This document discusses several steady-flow engineering devices from a thermodynamic perspective. It describes nozzles, diffusers, turbines, compressors, throttling valves, mixing chambers, and heat exchangers. Nozzles and diffusers increase or decrease fluid velocity and pressure. Turbines produce power from fluid work, while compressors require power input. Throttling valves cause large pressure and temperature drops. Mixing chambers alter fluid temperature based on mass flow rates. Heat exchangers transfer heat between fluids without fluid mixing. Thermodynamic analysis of these devices involves considerations of heat, work, and energy transfers.

1. PBLA-3 THERMODYNAMICS
 GR0UP-03
 M ARSLAN AZFAL
 HAMZA BIN SHAKIL
 IBRAHEEM RASHID
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ISLAMABAD

2. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES
 Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions
 The components of a steam power plant (turbines,
 compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps)
 operate n steady-flow devices are described, and the thermodynamic
aspects of the flow through them are analyzed.

3. Nozzles and diffusers
 Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets, space craft, and even garden hoses. A
nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure.
 A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down. That is, nozzles and diffuser
perform opposite tasks. The cross-sectional area of a nozzle decreases in the
 flow direction for subsonic flows and increases for supersonic flows. The reverse is true for diffusers.
 The rate of heat transfer between the fluid flowing through a nozzle or diffuser and the surroundings is
usually very small (Q
 · < 0) since the fluid has high velocities, and thus it does not spend enough time in the device
for any significant heat transfer to take place. Nozzles and diffusers typically
 involve no work (W
 change in potential energy is negligible (Dpe > 0). But nozzles and diffusers usually involve very high
velocities, and as a fluid passes through a nozzle or diffuser, it experiences large changes in its velocity

4. Turbines and Compressors
 In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants, the device that drives
the electric generator is the turbine. As the fluid passes through the
turbine, work is done against the blades, which are attached to the
shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work
 Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to
increase the pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices
from an external source through a rotating shaft. Therefore,
compressors involve work inputs.
 turbines produce power output whereas compressors, pumps, and
fans require power input. Heat transfer from turbines is usually
negligible

5. Throttling Valves
 flow-restricting devices that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
 The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large drop in
temperature, and for that reason throttling devices are commonly used in
refrigeration and air-conditioning applications.
 Then the conservation of energy equation for this single-stream steady-
flow device reduces to h2 = h1 (kJ/kg)

6. Mixing Chambers
 Mixing chamber are devices that mix two streams of fluid to cause a
temperature change that is somewhere between the temperature of the
two streams. The temperature alteration is highly dependent on the mass
flow of the two streams in comparison to each other.
 conservation of mass, if the device is well insulated, heat transfer in and
out of the device can be considered negligible. Finally, changes in
potential energy, kinetic energy, and work can be considered negligible.

7. Heat Exchangers
 A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between two or more
fluids. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The
fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in
direct contact. The simplest form of a heat exchanger is a double-tube (also
called tube-and-shell) heat exchanger
 The conservation of mass principle for a heat exchanger in steady operation
requires that the sum of the inbound mass flow rates equal the sum of the
outbound mass flow rates
 Heat exchangers typically involve no work interactions and negligible kinetic
and potential energy changes for each fluid stream. The heat transfer rate
associated with heat exchangers depends on how the control volume is
selected.