This document discusses heat exchangers and their classification. It defines a heat exchanger as a device that transfers thermal energy between two or more fluids without mixing them. Heat exchangers are classified based on fluid flow arrangement (parallel, counter, cross flow) and heat transfer method (tubular, plate). Common examples include shell-and-tube exchangers, radiators, and cooling towers. Counter flow configuration is most efficient as it produces the largest temperature changes in each fluid. Tubular heat exchangers use concentric tubes or a shell and tube design for fluid separation. Plate heat exchangers come as flat or spiral plate types.
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes
Fluid Mechanics introduction for UG students
Fluid properties
Reynolds experiment
Manometer
Orificemeter
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Rotameter
Current flow meter
Humidifier
Terminology : psychometry , absolute humidity , relative humidity , dew point , wet bulb temperature , adiabatic saturation temperature
Dehumidifier
Psychometric chart and its uses
Measurement of humidity
Application of humidity control
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes
Fluid Mechanics introduction for UG students
Fluid properties
Reynolds experiment
Manometer
Orificemeter
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Rotameter
Current flow meter
Humidifier
Terminology : psychometry , absolute humidity , relative humidity , dew point , wet bulb temperature , adiabatic saturation temperature
Dehumidifier
Psychometric chart and its uses
Measurement of humidity
Application of humidity control
ONGC Training on Heat Exchangers, Compressors & PumpsAkansha Jha
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HEAT EXCHANGERS. Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at different temperature while keeping them from mixing with each other.
2. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers
3. A typical double pipe heat exchanger basically consists of a tube or pipe fixed concentrically inside a larger pipe or tube They are used when flow rates of the fluids and the heat duty are small (less than 5 kW) These are simple to construct, but may require a lot of physical space to achieve the desired heat transfer area.
4. Double-pipe exchangers is the generic term covering a range of jacketed 'U' tube exchangers normally operating in countercurrent flow of two types which is true double pipes and multitubular hairpins. One fluid flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement: Parallel flow Counter flow
5. • The fluids may be separated by a plane wall but more commonly by a concentric tube (double pipe) arrangement shown in fig. If both the fluids move in the same direction, the arrangement is called a parallel flow type. In the counter flow arrangement the fluids move in parallel but opposite directions. In a double pipe heat exchanger, either the hot or cold fluid occupies the annular space and the other fluid moves through the inner pipe. The method of solving the problem using logarithmic mean temperature difference is typical and more iteration must be done. So it takes more time for the problem to solve. Therefore another method is practiced for solving this type of problems. This method is known as Effectiveness and Number of Transfer Units or simply ε-NTU method.“Effectiveness of heat exchangers is defined as actual heat transfer rate by maximum possible heat transfer rate”.The LMTD method may be applied to design problems for which the fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures, as well as a desired outlet temperature, are prescribed.
6. Application of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Pasteurization or sterilization of food and bioproducts Condensers and evaporators of air conditioners Radiators for internal combustion engines Charge air coolers and intercoolers for cooling supercharged engine intake air of diesel engines.
• Types of heat exchangers
• Classification of heat exchangers
• components of heat exchanger
• Materials of heat exchanger
• troubleshooting of heat exchanger
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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1. 1
HEAT TRANSFER
Mr. E. D. Ahire M.S. PHARM
Assistant Professor,
Divine Collage of Pharmacy
2. Introduction
A heat exchanger are the devices built for efficient heat
transfer from one medium to another. The media may be
separated by a solid wall, so that they never mix or they may
be in direct contact
They are widely used in Petroleum refineries, Chemical
plants, Natural gas processing refrigeration, Power plants,
Air conditioning and space heating systems
An equipment that permits efficient transfer of heat from a
hot fluid to a cold fluid without any contact or with direct
contact of fluids
Such an equipment iscalled as “Heat Exchangers”
3. In Technically term we can say……
A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal
energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids or between a
solid surface and a fluid, in thermal contact
Introduction
4. Applications
Typical applications involve heating or cooling of a fluid
stream of concern and evaporation or condensation of
single- or multi component fluid streams
In other applications, the objective may be to recover or reject
heat, or sterilize, pasteurize, fractionate, distill, concentrate,
crystallize, or control a process fluid
Common examples of heat exchangers are shell-and tube
exchangers, automobile radiators, condensers, evaporators,
air preheaters, and coolingtowers
5. Classification of heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are classified on the type of fluid flow
arrangement and on method of heat transfer
Types on the basis of fluid flow
1) Parallel flow Heat Exchanger
2) Counter flow Heat Exchanger
3) Cross flow Heat Exchanger
6. Parallel flow Heat Exchanger
1) Parallel flow
• In a parallel flow (also referred to as cocurrent or cocurrent
parallel stream) exchanger, the fluid streams enter together at
one end, flow parallel to each other in the same direction, and
leave together at the other end
• This arrangement has the lowest exchanger effectiveness
among single-pass exchangers for given overall thermal
conductance andfluid
flow rates and fluid inlettemperatures
• In a parallel flow exchanger, a large temperature difference
between inlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids exists at the
inlet side, which may induce high thermal stresses in the
exchanger wall at theinlet
7. counter flow Heat Exchanger
2) Counter flow
• In a counter flow or counter current exchanger, the two fluids flow
parallel to each other but in opposite directions within the core
• The counter flow arrangement is thermodynamically superior to
any other flow arrangement
• It is the most efficient flow arrangement, producing the highest
temperature change in each fluid compared to any other two-
fluid flow arrangements for a given overall thermal
conductance fluid flowrates and fluid inlet temperatures
• The maximum temperature difference across the exchanger
produces minimum thermal stresses in the wall for an equivalent
performance compared to any other flow arrangements
8. Cross flow Heat Exchanger
3) Cross flow
• In this type of exchanger, the two fluids flow in directions normal to
each other
• Thermodynamically, the effectiveness for the cross flow
exchanger falls in between for the counter flow and parallel flow
arrangements
• The largest structural temperature difference exists at the
‘‘corner’’ of the entering hot and cold fluids
• This is one of the most common flow arrangements used for
extended surface heat exchangers, because it greatly simplifies
the header design at the entrance and exit of each fluid
11. Tubular Heat Exchangers
Tubular heat exchangers consist of circular tubes, one fluid
flows inside the tube and the other on the outside
The heat transfer takes place across the wall of the tube
Types of tubular heat exchangers
1) Concentric tube or double pipe
2) shell and tube
12. Concentric tube or double pipe
Two set of concentric pipes, two connecting tees, and a
return bend
A device whose purpose is the transfer of thermal energy
between two fluids
Common applications – Boilers, Coolers, Condensers,
Evaporators
Common design consist of two fluids separated by a
conducting medium
14. Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers
Shell & tube type heat exchangers are built of tubes (round or rectangular
in general) mounted in shells (cylindrical, rectangular or arbitrary shape).
Many variations of this basic type is available.
The differences mainly in the detailed features of construction and
provisions for differential thermal expansion between the tubes and
the shell.
Tube
outlet
Tube
inlet
Shell
outlet
Shell
inlet