Practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved in
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g soz.pdffathimahardwareelect
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
distinguishing features among groups, where on Earth these organisms are typically found, and
how they make a living
Solution
Lophotrochozoa are a group or taxon of protostome animals. The taxon consists of 2 groups-
trochozoans and lophophorata. Trochozoans are characterized by the development of mouth
before anus in the embryo.They are worm like and produce trochophore larvae - larvae that have
2 bands of cilia around their middle. Lophophorata, on the other hand, are grouped by the
presence of lophophore characterized by a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding their mouths.
These animals exhibit radial cleavage.
Lophotrochophora includes the following phyla
1. Phylum Ectoprocta:
These are mostly marine coelomates that use lophophore for feesing. They secrete and live in
zoecium (chitinous chamber).
2. Phylum platyhelminthes
These are mostly parasitic acoelomates. Some may live as scavengers or commensals. The are
flat and ribbon-shaped. They have an incomplete gut, no circulatory system, and a simple
nervous system. Their excretory system has small tubules lined with ciliated flame cells. They
are hermaphrodites.
3. Phylum Rotifera
These are small aquatic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly free living and a few are
paraitic. They have a ciliated food gathering organ at the tip of the head known as corona. They
have jaws in the pharynx and their digestive system has separate mouth and anus. They have
rudimentary circulatory system and they have separate sexes.
4. Phylum Annelida
They are segmented coelomates with a closed circulatory system. Their excretory system
includes nephrida. They have a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. Gas exchange is
through skin.They have setae. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They can
be parasites, carnivores, predators or scavengers.
5. Phylum Nemertea
They are partially coelomate and partially acoelomate animals. They are free living and possess
proboscis - a long muscular tube covered by a sheath to capture prey. They have a complete
digestive system, a simple nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
6. Phylum Phoronida:
They are coelomate and marine. They use lophophore for feeding. They have a U-shaped gut and
they secrete and live in a chitinous tube.
7. Phylum Brachipoda:
They are characterized by the presence of 2 calcified shells.
Ecdysozoa also belons to the group of protostome animals characterized by a three layered
cuticle which is periodically molted,a process known as ecdysis. They lack locomotary cilia.
They produce amoeboid sperm. Their embryos donot undergo spiral cleavage unlike other
protostomes.
The group includes
Phylum arthropoda
The phylum includes invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton. They have jointed limbs and
their cuticle is made of chitin. They are segmented with an open circulatory system and a ladder-
like nervous system They are found in both a.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Similar to Practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved in
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g soz.pdffathimahardwareelect
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
distinguishing features among groups, where on Earth these organisms are typically found, and
how they make a living
Solution
Lophotrochozoa are a group or taxon of protostome animals. The taxon consists of 2 groups-
trochozoans and lophophorata. Trochozoans are characterized by the development of mouth
before anus in the embryo.They are worm like and produce trochophore larvae - larvae that have
2 bands of cilia around their middle. Lophophorata, on the other hand, are grouped by the
presence of lophophore characterized by a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding their mouths.
These animals exhibit radial cleavage.
Lophotrochophora includes the following phyla
1. Phylum Ectoprocta:
These are mostly marine coelomates that use lophophore for feesing. They secrete and live in
zoecium (chitinous chamber).
2. Phylum platyhelminthes
These are mostly parasitic acoelomates. Some may live as scavengers or commensals. The are
flat and ribbon-shaped. They have an incomplete gut, no circulatory system, and a simple
nervous system. Their excretory system has small tubules lined with ciliated flame cells. They
are hermaphrodites.
3. Phylum Rotifera
These are small aquatic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly free living and a few are
paraitic. They have a ciliated food gathering organ at the tip of the head known as corona. They
have jaws in the pharynx and their digestive system has separate mouth and anus. They have
rudimentary circulatory system and they have separate sexes.
4. Phylum Annelida
They are segmented coelomates with a closed circulatory system. Their excretory system
includes nephrida. They have a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. Gas exchange is
through skin.They have setae. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They can
be parasites, carnivores, predators or scavengers.
5. Phylum Nemertea
They are partially coelomate and partially acoelomate animals. They are free living and possess
proboscis - a long muscular tube covered by a sheath to capture prey. They have a complete
digestive system, a simple nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
6. Phylum Phoronida:
They are coelomate and marine. They use lophophore for feeding. They have a U-shaped gut and
they secrete and live in a chitinous tube.
7. Phylum Brachipoda:
They are characterized by the presence of 2 calcified shells.
Ecdysozoa also belons to the group of protostome animals characterized by a three layered
cuticle which is periodically molted,a process known as ecdysis. They lack locomotary cilia.
They produce amoeboid sperm. Their embryos donot undergo spiral cleavage unlike other
protostomes.
The group includes
Phylum arthropoda
The phylum includes invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton. They have jointed limbs and
their cuticle is made of chitin. They are segmented with an open circulatory system and a ladder-
like nervous system They are found in both a.
Lecture on arthropods and echinoderms.pptEsayDawit
zoologist now what are arthropods, what are the distinguishing features and what are echinoderms with identifying their features from the rest other invertebrates.
Apply a classification system to a range of marine organisms found in the Maldives.
Define Taxonomy
State the order of classification
Name organisms using binomial nomenclature
Use taxonomic keys
Classify organisms
Similar to Practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved in (20)
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I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
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I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved invertebrate species and their practical study of preserved in
1. EVOLUTION AND PRINCIPLE OF SYSTEMATICS
COURSE CODE:ZOOL-3116
PRACTICAL: STUDY OF PRESERVED INVERTEBRATE SPECIES AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION UPTO CLASS LEVEL.
Main Teacher: Dr. Muhammad Mudassar Shehzad
TOWNSHIP CAMPUS UE LAHORE.
Co-Teacher: Ms Fatima Nasir
LOWER MALL CAMPUS UE LAHORE.
2. Zoological Specimen
A zoological specimen is an animal or part of an animal preserved for scientific use.
Various uses are: to verify the identity of a (species), to allow study, increase public
knowledge of zoology.
Examples are bird and mammal study skins, mounted specimens, skeletal material,
casts, pinned insects, dried material, animals preserved in liquid preservatives, and
microscope slides.
Zoological specimens are extremely diverse.
Natural history museums are repositories of zoological specimens.
3. INVERTEBRATE
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral
column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans,
and myriapods), mollusks (chitons, snail, bivalves, squids,
and octopuses), annelid (earthworms and leeches),
and cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals).
The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%.
Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire
subphylum of Vertebrata.
Invertebrates vary widely in size, from 50 μm (0.002 in) rotifers to the 9–10 m (30–33
ft) colossal squid.
4. INVERTEBRATE PRESERVATION METHOD
Both vertebrates and invertebrates can be preserved in fluid or as dry
specimens.
The archival preservation fluid that has been used the longest and is generally
preferred is alcohol.
The standard is 70-75% ethyl alcohol or ethanol, 40-50% isopropyl alcohol is
used on some animal taxa.
5. WET SPECIMENS
"Wet" specimen collections are stored in different solutions.
A very old method is to store the specimen in 70% ethanol with various
additives after fixing with formalin or in these days sometimes with a salt-
solution.
Modern specimens are stored in borosilicate glass due to its chemical and
thermal resistance and good optical clarity.
6. INSECTS AND SIMILAR INVERTEBRATES
Most hard-bodied insect specimens and some other hard-bodied invertebrates such
as certain Arachnida, are preserved as pinned specimens.
Either while still fresh, or after rehydrating them if necessary because they had dried
out, specimens are transfixed by special stainless steel entomological pins.
As the insect dries the internal tissues solidify and, possibly aided to some extent by the
integument, they grip the pin and secure the specimen in place on the pin.
Very small, delicate specimens may instead be secured by fine steel points driven into
slips of card, or glued to card points or similar attachments that in turn are pinned in
the same way as entire mounted insects. The pins offer a means of handling the
specimens without damage, and they also bear labels for descriptive and reference
data.
Once dried, the specimens may be kept in conveniently sized open trays. The bottoms
of the trays are lined with a material suited to receiving and holding entomological
pins securely and conveniently.
7. However, open trays are very vulnerable to attack by museum beetle and similar
pests, so such open trays are stored in turn inside glass-topped, insect-proof
drawers, commonly protected by suitable pesticides or repellents or barriers.
Alternatively, some museums store the pinned specimens directly in larger trays or
drawers that are glass-topped and stored in cabinets.
In contrast to such dried specimens, soft-bodied specimens most commonly are
kept in "wet collections", meaning that they are stored in alcohol or similar
preservative or fixative liquids, according to the intended function.
Small specimens, whether hard or soft bodied, and whether entire, dissected,
or sectioned, may be stored as microscope slide preparations.
8. CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES
Invertebrates are classified in to nine major phyla.
Sponges (Porifera)
Amoeba (Protozoa)
Hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals (Cnidaria)
Starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers (Echinodermata)
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Round or threadworms (Nematoda)
Earthworms and leeches (Annelida)
Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods (Arthropoda)
Chitons, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopuses (Mollusca)
11. 1. PROTOZOA
Almost 50,000 known species of phylum protozoa.
Protozoan animals exhibit protoplasmic grade of organization. There is division of labor
among various organelles of the cell.
Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium, Entamoeba etc are some of free living protozoa.
CHARACTERISTICS
They may be solitary, colonial or free living aquatic parasites.
Most of them live in water, but some live in damp soil or inside other animal (parasitic).
They reproduce primarily by asexual means, although in some groups sexual modes also occur.
They have heterotrophic mode of nutrition, whereby the free-living forms ingest particulates, such
as bacteria, yeast and algae, while the parasitic forms derive nutrients from the body fluids of their
hosts.
Locomotion takes place by pseudopodia, flagella or cilia.
They constantly change the body shape.
12. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM PROTOZOA
Phylum Protozoa is a large and varied group. This phylum has a number of
problems in its classification. As per one of the classification given out by
Hyman, Hickman and Storer, this phylum is divided into two subphyla on the
basis of organs of locomotion. These two subphyla are further divided into 5
classes.
Most accepted classification of protozoa is given by BM Honigberg and
others based on the scheme given by the committee on Taxonomy and
Taxonomic problems of the society of Protozoologists divides this phyla into
4 subphyla.
14. Phylum protozoa is classified into four classes on the basis of locomotary organs
Class 1 Rhizopoda
Locomotary organ: Pseudopodia
Mostly free living, some are parasitic
Reproduction: asexually by binary fission and sexually by syngamy.
No conjugation.
Examples: Amoeba, Entamoeba
Class 2 Mastigophora/ Flagellata
Locomotory organ: Flagella
Free living or parasite.
Body covered with cellulose, chitin or silica.
Reproduction: A sexual reproduction by longitudinal fission.
No conjugation.
Examples: Giardia, Euglena, Trypanosoma
15. Class 3 Sporozoa
Locomotory organ: Absent
Exclusively endoparasites
Contractile vacuoles is absent
Body covered with pellicle.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by fission and Sexual reproduction by spores
Examples: Plasmodium, Monocystis
Class 4 Ciliata
locomotary organ: Cillia
Body covered by pellicle.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission. Sexual reproduction by
conjugation.
Nuclei two types i.e. macronucleus and micronucleus.
Examples: Paramecium, Voricella, Blantidium
21. 2. PHYLUM PORIFERA
They live mainly in salty water. About 5000 species are known today
commonly known as sponges.
CHARACTERICTICS
Found in salty water.
Multicellular animals.
They have cylindrical shape body.
Germinal layers are ill developed.
Inner surface has flagellate collar cells or choanocytes.
Reproduction is both sexual and asexual.
E.g., Sycon, Bath Sponge, Euplectella, Glass-rope sponge etc.
28. 3. PHYLUM COELENTERATA
About 10,000 species are known.
CHARACTERISTICS
These are marine animals which may be solitary or colonial.
These have a hollow body like a bag.
The body is two layered.
The mouth is surrounded by tentacles which are usually thread like outgrowths.
Stinging cells or nematocytes are present.
Reproduction: Asexual: by budding; Sexual: by gamatic fusion.
E.g., Hydra, Jelly Fish, Sea Anemone, Coral etc.
29. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
COELENTERATA
The phylum coelenterate is divided into three classes on the basis of development of zooids:
Class1: Hydrozoa
Class2: Scyphozoan or Scyphomedusae
Class3: Anthozoa or Actinozoa
Class1: Hydrozoa
(Hydra; water; zoon: animal)
Habitat: mostly marine, few are fresh water
Habit: some are solitary and some are colonial
Asexual Polyps is dominant form
Medusa possess true velum
Mesogloea is simple and acellular
Examples: Hydra, Obelia, Physalia physalis (portuguese man of war), Tubularia
30. Class 2: Scyphozoa or Scyphomedusae
Habitat: exclusively marine
Habit: solitary, freely swimming
Medusa is dominant and it is Large bell or umbrella shaped.
Polyps is short lived or absent
Mesogloea is usually cellular
Examples: Aurelia aurita (Jelly fishe), Rhizostoma
Class 3: Anthozoa or Actinozoa
(Anthos: flower; zoios: animal “flower like animals”)
Habitat: exclusively marine
Habit: Solitary or colonial
Medusa stage is absent
Mesogloea contains fibrous connective tissue and amoeboid cells.
Examples: Metridium (sea anemone), Telesto, Tubipora, Xenia
31. a. Sea Anemone (COELENTERATA)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Subclass: Hexacorallia
Order: Actiniaria
36. 4. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
About 6500 species are known. Common forms are Flukes and Tapeworms.
CHARACTERITICS
They are commonly flateworms.
They are bisexual.
The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
Nervous system is simple.
Digestive system: incomplete or absent.
Reproduction: Sexual: by gametic fusion in hermaphrodite species.
Asexual : by regeneration and fission.
E.g., Liver Fluke, Planaria, Tapeworm, Blood Fluke etc.
37. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
PALTYHELMINTHES
Phylum Platyhelminthes is divided into three classes on the basis of body
shape, mouth position and habitat.
Class 1 Turbellaria
Mostly Free-living fresh water organism
Body: dorsoventrally flattened
Hooks and sucker usually absent
Examples: Planaria, Bipalium, Otoplana, Notoplana
38. Class 2 Trematoda
Mostly parasitic
Body: dorso-ventrally flattened leaf like
Hooks and sucker are present
Examples; Fasciola hepatica (Liverfluke), Diplozoon,
Class 3 Cestoda
Exclusive parasitic
Body: dorso-ventrally flattened tape like
Hooks and sucker are present
Digestive system-absent
Excretion: Protonephridia with flame cell
Examples: Taenia spp ( tapeworm), Convoluta, Echinobothrium
43. 5. PHYLUM ASCTHELMINTHES
About 10,000 species are known. Examples are Ascaris(Roundworm),
Oxyuris(Pinworm), Ancylostoma(hookworm) etc.
CHARACTERISTICS
Commonly known as roundworms.
Body is bilaterally symmetrical.
Sexes are separate. Reproductive system is simple.
Nervous system is in the form of ring.
Respiratory organs and blood vascular system are absent.
Usually parasites.
E.g., Ascaris, Oxyuris etc.
44. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
ASCHELMINTHES
Aschelminthes is classified into two classes: Aphasmidia and Phasmidia.
Class 1. Aphasmidia
Phasmids are absent,
Amphids are of various types. Examples: Trichinella, (Trichina worm), Trichuris
(Whip worm), etc
Class 2. Phasmidia
Phasmids are present near hind end of body.
Amphids are present near anterior end.
50. 6. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Almost 13,500 species are known.
CHARACTERISTICS
Body is metamerically segmented.
Shows bilateral symmetry.
Excretory organs are nephirida.
Sexes are either separate or the organisms are hermaphrodite.
The body has longitudinal or circular muscles.
E.g., Earthworm, Leech, Polygordius etc.
51. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Phylum Annelida is divided into four main classes, primarly on the basis of setae,
parapodia, metameres and other morphological features.
Class 1 Polychaeta
Habitat: They are marine, terrestrial, and freshwater.
Archetypical protosome development (schizocoely).
True coelomates (schizocoelomates).
Bilaterally symmetry, segmented worms.
Complete digestive system.
Closed circulatory system.
Well-developed nervous system.
Excretory system: Both metanephridia and protonephridia.
Lateral epidermal setae with each segment.
Dioecious or hermaphroditic.
Fertilization: external
Examples: Nereis (sandworm), Syllis.
52. Class 2 Oligochaeta
Habitat: mostly terrestrial and few are freshwater
Body metamerically segmented
Clitellum present
Hermaphrodite but cross fertilization occur
Fertilization: external
Cocoon formation occur
Examples: Pheretima posthuma (Earthworm), Lumbricus, Stlaria, Tubifex
Class 3 Hiradinea
Habitat: primarily freshwater annelids but some are marine, terrestrial and parasitic
The body has definite number or segments.
The tentacles, parapodia and setae are totally absent.
They are hermaphrodite.
Fertilization: internal and a larval stage is absent.
Examples: .Hirudinaria (Leech
53. Class 4 Archiannelida
Habitat: They are strictly marine.
The body is long and worm like.
The setae and parapodia normally absent.
They may be unisexual or hermaphrodite.
The development: indirect forming trochophore larva.
Examples: .Protodrillus. Dinophilus.
58. 7. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
The word arthropoda means jointed foot. It is the largest group of animals comprising
about 700000 species. Animals of this phyla are found all over the world in all climates and
conditions.
CHARACTERITICS
Body is metamerically segmented.
Body is jointed outwardly and bilaterally symmetrical.
A hard, non living exoskeleton is present.
Sexes are usually separated.
E.g., Spider, Crab, Grasshopper, Butterfly etc.
65. 8. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
About 90000 species are known.
CHARACTERISTICS
The animal are aquatic, some terrestrial forms are also known.
Body is soft, unsegmented.
Coelomate animals. True coelom is present.
Body consist of a head, foot and dorsal visceral mass.
Respiration is done by part of gills.
E,g., Snail, Octopus, Cuttlefish, Squid etc.
66. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM
MOLLUSCA
Phylum Mollusca are divided into six classes.
Class 1. Monoplacophora (Gk. monas- one, plax- plate, pherein- bearing):
The shell is spoon or cup shaped. They have die characters of both the phylum
Annelida and phylum Mollusca.
Example: Neopilina.
Class 2. Amphineura (Gk. amphi- both + two neuron = nerve):
There is a present non-ganglionated nerve ring around mouth with two pairs of
interconnected nerve cord.
Examples: Chaetopleura (Chiton).
Class 3. Scaphopoda (Gk. scapha- boat, podos-foot):
Shell is tubular and open at both ends.
Example: Dentalium.
67. Class 4. Gastropoda (Gk. gaster- belly, podos- foot):
Shell is made up of one piece.
The early embryo is symmetrical but during development the body twists showing
torsion so that the body becomes asymmetrical. It includes the largest number of
molluscs e.g., Pila, Umax, Cypraea (Cowrie), Helix (garden snail), Aplysia (sea hare),
Doris (sea lemon), Limnaea, (pond snail), Planorbis, Patella (true limpet), Turbinella
(Shankh), Creseis (Sea butterfly).
Class 5. Pelecypoda or Lamellibranchiate or Bivalvia (Gk. pelekus- hatchet Podos foot):
Shells is made up of two halves.
Examples: Unio, Mytilus (Sea mussel), Teredo SpwoS EnZ (razor shell or razor clam),
Solen (razor fish or razor shell), Ostrea (edible oyster), Pecten (scallop), Pinctada
(Pearl oyster).
Class 6. Cephalopoda (Gk. kephale- head, podos- foot):
Head and foot region combined and modified into a structure which has eyes and
eight tentacles, hence the name cephalopod or ‘head foot’. Cephalopods are
regarded at the top of invertebrates evolution in terms of learned behavior they
exihibit. Shell is external (Nautilus), internal (sepia) or absent (octopus).
Examples: Sepia, Loligo, octopus, nautilus, (pearly nautilus). Some cephalopods are
the largest invertebrates.
73. 9. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
These are marine animals. Almost 5000 species are known.
CHARACTERISTICS
The skin forms a hard spiny protective skeletal covering.
The alimentary canal is simple and usually complete.
They have a coelom and water vascular system.
Sexes are separate.
Nervous system is well developed consisting of circular rings and radical nerves.
E.g., Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber,
sea lilly etc.
74. CLASSIFICATION OF ECHINODERMATA
It is divided into five classes.
Asteroidea
Ophiuroidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Crinoidea
Class 1 Asteroidea
Body is flattened star shaped with five arms
They possesses tube feet with a sucker
Presence of calcareous plates and movable spines.
Respiratory organ: papulae
Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Astropecten, Zoraster, Oreaster
75. Class 2 Ophiuroidea
Body is flat with pentamerous disc
They possess a long arm which is sharply demarcated from the central disc.
They possesses tube feet without sucker
Anus and intestine are absent
Respiratory organ: Bursae
Examples: Ophiderma, ophiothrix, Astrophyton, Amphuria, etc
Class 3 Echinoidea
Body is disc-like hemi-spherical
They are devoid of arms or free-rays.
They possesses tube feet with a sucker.
They possess compact skeleton and movable spines.
Examples: Echinus (Sea urchin), Cidaris, Arbacia, Echinocardium. Diadema
76. Class 4 Holothuroidea
Body is elongated in the oral-aboral axis and it is like cucumber.
They have no arms, spines and pedicellariae.
The tube feet are sucking type which is modified into tentacles and form a
circle around mouth.
Respiratory organ: cloacal respiratory tree
Examples: Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Holothuria, Mesothuria, etc
Class 5 Crinoidea
Body is star shaped
Some of the forms were extinct and living forms.
Arms bifurcated, with two pinnules.
They have tube feet without suckers
Examples: Neometra, Antedon, Rhizocrinus, etc