Pathology - Peronosporales
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Peronosporales : Characters,Taxonomy & Major diseases Kingdom Chromista , Class Oomycetes , Order Peronosporales with diagrams.
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Fungi peronosporales
This file gives general information about characteristics and importance of the fungi belonging to the order Perenosporalees and its major families albuginaceae, perenosporaceae and pythiaceae
Phytoplasma
Phytoplasma are prokaryotic, cell-wall less bacteria that infect the phloem of plants and are transmitted by insect vectors. They lack the ability to be cultured independently and are pleomorphic, ranging from 0.17-0.25 μm in size. Phytoplasma cause diseases in hundreds of plant species and are characterized by symptoms such as phyllody, yellowing, witches' brooms, and little leaf. They are detected using PCR and fluorescent staining. Major phytoplasma diseases include little leaf disease of brinjal, sesame phyllody, and lethal yellowing of coconut.
Zygomycotina
The document summarizes information about the fungi group Zygomycotina. It is divided into two classes: Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes. Zygomycetes are mostly terrestrial fungi that reproduce sexually through the fusion of opposite hyphae to form spores called zygospores. Rhizopus stolonifer is a common member. Trichomycetes are typically symbiotic fungi living in arthropod guts. The document also provides details about the fungi Mucor and Rhizopus, including their structures, life cycles, and reproduction methods.
Mastigomycotina
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
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Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes
The document discusses the evolution of steles, or vascular bundles, in pteridophytes. It describes the basic types as protostelic and siphonostelic. Protostelic steles have central xylem and surrounding phloem with no pith, while siphonostelic steles have a central pith. Specific protostelic types include haplostele, actinostele, and plectostele. Siphonostelic types include cladosiphonic, phyllosiphonic, ectophloic, amphiphloic, solenostele, dictyostele, and polycyclic steles. The origin of
Puccinia graminis
Puccinia graminis is a fungus that causes black stem rust disease on wheat and other grass crops. It has a heteroecious life cycle requiring two hosts, wheat and barberry plants. On wheat, it produces urediniospores that spread the disease and later teleutospores which overwinter. Teleutospores produce basidiospores on germination which infect barberry plants. On barberry, it produces pycniospores and then aeciospores which infect wheat to complete the life cycle. The disease symptoms and stages on both hosts are described in detail in the document.
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Fungi peronosporales
This file gives general information about characteristics and importance of the fungi belonging to the order Perenosporalees and its major families albuginaceae, perenosporaceae and pythiaceae
Phytoplasma
Phytoplasma are prokaryotic, cell-wall less bacteria that infect the phloem of plants and are transmitted by insect vectors. They lack the ability to be cultured independently and are pleomorphic, ranging from 0.17-0.25 μm in size. Phytoplasma cause diseases in hundreds of plant species and are characterized by symptoms such as phyllody, yellowing, witches' brooms, and little leaf. They are detected using PCR and fluorescent staining. Major phytoplasma diseases include little leaf disease of brinjal, sesame phyllody, and lethal yellowing of coconut.
Zygomycotina
The document summarizes information about the fungi group Zygomycotina. It is divided into two classes: Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes. Zygomycetes are mostly terrestrial fungi that reproduce sexually through the fusion of opposite hyphae to form spores called zygospores. Rhizopus stolonifer is a common member. Trichomycetes are typically symbiotic fungi living in arthropod guts. The document also provides details about the fungi Mucor and Rhizopus, including their structures, life cycles, and reproduction methods.
Mastigomycotina
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
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Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes
The document discusses the evolution of steles, or vascular bundles, in pteridophytes. It describes the basic types as protostelic and siphonostelic. Protostelic steles have central xylem and surrounding phloem with no pith, while siphonostelic steles have a central pith. Specific protostelic types include haplostele, actinostele, and plectostele. Siphonostelic types include cladosiphonic, phyllosiphonic, ectophloic, amphiphloic, solenostele, dictyostele, and polycyclic steles. The origin of
Puccinia graminis
Puccinia graminis is a fungus that causes black stem rust disease on wheat and other grass crops. It has a heteroecious life cycle requiring two hosts, wheat and barberry plants. On wheat, it produces urediniospores that spread the disease and later teleutospores which overwinter. Teleutospores produce basidiospores on germination which infect barberry plants. On barberry, it produces pycniospores and then aeciospores which infect wheat to complete the life cycle. The disease symptoms and stages on both hosts are described in detail in the document.
Plasmodiophoromycetes
This document summarizes the life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes clubroot disease in cabbage. It has both a haploid and diploid phase. In the haploid phase, resting spores in soil germinate to form zoospores that infect root hairs and develop into gametangia containing gametes. Gametes fuse in pairs during the diploid phase to form zygotes that infect root cells and develop into sporangia, completing the life cycle. The sporangia cause galls or clubs to form on the roots and can remain dormant in soil for years.
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
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Lichens
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Chara algae Morphology Cell Structure Reproduction
Chara is a genus of macroscopic, multicellular green algae that grows submerged in freshwater. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. Sexually, specialized structures called globules and nucules contain male and female gametes, which fuse during fertilization. The zygote develops into an oospore that overwinters before germinating to form a new plant. Vegetatively, Chara reproduces through structures like amylum stars and bulbils that develop new plants upon detaching from the parent. Chara has a branched, filamentous thallus with rhizoids and nodes bearing appendages including branches and stipuloids.
Mastigomycotina
- Mastigomycotina is a former taxonomic grouping of fungi that included classes like Chytridiomycetes.
- Chytridiomycetes, commonly called chytrids, are mostly aquatic fungi found in soils and aquatic habitats. They can be unicellular or filamentous.
- Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes the black wart disease of potato. It has both asexual and sexual life cycles involving zoospores, gametes and resting spores that allow it to infect and overwinter on potato plants.
Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota
The document discusses different types of fruiting bodies produced by fungi. It defines fruiting bodies as multicellular structures that produce spores. Some key fruiting bodies mentioned include ascocarps, which contain asci and are produced by ascomycete fungi. Perithecia and cleistothecia are types of ascocarps that have different structures enclosing the asci. Apothecia are cup-shaped fruiting bodies with exposed asci. Synnemata are erect, fused conidiophores bearing conidia. Each fruiting body has a distinct morphology and mechanism for dispersing spores.
Ascomycota salient features
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This document discusses the plant pathogen Phytophthora. It is an oomycete, not a true fungus, that causes many diseases in plants. Phytophthora reproduces both sexually, requiring two mating types, and asexually through sporangia and zoospores. It infects a wide range of hosts and causes symptoms like leaf spots, stem cankers, root rot, and top dieback. Phytophthora spreads through splashing water or movement of infected plants and soil. It is active in wet and warm conditions. Detection methods include ELISA tests, culturing on selective media, and PCR tests for specific species.
Plant diseases caused by phytoplasma and spiroplasma
This document discusses plant diseases caused by Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma bacteria. It defines Phytoplasmas as obligate parasites of plant phloem and insect vectors that transmit them between plants. Characteristics of Phytoplasmas and some diseases they cause like little leaf of brinjal, sesamum phyllody, and sandal spike are described. It also discusses Spiroplasmas' helical shape and diseases like citrus stubborn, leaf roll, and corn stunt. A table compares key traits of bacteria, Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, and Phytoplasma.
plant disease development
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Economic importance of pteridophyta
This document summarizes the various uses of pteridophytes, which are ancient vascular plants that include ferns. It outlines how pteridophytes are used in soil conservation, as biofertilizers, as food sources for humans and animals, as ornamental plants, for entertainment, medicinally, to produce chemicals, in manufacturing, and as metal accumulators. Some key uses mentioned include using ferns like Pteris and Dryopteris for soil erosion control, Azolla species as biofertilizer by fixing nitrogen, and consuming fern tubers, rhizomes, and fronds. The document also lists specific pteridophytes used for things like dye production, oil extraction, basket we
Ecological significance of pteridophytes
Ferns play several important ecological roles. They provide shelter and food for small animals, help stabilize disturbed soil, and prevent nutrient leaching. Some ferns indicate the presence of certain metals in soil. Ferns also create diverse microhabitats that support a range of organisms by providing moisture, shade, and surfaces for seed germination. Invasive fern species can disrupt local ecosystems.
Algae (Sargassam , Porphyra , and Diatoms)
Sargassum is a genus of brown macroalgae found in tropical and temperate oceans. It has a main axis with branched laterals bearing air bladders and receptacles with flask-shaped conceptacles containing sex organs. Reproduction is both vegetative through fragmentation and sexually through antheridia and oogonia forming in conceptacles. Porphyra is an edible red algae commonly known as nori. It has a thin blade-like thallus attached by a holdfast. Cells contain stellate chromatophores. Reproduction is sexual through carpogonia and spermatangia or asexually through neutral spores. Diatoms are a large group of algae with beautiful
Cercospora
1. Cercospora is a genus of fungi that commonly causes leaf spot diseases on many economically important plants.
2. It reproduces asexually through the production of conidiophores and conidia. Conidiophores emerge through stomata or ruptured leaf epidermis and produce single conidia at their tips.
3. Cercospora species can cause significant damage and yield loss to crops like groundnuts, banana, tobacco, and cotton through the leaf spot diseases they produce.
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this slide contains general idea on the order peronosporales and its families pythiaceae, peronosporaceae and albuginaceae.
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This document outlines Ainsworth's 1973 classification system for fungi. It proposes the kingdom Mycota, divided into the divisions Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Eumycota is further divided into several subdivisions including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. Each subdivision contains multiple classes and orders of fungi classified based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle stages, and reproductive structures. The classification aims to group fungi based on morphology and natural relationships rather than previous artificial systems.
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DOWMY MILDEW FUNGI part 01.pptx
Downy mildew fungi are plant pathogens that cause significant damage to a variety of crops, including grapes, cucumbers, lettuce, and onions. These fungi thrive in cool, moist environments and can spread rapidly through a field, causing devastating losses for farmers.
This slide deck provides an overview of downy mildew fungi, including their life cycle, symptoms, and management strategies. The presentation begins with an introduction to the various types of downy mildew fungi, including the species that affect grapes, cucumbers, and other crops.
Next, the slides detail the life cycle of downy mildew fungi, from spore germination to the development of lesions on plant leaves. The presentation also explains how these fungi spread from plant to plant and from field to field, and highlights the conditions that favor their growth and reproduction.
The slide deck then goes on to describe the symptoms of downy mildew infection, including yellowing and wilting of leaves, stunted growth, and the development of characteristic downy white or gray spores on the undersides of leaves.
Finally, the presentation offers practical tips and strategies for managing downy mildew fungi, including cultural control measures such as crop rotation and sanitation practices, as well as chemical control methods such as fungicides.
Overall, this slide deck provides a comprehensive overview of downy mildew fungi and their impact on agricultural crops, as well as practical strategies for preventing and managing these devastating plant pathogens.
mycology
This document provides information about the kingdom Stramenopila and some key phyla within it. It discusses the phyla Hypochytriomycota, Labyrinthulomycota, and Oomycota. For Oomycota, it describes the characteristics of the phylum and provides details about some important classes, orders, families, and genera within it like Phytophthora and Pythium. It compares the differences between Phytophthora and Pythium.
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Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
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Red rot of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It was first reported in 1893 in Java and causes significant losses in sugarcane crops. Symptoms include yellowing of leaves, shriveled canes that are light in weight and easily broken with reddening of the pith. The pathogen survives in plant setts, infected plant debris, and soil. Management strategies include using disease-free setts, hot water or hot air treatment of setts, removing infected plant material, crop rotation, and growing resistant varieties.
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The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
Chara algae Morphology Cell Structure Reproduction
Chara is a genus of macroscopic, multicellular green algae that grows submerged in freshwater. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. Sexually, specialized structures called globules and nucules contain male and female gametes, which fuse during fertilization. The zygote develops into an oospore that overwinters before germinating to form a new plant. Vegetatively, Chara reproduces through structures like amylum stars and bulbils that develop new plants upon detaching from the parent. Chara has a branched, filamentous thallus with rhizoids and nodes bearing appendages including branches and stipuloids.
Mastigomycotina
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- Chytridiomycetes, commonly called chytrids, are mostly aquatic fungi found in soils and aquatic habitats. They can be unicellular or filamentous.
- Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes the black wart disease of potato. It has both asexual and sexual life cycles involving zoospores, gametes and resting spores that allow it to infect and overwinter on potato plants.
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The document discusses different types of fruiting bodies produced by fungi. It defines fruiting bodies as multicellular structures that produce spores. Some key fruiting bodies mentioned include ascocarps, which contain asci and are produced by ascomycete fungi. Perithecia and cleistothecia are types of ascocarps that have different structures enclosing the asci. Apothecia are cup-shaped fruiting bodies with exposed asci. Synnemata are erect, fused conidiophores bearing conidia. Each fruiting body has a distinct morphology and mechanism for dispersing spores.
Ascomycota salient features
Contents
Reproduction types and fructifications
General characteristics
Classification
Economic importance
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This document discusses the plant pathogen Phytophthora. It is an oomycete, not a true fungus, that causes many diseases in plants. Phytophthora reproduces both sexually, requiring two mating types, and asexually through sporangia and zoospores. It infects a wide range of hosts and causes symptoms like leaf spots, stem cankers, root rot, and top dieback. Phytophthora spreads through splashing water or movement of infected plants and soil. It is active in wet and warm conditions. Detection methods include ELISA tests, culturing on selective media, and PCR tests for specific species.
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This document discusses plant diseases caused by Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma bacteria. It defines Phytoplasmas as obligate parasites of plant phloem and insect vectors that transmit them between plants. Characteristics of Phytoplasmas and some diseases they cause like little leaf of brinjal, sesamum phyllody, and sandal spike are described. It also discusses Spiroplasmas' helical shape and diseases like citrus stubborn, leaf roll, and corn stunt. A table compares key traits of bacteria, Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, and Phytoplasma.
plant disease development
This document discusses plant disease development. It begins by outlining the objectives and topics to be covered, which include the disease triangle, factors for successful disease development, and stages of disease development. The disease triangle requires the presence of a susceptible host, virulent pathogen, and favorable environment. The factors for disease development include the properties of the pathogen, host, and environment. The stages of disease development are inoculation, penetration, infection, growth and reproduction of the pathogen, and dissemination of the pathogen.
Economic importance of pteridophyta
This document summarizes the various uses of pteridophytes, which are ancient vascular plants that include ferns. It outlines how pteridophytes are used in soil conservation, as biofertilizers, as food sources for humans and animals, as ornamental plants, for entertainment, medicinally, to produce chemicals, in manufacturing, and as metal accumulators. Some key uses mentioned include using ferns like Pteris and Dryopteris for soil erosion control, Azolla species as biofertilizer by fixing nitrogen, and consuming fern tubers, rhizomes, and fronds. The document also lists specific pteridophytes used for things like dye production, oil extraction, basket we
Ecological significance of pteridophytes
Ferns play several important ecological roles. They provide shelter and food for small animals, help stabilize disturbed soil, and prevent nutrient leaching. Some ferns indicate the presence of certain metals in soil. Ferns also create diverse microhabitats that support a range of organisms by providing moisture, shade, and surfaces for seed germination. Invasive fern species can disrupt local ecosystems.
Algae (Sargassam , Porphyra , and Diatoms)
Sargassum is a genus of brown macroalgae found in tropical and temperate oceans. It has a main axis with branched laterals bearing air bladders and receptacles with flask-shaped conceptacles containing sex organs. Reproduction is both vegetative through fragmentation and sexually through antheridia and oogonia forming in conceptacles. Porphyra is an edible red algae commonly known as nori. It has a thin blade-like thallus attached by a holdfast. Cells contain stellate chromatophores. Reproduction is sexual through carpogonia and spermatangia or asexually through neutral spores. Diatoms are a large group of algae with beautiful
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1. Cercospora is a genus of fungi that commonly causes leaf spot diseases on many economically important plants.
2. It reproduces asexually through the production of conidiophores and conidia. Conidiophores emerge through stomata or ruptured leaf epidermis and produce single conidia at their tips.
3. Cercospora species can cause significant damage and yield loss to crops like groundnuts, banana, tobacco, and cotton through the leaf spot diseases they produce.
Perenosporales
this slide contains general idea on the order peronosporales and its families pythiaceae, peronosporaceae and albuginaceae.
Marchantia ppt
This document summarizes the plant Marchantia. It belongs to the division Bryophyta, class Hepaticopsida, order Marchantiales, and family Marchantiaceae. The genus Marchantia has about 65 species found worldwide, including 11 species in India. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia borne on special stalked branches, and asexually through gemmae. Fertilization leads to a sporophyte generation that produces spores which develop into a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle of alternation of generations. Key structures include the dorsal gemma cups and ventral rhizoids, and the dorsiventral thallus bears the reproductive organs in
Classification of fungi
This document outlines Ainsworth's 1973 classification system for fungi. It proposes the kingdom Mycota, divided into the divisions Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Eumycota is further divided into several subdivisions including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. Each subdivision contains multiple classes and orders of fungi classified based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle stages, and reproductive structures. The classification aims to group fungi based on morphology and natural relationships rather than previous artificial systems.
Angular leaf spot of cotton
disease of cotton plant occur world wide. introduction, symptoms, causal organisms, disease management is given in these slides.
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DOWMY MILDEW FUNGI part 01.pptx
Downy mildew fungi are plant pathogens that cause significant damage to a variety of crops, including grapes, cucumbers, lettuce, and onions. These fungi thrive in cool, moist environments and can spread rapidly through a field, causing devastating losses for farmers.
This slide deck provides an overview of downy mildew fungi, including their life cycle, symptoms, and management strategies. The presentation begins with an introduction to the various types of downy mildew fungi, including the species that affect grapes, cucumbers, and other crops.
Next, the slides detail the life cycle of downy mildew fungi, from spore germination to the development of lesions on plant leaves. The presentation also explains how these fungi spread from plant to plant and from field to field, and highlights the conditions that favor their growth and reproduction.
The slide deck then goes on to describe the symptoms of downy mildew infection, including yellowing and wilting of leaves, stunted growth, and the development of characteristic downy white or gray spores on the undersides of leaves.
Finally, the presentation offers practical tips and strategies for managing downy mildew fungi, including cultural control measures such as crop rotation and sanitation practices, as well as chemical control methods such as fungicides.
Overall, this slide deck provides a comprehensive overview of downy mildew fungi and their impact on agricultural crops, as well as practical strategies for preventing and managing these devastating plant pathogens.
mycology
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Practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study o...
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Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g soz.pdf
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
distinguishing features among groups, where on Earth these organisms are typically found, and
how they make a living
Solution
Lophotrochozoa are a group or taxon of protostome animals. The taxon consists of 2 groups-
trochozoans and lophophorata. Trochozoans are characterized by the development of mouth
before anus in the embryo.They are worm like and produce trochophore larvae - larvae that have
2 bands of cilia around their middle. Lophophorata, on the other hand, are grouped by the
presence of lophophore characterized by a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding their mouths.
These animals exhibit radial cleavage.
Lophotrochophora includes the following phyla
1. Phylum Ectoprocta:
These are mostly marine coelomates that use lophophore for feesing. They secrete and live in
zoecium (chitinous chamber).
2. Phylum platyhelminthes
These are mostly parasitic acoelomates. Some may live as scavengers or commensals. The are
flat and ribbon-shaped. They have an incomplete gut, no circulatory system, and a simple
nervous system. Their excretory system has small tubules lined with ciliated flame cells. They
are hermaphrodites.
3. Phylum Rotifera
These are small aquatic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly free living and a few are
paraitic. They have a ciliated food gathering organ at the tip of the head known as corona. They
have jaws in the pharynx and their digestive system has separate mouth and anus. They have
rudimentary circulatory system and they have separate sexes.
4. Phylum Annelida
They are segmented coelomates with a closed circulatory system. Their excretory system
includes nephrida. They have a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. Gas exchange is
through skin.They have setae. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They can
be parasites, carnivores, predators or scavengers.
5. Phylum Nemertea
They are partially coelomate and partially acoelomate animals. They are free living and possess
proboscis - a long muscular tube covered by a sheath to capture prey. They have a complete
digestive system, a simple nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
6. Phylum Phoronida:
They are coelomate and marine. They use lophophore for feeding. They have a U-shaped gut and
they secrete and live in a chitinous tube.
7. Phylum Brachipoda:
They are characterized by the presence of 2 calcified shells.
Ecdysozoa also belons to the group of protostome animals characterized by a three layered
cuticle which is periodically molted,a process known as ecdysis. They lack locomotary cilia.
They produce amoeboid sperm. Their embryos donot undergo spiral cleavage unlike other
protostomes.
The group includes
Phylum arthropoda
The phylum includes invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton. They have jointed limbs and
their cuticle is made of chitin. They are segmented with an open circulatory system and a ladder-
like nervous system They are found in both a.
Final ppt. in biodiversity
This document discusses the classification and characteristics of different algal groups, including:
- Fritsch classified algae into 11 classes including Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Cyanophyceae.
- Algae exhibit diverse morphologies and habitats, from single-celled to complex thalli. They are found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments.
- Algae reproduce both sexually, through processes like isogamy and oogamy, and asexually, through fragmentation, spores, and cell division. Different algal groups display diverse reproductive strategies.
Mecoptera - Scorpion files
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Protozoa ii
Sarcodinids are amoeboid protozoa that were formerly grouped with flagellates. They contain a single nucleus and contractile vacuoles. Their shapes range from amorphous to highly structured. Most feed on particulate material but some house photosynthetic algae. They reproduce asexually by binary or multiple fission. Some produce gametes for sexual reproduction. Encystment provides protection in unfavorable conditions.
Diversity In Living Organisms
This document discusses the diversity of living organisms and their classification. It begins by explaining that all organisms are unique and diversity has arisen through evolution over millions of years. Organisms are classified based on their characteristics into hierarchical groups like domains, kingdoms, phyla etc. The major kingdoms discussed are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Within these, organisms are further classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species based on traits like cell structure, nutrition, body organization and complexity. This classification system helps to study and understand the immense biodiversity that exists.
Aschelminthes (lophotrochozoan and ecdysozoan phyla)
The document discusses the classification and evolution of various worm-like phyla. It describes two main hypotheses for their phylogeny, whether they are monophyletic or polyphyletic. The document then summarizes several aschelminth phyla, including their defining characteristics, representative genera, habitat and lifestyle. It notes that some phyla are now grouped under Lophotrochozoa or Ecdysozoa based on whether they molt. In conclusion, it discusses the concept of worms and their possible evolution from a common worm-like ancestor.
Saprolegnia
1) Saprolegnia is a genus of aquatic fungi that can be parasites on fish or their eggs, causing disease.
2) It has coenocytic, branching hyphae and reproduces asexually through zoospores formed in sporangia.
3) Sexually, it produces male antheridia and female oogonia, with fertilization occurring through fertilization tubes, forming thick-walled oospores.
Oomycetes
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Oomycetes
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Protozoa
Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that were coined in 1818. They are eukaryotic with a nucleus and organelles, rely on their environment for nutrition, and do not have chlorophyll. Protozoa include flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae that move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods respectively. As components of micro and meiofauna, protozoa are an important food source and play a role in transferring production between trophic levels as both herbivores and consumers. Examples of protozoa discussed include the amoeba, trypanosoma, plasmodium, paramecium, and
Kingdom plantae
The document provides information on the kingdom Plantae, specifically focusing on algae and bryophytes.
[1] It describes the characteristics of algae, including their sizes, shapes, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction. [2] Bryophytes are described as the first land plants and having a thalloid plant body without roots or leaves. They reproduce sexually through gametophytes and sporophytes. [3] Pteridophytes are vascular plants that exhibit alternation of generations between free-living gametophytes and sporophytes.
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- 1. SUBMITTED BY, KAAVIYA AV COURSE TEACHER: Dr. PARTHASARATHY S ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PLANT PATHOLOGY
- 3. The Peronosporales show a wide range of habit from aquatic, through amphibious way of life to the land habit. Many peronosporales are parasites and some are saprophytes. A few parasitic species can live as saprobes after the death of the host. The sporangia in the Peronosporales usually get detached and generally function as conidia. They are globose or oval in form.
- 5. The sporangia in many species are borne on special reproductive hyphae called the sporangiophores. The oogonium in the Peronosporales contains a single egg which is surrounded by periplasm. The zoospores in the Peronosporales are typically reniform in shape and biflagellate with the flagella arising from the concave side. They are thus monoplanetic.
- 7. Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Oomycota Class: Oomycetes Order: Peronosporales Families: Peronosporaceae 1 genus & 45 species Albuginaceae 8 genera & 600 species
- 8. The fungi of the order - Peronosporales, cause damping off, white rusts, downy mildews, late blight diseases. Some of these pathogenic protists include the organisms responsible for potato blight, eucalyptus dieback,sudden oak death, and blue mold.
- 11. Textbook of Fungi. Introductory Mycology. 4th ed. Wiley and Sons. Tata MC - Graw hill education. Journal - Fungal ecology. Pathogens of Autotrophs - lynne boddy. Fungal evolution – Strullo Journal - classification of Peronosporomycetes