designing the pipe network and layout of mainlines, submains, and laterals. The goal is to provide sufficient water flow and uniform distribution while maintaining pressure throughout the system.
water distribution system & warabandi by Denish Jangid unit 2 Water Resources...Denish Jangid
water distribution system & warabandi by Denish Jangid unit 2 Water Resources Engineering Rotational system method objectives of warabandi types of warabandi with flow chart figure jamabandi patwari girdawari halqa khasrah shudkar
water distribution system & warabandi by Denish Jangid unit 2 Water Resources...Denish Jangid
water distribution system & warabandi by Denish Jangid unit 2 Water Resources Engineering Rotational system method objectives of warabandi types of warabandi with flow chart figure jamabandi patwari girdawari halqa khasrah shudkar
This Presentation covers the topic of surface and subsurface tile drainage which is the part of canal irrigation. The content covered in this has been explained thoroughly with theory and Diagrams related to the topics and consists of various pictures to explain the content completely .Thank you.
Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to rainfall.
Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping at pressure above 2 kg/cm2.
It is then sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray heads so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
Pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
This Presentation covers the topic of surface and subsurface tile drainage which is the part of canal irrigation. The content covered in this has been explained thoroughly with theory and Diagrams related to the topics and consists of various pictures to explain the content completely .Thank you.
Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to rainfall.
Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping at pressure above 2 kg/cm2.
It is then sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray heads so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
Pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Tushar Dholakia
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM in Chambal Command, Rajasthan - Er. C.M. Tejawat, F.I.E., P. Eng., B.E. (Ag.), M.Sc. (Land Drainage Engineering) Deputy Director (Monitoring), CAD Chambal, Kota (Raj.)
Detailed estimates for each component to be prepared in accordance with approved design, drawings and technical specifications.
Life Cycle Cost Approach (LCCA) based on techno-economical feasibility over the design period.
Item Rate to based on the current schedule of rates applicable in the area. In the absence rate in SSR, market analysis to be done.
Prevailing market rates of materials for items like pipes and pumps etc shall be used in preparing these cost estimates.
Unit Rate Analysis for Reservoir, WTP etc. for different capacities.
Per capita / FHTC cost to be worked out for the ultimate design and should be benchmarked with the prevailing per capita/ FHTC cost of similar nature of schemes in the project vicinity.
Detailed estimates for each component to be prepared in accordance with approved design, drawings and technical specifications.
Life Cycle Cost Approach (LCCA) based on techno-economical feasibility over the design period.
Item Rate to based on the current schedule of rates applicable in the area. In the absence rate in SSR, market analysis to be done.
Prevailing market rates of materials for items like pipes and pumps etc shall be used in preparing these cost estimates.
Unit Rate Analysis for Reservoir, WTP etc. for different capacities.
Per capita / FHTC cost to be worked out for the ultimate design and should be benchmarked with the prevailing per capita/ FHTC cost of similar nature of schemes in the project vicinity.
Detailed estimates for each component to be prepared in accordance with approved design, drawings and technical specifications.
Life Cycle Cost Approach (LCCA) based on techno-economical feasibility over the design period.
Item Rate to based on the current schedule of rates applicable in the area. In the absence rate in SSR, market analysis to be done.
Prevailing market rates of materials for items like pipes and pumps etc shall be used in preparing these cost estimates.
Unit Rate Analysis for Reservoir, WTP etc. for different capacities.
Per capita / FHTC cost to be worked out for the ultimate design and should be benchmarked with the prevailing per capita/ FHTC cost of similar nature of schemes in the project vicinity.
Similar to Hydraulic Design of Sprinkler System, (20)
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Hydraulic Design of Sprinkler System,
1. 1
Sprinkler Irrigation System:
Hydraulic Design of Sprinkler Irrigation System
Speaker
Dr. Jitendra Sinha
Associate Professor
Department of Soil and Water Engineering,
SVCAETRS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur
jsvenusmars@gmail.com
7000633581
2. Sprinkler selection and spacing
• The actual selection of the sprinkler is based largely
upon design information furnished by the manufacturer.
• The choice depends mainly on the diameter of coverage
required, pressure available and sprinkler discharge.
• The tables presented before may be taken as guidelines
during selection.
• The best combination of an individual sprinkler spacing
and lateral moves, suiting the application rate for the soil
and wind condition should be selected.
2
15. Application Uniformity
• Distribution uniformity (DU)
– dLQ = average low-quarter depth of water received
– dz = average depth applied
• Popular parameter for surface irrigation
systems in particular
zd
d
DU
LQ
100
16. Application Uniformity Cont’d…
• Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (CU)
– n = number of observations (each representing the same
size area)
– dz = average depth for all observations
– di = depth for observation i
• Popular parameter for sprinkler and micro-irrigation
systems in particular
n
i z
iz
nd
dd
CU
1
1100
17. Efficiencies and Uniformities
• Application efficiency (Ea)
– dn = net irrigation depth
– dg = gross irrigation depth
– fraction or percentage
• Water losses
– Evaporation
– Drift
– Runoff
– Deep percolation
E
d
d
a
n
g
18. Field plot Depth of water application (cm)
Akbar’s 5 4 3 2 1
Birbal’s 4 3 3 3 2
18
Akbar and Birbal irrigated their field plot (equal in area) with
same limited quantity of water. After an hour of irrigation,
the depth of water applied at different points on the field
was measured. Work out the Coefficient of Uniformity of the
two systems from the following observation and compare
wisdom of Akbar and Birbal.
19.
20.
21. Planning Considerations
Field Size
Available water supply
Management ability
Labor availability
Crops to be grown
Soils characteristics
Intake Rate
Water holding capacity
22. Center Pivot: Planning Considerations
Field Size – General needs large areas
Available water supply – meets crop needs
Management ability – Can manage multiple systems
Labor availability – Low labor requirements
Crops to be grown – must clear canopy
Soils characteristics
Intake Rate - runoff potential at outer end
Water holding capacity – can apply small depths
23. Linear Move: Planning Considerations
Field Size – General needs large rectangular areas
Available water supply – meets crop needs
Management ability – Can manage multiple systems
Labor availability – Labor required to move hose
Crops to be grown – must clear canopy
Soils characteristics
Intake Rate - Application rate constant along lateral
Water holding capacity – can apply small depths
24. Solid set: Planning Considerations
Field Size – Can be designed for irregular shapes
Available water supply – meets crop needs
Management ability – Can manage multiple systems
Labor availability – Minimum Labor unless hand move
Crops to be grown – Generally not a limitation
Soils characteristics
Intake Rate - Application rate function of spacing
Water holding capacity – can apply small depths
25. Hydraulic design of sprinkler system
• To obtain uniform irrigation profile
• The desired rate of application
• The break up of sprinkler drops necessary to
minimize structural deterioration of the soil surface
• The efficiency desired to reduce the energy
requirement in operating the system
• To maximize the area of coverage
25
26. Discharge of sprinkler nozzle
• q = C a 2𝑔ℎ (Toricelli)
• q = nozzle discharge, m3/s
• a = cross sectional area of nozzle or orifice, m2
• h = pressure head at the nozzle, m
• g = acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2
• c = coefficient of discharge which is function
of friction and contraction losses (0.95 to 0.96
for good nozzles)
26
27. Water spread of sprinkler
• R = 1.35 𝑑ℎ (Cavazza, Pillsburry)
• R = radius of wetted area covered by sprinkler,
m
• d = diameter of nozzle, m
• h = pressure head at the nozzle, m
• Maximum coverage is attained when the jet
emerges from the sprinkler at an angle of 30o
to 32o above the horizontal.
27
28. Break up of jets
• Pd = h/(10q)0.4
• Pd = index for jet break-up
• h = pressure head at the nozzle, m
• q = sprinkler discharge, lps
• If Pd is greater than 2, the condition of drop
size is good, if 4; the condition of drop size is
best, if greater than 4 the pressure is being
wasted
28
29. Rate of application
• Ra = q/360 A
• Ra = water application rate, cm/h
• q = sprinkler discharge, lps
• A = wetted area sprinkler, m2
29
30. Design of Sprinkler system
The following should be considered for design:
• Area of land
• Consumptive use of crop
• Water holding capacity
• Root zone depth
• Effective rainfall
• Water application efficiency
• Antecedent moisture content
• Net irrigation requirement
• Gross irrigation requirement
• Irrigation frequency
• Maximum time needed to apply (hrs)
31. Design of Sprinkler Irrigation System
• Objectives and Procedures
• Provide Sufficient Flow Capacity to meet the
Irrigation Demand
• Ensure that the Least Irrigated Plant receives
adequate Water
• Ensure Uniform Distribution of Water.
32. Design Steps
• Determine Irrigation Water Requirements and
Irrigation Schedule
• Determine Type and Spacing of Sprinklers
• Prepare Layout of Mainline, Submains and
Laterals
• Design Pipework and select Valves and Fittings
• Determine Pumping Requirements.
33. Choice of Sprinkler System
• Consider:
• Application rate or precipitation rate
• Uniformity of Application: Use UC
• Drop Size Distribution and
• Cost
34. Sprinkler Application Rate
• Must be Less than Intake Rates
Soil Texture Max. Appln. Rates
(mm/hr.)
Coarse Sand 20 to 40
Fine Sand 12 to 25
Sandy Loam 12
Silt Loam 10
Clay Loam/Clay 5 to 8
35. Effects of Wind
• In case of Wind:
• Reduce the spacing between Sprinklers
• Allign Sprinkler Laterals across prevailing wind
directions
• Build Extra Capacity
• Select Rotary Sprinklers with a low trajectory
angle.
36. Pipework Design
• This involves the Selection of Pipe Sizes to
ensure that adequate water can be distributed
as uniformly as possible throughout the
system
• Pressure variations in the system are kept as
low as possible as any changes in pressure
may affect the discharge at the sprinklers
