Parthenogenesis
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This document summarizes the history and types of asexual reproduction, known as parthenogenesis, in various species. It notes that parthenogenesis was first discovered in chickens in the 1800s and has since been observed in other domesticated birds and reptiles, as well as hammerhead sharks. The document outlines different types of parthenogenesis, including facultative (can reproduce sexually or asexually depending on conditions), cyclic/heterogony (alternates between sexual and asexual generations), and artificial (induced chemically or through temperature changes). Several insect and reptile species are capable of facultative parthenogenesis.
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Metamorphosis-amphibians, hormonal control
Metamorphosis in amphibians involves dramatic changes initiated by thyroid hormones that transform aquatic larvae into terrestrial adults. These changes include remodeling of tissues and organs like development of lungs and loss of gills to transition from aquatic to terrestrial respiration. Changes in skin, digestive system and other organs prepare the amphibian for life on land. The process is controlled by thyroid hormones which activate receptors that turn on genes driving tissue remodeling and metamorphosis.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Animal behavior/ orientation/taxes
this ppt slide consists of the definition of orientation, types of taxis. these slides help students to understand taxis' behavior in an easy way.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
Darwinism and Neo Darwinism
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key concepts such as overproduction of offspring, the struggle for existence, variations and heredity, survival of the fittest, and the origin of species. It notes criticisms of Darwin's original theory, such as its inability to explain the origin of variations and intermediate forms. The document then outlines processes that can lead to variations, such as mutation and genetic drift. It also discusses inheritance of variations, natural selection maintaining constancy or promoting new species, and speciation occurring due to isolation.
Extra embryonic membranes
The document discusses the extraembryonic membranes that form during amniote development to allow for reproduction on land. It notes that in amniotes like reptiles, birds and mammals, the blastoderm gives rise not only to the embryo, but also to structures outside the embryo called extraembryonic membranes. These include the chorion, amnion, yolk sac and allantois. The yolk sac functions in nutrient absorption. The amnion encloses amniotic fluid. The allantois disposes of waste and contributes to gas exchange. These extraembryonic membranes allow for the development of terrestrial amniote embryos protected from desiccation.
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Metamorphosis in amphibians involves dramatic changes initiated by thyroid hormones that transform aquatic larvae into terrestrial adults. These changes include remodeling of tissues and organs like development of lungs and loss of gills to transition from aquatic to terrestrial respiration. Changes in skin, digestive system and other organs prepare the amphibian for life on land. The process is controlled by thyroid hormones which activate receptors that turn on genes driving tissue remodeling and metamorphosis.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Animal behavior/ orientation/taxes
this ppt slide consists of the definition of orientation, types of taxis. these slides help students to understand taxis' behavior in an easy way.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
Darwinism and Neo Darwinism
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key concepts such as overproduction of offspring, the struggle for existence, variations and heredity, survival of the fittest, and the origin of species. It notes criticisms of Darwin's original theory, such as its inability to explain the origin of variations and intermediate forms. The document then outlines processes that can lead to variations, such as mutation and genetic drift. It also discusses inheritance of variations, natural selection maintaining constancy or promoting new species, and speciation occurring due to isolation.
Extra embryonic membranes
The document discusses the extraembryonic membranes that form during amniote development to allow for reproduction on land. It notes that in amniotes like reptiles, birds and mammals, the blastoderm gives rise not only to the embryo, but also to structures outside the embryo called extraembryonic membranes. These include the chorion, amnion, yolk sac and allantois. The yolk sac functions in nutrient absorption. The amnion encloses amniotic fluid. The allantois disposes of waste and contributes to gas exchange. These extraembryonic membranes allow for the development of terrestrial amniote embryos protected from desiccation.
Fertilization in sea urchin
Fertilization in sea urchins involves several key steps:
1) Sperm are attracted to eggs via chemotaxis using peptides like resact.
2) The acrosomal reaction allows sperm to penetrate the egg jelly and bindin aids binding to the egg.
3) Prevention of polyspermy involves a fast block changing membrane potential and slow block from cortical granule exocytosis.
4) Metabolic activation and pronuclear fusion within the egg forms a zygote, completing fertilization.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Types of eggs
This document describes different types of eggs based on their yolk content and distribution. It identifies four main categories of eggs: alecithal eggs which lack yolk; microlecithal, mesolecithal, and macrolecithal eggs which contain small, moderate, and large amounts of yolk respectively. It also describes four patterns of yolk distribution: homolecithal where yolk is uniform; telolecithal where yolk is concentrated on one side; centrolecithal where yolk is localized between two cytoplasm layers; and extremely telolecithal where nearly all the egg is yolk except a small disc of cytoplasm. Examples are provided for each category.
Fate map
The ppt gives general overview of-
Introduction
Mapping technique
1.Natural marking
2.Artificial marking
a. Vital staining technique
b. Carbon particle marking technique
c. Radioactive marker technique
3.Genetic marking
Uses
Reproductive strategies (bd)
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Placentation in mammals
This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Gastrulation in Sea Urchin
Gastrulation is the process of highly coordinated cell and
tissue movements whereby the cells of blastula are dramatically rearranged.
Methods for studying behaviour
1. The document discusses various methods for studying animal behavior, including ad libitum observation, focal animal observation, scanning/instantaneous sampling, all occurrences sampling, and one-zero sampling.
2. It provides examples of how to create an ethogram to catalog an animal's behaviors and create a time budget to track how much time an animal spends on different behaviors like hunting, eating, sleeping, and grooming.
3. The procedure outlines observing a single animal for an hour, recording its behaviors and the time spent on each one in order to analyze which behaviors are most and least frequent.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Taxonomic key
This document provides information about taxonomic keys, which are tools used in taxonomy to identify unknown organisms. It defines taxonomic keys and their purpose of using diagnostic characteristics to lead to the identification of a species or genus. It then describes different types of single access keys, including dichotomous, bracket, indented, serial, and grouped keys. It also discusses multi-access keys and styles of presenting keys, as well as advantages and disadvantages of using taxonomic keys.
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
Amount and distribution of yolk and types of egg
This document describes the different types of eggs based on the amount and distribution of yolk. There are three main types: microlecithal eggs with very small amounts of yolk, mesolecithal eggs with moderate amounts, and megalecithal eggs with enormous amounts. The distribution of yolk also varies, with some eggs having evenly distributed yolk (homolecithal) and others having polarized yolk concentrated in one hemisphere (telolecithal). Egg membranes form inside and outside the ovary, providing protection, buoyancy, and preventing self-fertilization. Unequal cytokinesis during meiosis allows one cell to contain most of the yolk to sufficiently nourish the developing embryo.
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A very important topic for master and bachelor students of science for getting superrbb marks in exam.
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Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
Animal Behaviour
[1] The document discusses various types of animal behaviors including innate behaviors, learned behaviors, and different patterns of behaviors such as feeding behavior, social behavior, predatory behavior, and reproductive behavior.
[2] It provides examples of different types of innate responses in animals like tropisms, taxes, kineses, and reflexes. Learned behaviors can develop through experiences and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioning.
[3] The document also examines various patterns of behaviors in detail including social behavior in insects like bees, parental behavior in birds and mammals, and anti-predator behaviors used by animals for protection.
Presentation
Snakes have well-formed biting apparatuses coupled with toxic venoms produced by poison glands. Their fangs are long, pointed, and hollow, allowing venom to be injected. The biting mechanism involves opening the mouth through muscle contraction, rotating the maxilla bone to erect the fangs, and then closing the mouth to inject venom. Snake venoms contain complex chemical mixtures including enzymes and proteins that can be neurotoxic, causing paralysis, or haemotoxic, resulting in tissue damage and hemorrhaging. The first aid treatment for a snake bite involves remaining calm, immobilizing the bitten area, seeking medical help, and avoiding actions like cutting the wound or sucking out venom.
Amphibian reproduction
This document summarizes amphibian and reptile reproduction. It discusses that amphibians lay anamniotic eggs that require moisture, while reptiles lay amniotic eggs with shells that are resistant to drying. It also describes that amphibians can be influenced by temperature to develop as male or female, and may use internal or external fertilization depending on the species. For reptiles, it notes they generally have internal fertilization and produce shelled eggs with specific embryonic structures. It also discusses sex determination and various reproductive strategies among different groups of mammals.
Types of Fossils
Fossils provide clues about prehistoric life by preserving remains of organisms from over 10,000 years ago. They reveal how Earth's surface and environments have changed over time. The fossil record includes all fossils discovered and yet to be discovered, studied by paleontologists, to answer questions about past life like what organisms existed, and what the oceans, land, and behaviors of organisms looked like in different eras. Fossils form when organisms are quickly buried after death in sediment layers, and minerals slowly replace the organism's bones and tissues over millions of years.
Neoteny
This document discusses the differences between neoteny and paedogenesis. Neoteny involves slowed somatic growth such that organisms remain in juvenile stages, while paedogenesis involves accelerated sexual maturity even as larvae. Neoteny can be seen in humans while paedogenesis is found in amphibians like salamanders. There are two types of neoteny - total neoteny where larvae become sexually mature but retain larval features, and partial neoteny which involves a postponed metamorphosis beyond normal periods due to environmental or physiological factors. Neoteny is viewed as an adaptive consequence of retaining larval features that may be advantageous in certain environments.
embryonic-induction.pdf
Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
PARTHENOGENESIS Pertemuan 5.pptx
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos can occur without fertilization. It was first discovered in 1745 and can occur naturally or artificially be induced. Naturally it includes complete parthenogenesis found in invertebrates like rotifers where reproduction is exclusively parthenogenetic. It also includes incomplete parthenogenesis found in insects like aphids and bees where parthenogenesis alternates with sexual reproduction. Artificial parthenogenesis can be induced through physical means like temperature changes or chemicals like chloroform. Parthenogenesis provides benefits like eliminating genetic variation and being an efficient way for some insects to rapidly multiply.
Class 8 reproduction in animals Study material pdf
Welcome to the fascinating world of reproduction in animals! In this chapter, we delve into the essential processes that ensure the continuation of life. Reproduction, the biological phenomenon that gives rise to new generations, comes in various forms. From the simple and efficient asexual reproduction to the complex and diverse realm of sexual reproduction, animals have evolved unique strategies to perpetuate their species.
As we journey through this chapter, we'll explore the mechanisms of asexual reproduction, where a single parent can give rise to offspring with identical genetic traits. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the intricate dance between male and female gametes, contributing to the creation of offspring with a blend of characteristics from both parents.
Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the male and female reproductive systems, understand the significance of gametes, and explore the miraculous process of fertilization. Join us as we venture into the captivating world of reproduction in animals, where life's intricate tapestry is woven through the delicate threads of birth, growth, and continuity.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
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Fertilization in sea urchin
Fertilization in sea urchins involves several key steps:
1) Sperm are attracted to eggs via chemotaxis using peptides like resact.
2) The acrosomal reaction allows sperm to penetrate the egg jelly and bindin aids binding to the egg.
3) Prevention of polyspermy involves a fast block changing membrane potential and slow block from cortical granule exocytosis.
4) Metabolic activation and pronuclear fusion within the egg forms a zygote, completing fertilization.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Types of eggs
This document describes different types of eggs based on their yolk content and distribution. It identifies four main categories of eggs: alecithal eggs which lack yolk; microlecithal, mesolecithal, and macrolecithal eggs which contain small, moderate, and large amounts of yolk respectively. It also describes four patterns of yolk distribution: homolecithal where yolk is uniform; telolecithal where yolk is concentrated on one side; centrolecithal where yolk is localized between two cytoplasm layers; and extremely telolecithal where nearly all the egg is yolk except a small disc of cytoplasm. Examples are provided for each category.
Fate map
The ppt gives general overview of-
Introduction
Mapping technique
1.Natural marking
2.Artificial marking
a. Vital staining technique
b. Carbon particle marking technique
c. Radioactive marker technique
3.Genetic marking
Uses
Reproductive strategies (bd)
Reproductive strategies involve adaptations that improve chances of fertilization or offspring survival. There are two main types: asexual reproduction requiring one parent produces clones, while sexual reproduction between two parents creates genetic variation. Asexual reproduction is simple but limits variation, while sexual reproduction requires more energy but allows adaptation to changing environments.
Placentation in mammals
This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Gastrulation in Sea Urchin
Gastrulation is the process of highly coordinated cell and
tissue movements whereby the cells of blastula are dramatically rearranged.
Methods for studying behaviour
1. The document discusses various methods for studying animal behavior, including ad libitum observation, focal animal observation, scanning/instantaneous sampling, all occurrences sampling, and one-zero sampling.
2. It provides examples of how to create an ethogram to catalog an animal's behaviors and create a time budget to track how much time an animal spends on different behaviors like hunting, eating, sleeping, and grooming.
3. The procedure outlines observing a single animal for an hour, recording its behaviors and the time spent on each one in order to analyze which behaviors are most and least frequent.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Taxonomic key
This document provides information about taxonomic keys, which are tools used in taxonomy to identify unknown organisms. It defines taxonomic keys and their purpose of using diagnostic characteristics to lead to the identification of a species or genus. It then describes different types of single access keys, including dichotomous, bracket, indented, serial, and grouped keys. It also discusses multi-access keys and styles of presenting keys, as well as advantages and disadvantages of using taxonomic keys.
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
Amount and distribution of yolk and types of egg
This document describes the different types of eggs based on the amount and distribution of yolk. There are three main types: microlecithal eggs with very small amounts of yolk, mesolecithal eggs with moderate amounts, and megalecithal eggs with enormous amounts. The distribution of yolk also varies, with some eggs having evenly distributed yolk (homolecithal) and others having polarized yolk concentrated in one hemisphere (telolecithal). Egg membranes form inside and outside the ovary, providing protection, buoyancy, and preventing self-fertilization. Unequal cytokinesis during meiosis allows one cell to contain most of the yolk to sufficiently nourish the developing embryo.
Metamorphosis
A very important topic for master and bachelor students of science for getting superrbb marks in exam.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
Animal Behaviour
[1] The document discusses various types of animal behaviors including innate behaviors, learned behaviors, and different patterns of behaviors such as feeding behavior, social behavior, predatory behavior, and reproductive behavior.
[2] It provides examples of different types of innate responses in animals like tropisms, taxes, kineses, and reflexes. Learned behaviors can develop through experiences and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioning.
[3] The document also examines various patterns of behaviors in detail including social behavior in insects like bees, parental behavior in birds and mammals, and anti-predator behaviors used by animals for protection.
Presentation
Snakes have well-formed biting apparatuses coupled with toxic venoms produced by poison glands. Their fangs are long, pointed, and hollow, allowing venom to be injected. The biting mechanism involves opening the mouth through muscle contraction, rotating the maxilla bone to erect the fangs, and then closing the mouth to inject venom. Snake venoms contain complex chemical mixtures including enzymes and proteins that can be neurotoxic, causing paralysis, or haemotoxic, resulting in tissue damage and hemorrhaging. The first aid treatment for a snake bite involves remaining calm, immobilizing the bitten area, seeking medical help, and avoiding actions like cutting the wound or sucking out venom.
Amphibian reproduction
This document summarizes amphibian and reptile reproduction. It discusses that amphibians lay anamniotic eggs that require moisture, while reptiles lay amniotic eggs with shells that are resistant to drying. It also describes that amphibians can be influenced by temperature to develop as male or female, and may use internal or external fertilization depending on the species. For reptiles, it notes they generally have internal fertilization and produce shelled eggs with specific embryonic structures. It also discusses sex determination and various reproductive strategies among different groups of mammals.
Types of Fossils
Fossils provide clues about prehistoric life by preserving remains of organisms from over 10,000 years ago. They reveal how Earth's surface and environments have changed over time. The fossil record includes all fossils discovered and yet to be discovered, studied by paleontologists, to answer questions about past life like what organisms existed, and what the oceans, land, and behaviors of organisms looked like in different eras. Fossils form when organisms are quickly buried after death in sediment layers, and minerals slowly replace the organism's bones and tissues over millions of years.
Neoteny
This document discusses the differences between neoteny and paedogenesis. Neoteny involves slowed somatic growth such that organisms remain in juvenile stages, while paedogenesis involves accelerated sexual maturity even as larvae. Neoteny can be seen in humans while paedogenesis is found in amphibians like salamanders. There are two types of neoteny - total neoteny where larvae become sexually mature but retain larval features, and partial neoteny which involves a postponed metamorphosis beyond normal periods due to environmental or physiological factors. Neoteny is viewed as an adaptive consequence of retaining larval features that may be advantageous in certain environments.
embryonic-induction.pdf
Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
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PARTHENOGENESIS Pertemuan 5.pptx
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos can occur without fertilization. It was first discovered in 1745 and can occur naturally or artificially be induced. Naturally it includes complete parthenogenesis found in invertebrates like rotifers where reproduction is exclusively parthenogenetic. It also includes incomplete parthenogenesis found in insects like aphids and bees where parthenogenesis alternates with sexual reproduction. Artificial parthenogenesis can be induced through physical means like temperature changes or chemicals like chloroform. Parthenogenesis provides benefits like eliminating genetic variation and being an efficient way for some insects to rapidly multiply.
Class 8 reproduction in animals Study material pdf
Welcome to the fascinating world of reproduction in animals! In this chapter, we delve into the essential processes that ensure the continuation of life. Reproduction, the biological phenomenon that gives rise to new generations, comes in various forms. From the simple and efficient asexual reproduction to the complex and diverse realm of sexual reproduction, animals have evolved unique strategies to perpetuate their species.
As we journey through this chapter, we'll explore the mechanisms of asexual reproduction, where a single parent can give rise to offspring with identical genetic traits. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the intricate dance between male and female gametes, contributing to the creation of offspring with a blend of characteristics from both parents.
Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the male and female reproductive systems, understand the significance of gametes, and explore the miraculous process of fertilization. Join us as we venture into the captivating world of reproduction in animals, where life's intricate tapestry is woven through the delicate threads of birth, growth, and continuity.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
ANIMAL-REPRODUCTION.pptx
1. Animal reproduction can occur through sexual or asexual means. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female reproductive cells to create genetically unique offspring, while asexual reproduction requires only one parent.
2. Common forms of sexual reproduction include hermaphroditism, sex determination during fertilization, and internal or external fertilization. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis.
3. Examples given include sea anemones reproducing through fission, hydras reproducing by budding, sea stars regenerating through fragmentation, and some insects producing males via parthenogenesis.
Animal reproductive system
The document summarizes the reproductive systems of major animal phyla. Most reproduce sexually with internal or external fertilization, while some can also reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, or other means. Reproductive structures and strategies vary widely between phyla from broadcast spawning of gametes to live birth of offspring. The evolution of the amniotic egg allowed for protected development on land in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Birth & reproductive developmental process
This document discusses reproduction and development in vertebrates and invertebrates. It explains that some fish can change sex and produce both eggs and sperm. It also describes the fertilization process and germ layer formation in development. Key differences between vertebrates and invertebrates are highlighted, and examples of reproductive modes in bony fish, flatworms, insects and their life cycles are provided.
Biology Review
This document provides an overview of key concepts in zoology and biology, including:
1. Zoology is the study of animal life, and taxonomy involves the hierarchical classification of organisms into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Linnaeus established the modern system of binomial nomenclature.
2. Other topics covered include evolution, heredity, genetics, ecology, cells, and levels of biological organization. Reproductive strategies such as asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and fertilization methods are also summarized.
3. Species interactions including predation, competition, and symbiosis are discussed in the
The reproductive process
The document summarizes key aspects of sexual and asexual reproduction. It describes the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, noting that sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through recombination of parental genes. Various modes of asexual reproduction are outlined, including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. Advantages and disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction are also discussed.
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos can occur without fertilization. It was first recognized in 1745 and experiments in the early 1900s and 1930s stimulated both natural and artificial parthenogenesis in various species. There are two main types of natural parthenogenesis - complete (obligate) where reproduction relies exclusively on parthenogenesis, and incomplete (cyclic) where sexual and parthenogenetic generations alternate. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in many invertebrates as well as some vertebrates and can be induced artificially.
Tipos de estímulos animales
This document discusses different types of reproduction in animals. It describes asexual reproduction, which involves one parent, and sexual reproduction, which involves two parents of different sexes. For sexual reproduction, the male and female gonads produce gametes (sperm and eggs) that can fuse during internal or external fertilization. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes embryonic development, either inside eggs laid by the mother (oviparity) or inside the mother's body (viviparity or ovoviviparity).
Sexual reproduction in animals teacher
Animal reproduction can occur through sexual or asexual methods. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through processes like internal and external cross-fertilization in mammals, fish, and amphibians. Asexual reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis, budding, and self-fertilization in certain invertebrates and hermaphroditic species.
46 animal reproduction
The sea slugs in the document are mating through simultaneous hermaphroditism, where each individual produces both eggs and sperm. During mating, they will transfer sperm to fertilize each other's eggs. A few weeks later, the fertilized eggs will hatch and new sea slugs will be born. Both parents function as both mother and father for their offspring. The document discusses various forms of sexual and asexual reproduction in animals, including hermaphroditism in some species and parthenogenesis in others. It also covers reproductive cycles and how environmental cues can influence the timing of reproduction.
Earth and Life Science-Q2-WK3-ANIMAL-REPRODUCTION.pptx
1) Animals reproduce either sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and cell division or splitting, producing offspring identical to the parent.
2) Sexual reproduction involves male and female gametes fusing during internal or external fertilization. Most animals are sexually dimorphic with separate sexes.
3) Fertilization can occur internally, as seen in mammals and birds, or externally, as with fish and amphibians where egg and sperm meet outside the body. This determines if offspring develop inside or outside the parent.
Animal Reproduction
The document discusses various modes of reproduction in animals. It describes asexual reproduction methods like budding and fragmentation where offspring are clones of the parent. It also covers sexual reproduction, noting external fertilization in many fish and internal fertilization in most other animals. Five main types of sexual reproduction are outlined: oviparity, ovoviviparity, histotrophic viviparity, hemotrophic viviparity, and hermaphroditism in which an animal can change or have both sexes simultaneously. Examples are provided for each method.
Gastropods reproductive system
Two gonads in gastropods release eggs or sperm into the coelom cavity, from which the kidneys extract and release them into the mantle cavity and then to the external environment. Gastropods can reproduce through internal fertilization if hermaphroditic, or external fertilization by releasing eggs and sperm into water. Fertilized eggs become trochophore larvae and then veliger larvae, going through metamorphosis to become juvenile and adult gastropods.
PPT REPRODUCTION.pptx
This document summarizes key aspects of reproduction in animals. It describes both sexual and asexual reproduction methods. Sexual reproduction involves male and female gametes fusing during internal or external fertilization to form a zygote. Asexual reproduction occurs through binary fission, budding, or cloning. The document also outlines the male and female reproductive systems and processes like embryogenesis, metamorphosis, and viviparity versus oviparity.
asexual ans sexual reproduction.pptx
Animals reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the union of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization. It ensures genetic variation but requires more energy. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and copies genetic material, allowing for rapid population growth but less variation. Common methods of sexual reproduction in animals include oviparity (egg-laying), ovoviviparity (egg-retention), and viviparity (live-bearing young). The life cycles of frogs and fish are given as examples, from fertilization of eggs to metamorphosis or growth into adults.
Animal Reproduction
There are two main types of reproduction: sexual reproduction which involves two parents and asexual reproduction which involves only one parent. Sexual reproduction occurs through the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization, either externally or internally depending on the species, forming a zygote. The zygote then develops into an embryo through gestation and is born live or hatched from an egg. Development and metamorphosis describe the physical changes an animal undergoes as it grows from an embryo or larva into an adult.
GO 2_2 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction.ppt
This document describes different types of reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses four types of asexual reproduction: binary fission, budding, spore production, and vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction requires two parents and produces offspring with a mix of both parents' characteristics. The document outlines sexual reproduction in both animals, which involves the union of sperm and egg cells, and plants, which involves pollen fertilizing ovules.
Chapter 1 reproduction in organism
This document discusses various modes of asexual reproduction in organisms, including multiple fission, budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. It describes multiple fission occurring in the schizont and oocyte stages of Plasmodium, with daughter individuals called merozoites and sporozoites, respectively. It also discusses budding in hydra and sponges, including endogenous and exogenous budding. Fragmentation is described as parent bodies breaking into pieces that can develop into new sea anemones. Regeneration involves regrowth of injured regions through morphallaxis or epimorphosis.
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Class 8 reproduction in animals Study material pdf
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Earth and Life Science-Q2-WK3-ANIMAL-REPRODUCTION.pptx
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
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on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
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THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Parthenogenesis
- 1. Twhana Hendrix & LaTricia Dixon Asexual Reproduction
- 2. 1800’s First discovered in domestic chickens 1900’s Domestic pigeons 1936 Gregory Pincus used artificial parthenogenesis on rabbit eggs 1940 Domestic turkeys 1950 Jacques Loeb used artificial parthenogenesis on frog eggs 2007 Dr. Damion Chapman discovered parthenogenesis in dwarf hammerhead sharks in an aquarium (also has been found in two other shark species)
- 3. Biological reproduction that involves development of a female (rarely male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization. Different from hermaphroditic species which have both male and female gametes. Facultative Cyclic/Heterogony Artificial Chemicals and Temperature Shark Water Flea
- 4. Facultative Species Has the ability to reproduce sexually through fertilization or asexually through parthenogenesis Switch is sometimes based on organism’s environment Create eggs capable of either fertilization or parthenogenic activation
- 5. Several species of insects: -Ants and honey bees Komodo Dragon (based on availability of mate) Hammerhead Sharks (Deuterostome)
- 7. Some species alternate between parthenogenesis and fertilization generations. In these species certain eggs are capable of fertilization and some are not and undergo parthenogenesis. Each organism has its own process that determines how and when each type of egg is laid and what sex will develop.
- 9. Fertilized Egg Larger Slow developing Yolk-rich Lie dormant through the winter After fertilized by the male produces females Unfertilized Egg Smaller Fast developing Laid in summer Produces some males and females
- 10. Performed by chemical and temperature changes. 1900 Jacques Loeb used artificial parthenogenesis by pricking unfertilized frog eggs with a needle; some had normal development. No successful human parthenogenesis have been reported.
- 11. Burmese Python
- 12. Mechanism for the sexual-asexual switch is unknown, but at some point in time the organism becomes asexual by the mode of terminal fusion. The egg fuses with a second polar body and believes that fertilization has occurred. Goes through duplication and development. Produces homozygous offspring. Mother: ZW Offspring: ZZ male or WW female
- 13. Booth, W., Schuett, G.W., Ridgway, A. Buxton, D.W., Castoe, T.A., Bastone, G., Bennett, C., McMahan, Wm. New Insights on Facultative Parthenogenesis in Pythons. Biological Journal of Linnean Society, 112, 461-468. 2014 Dr. Hugh Fletcher http://www.ansci.wisc.edu/jjp1/ansci_repro/misc/projec t_websites_08/tues/Komodo%20Dragons/what.htm Special Thanks to Dr. Terdal