Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
The primitive blueprint for the heart and circulatory system emerged with the arrival of the third mesodermal germ layer in bilaterians. Since then, hearts in animals have evolved from a single layered tube to a multiple chambered heart in due course of time.
Affinities of Dipnoi or lungfishes towards fishes and amphibians and their phylogenetic relationship and position with respect to Chordates diversification.
They are not the father of amphibians rather they are the uncle of amphibians.
They might have originated from Latimaria like ancestor.
Moreover it is now confirmed that Dipnoi, Crossopterygii and Labirynthodint amphibians are originated from the common ancestor.
The primitive blueprint for the heart and circulatory system emerged with the arrival of the third mesodermal germ layer in bilaterians. Since then, hearts in animals have evolved from a single layered tube to a multiple chambered heart in due course of time.
Affinities of Dipnoi or lungfishes towards fishes and amphibians and their phylogenetic relationship and position with respect to Chordates diversification.
They are not the father of amphibians rather they are the uncle of amphibians.
They might have originated from Latimaria like ancestor.
Moreover it is now confirmed that Dipnoi, Crossopterygii and Labirynthodint amphibians are originated from the common ancestor.
Introduction:
1.Membranes laying around the embryo are called extraembryonic membranes.
They are also called foetal membranes.
They are tissues produced by an animal embryo for protection, respiration, nutrition and excretion in chick.
They are produced from peripheral part of blastoderm called area opeca.
The ovules is also known as megasporongia which are borne on a cushion-like tissue called placenta in the ovary. One or more than one ovules are present inside the ovary.
The urinary system includes the kidneys and the ducts that carry away their product, urine. The genital system includes the gonads and their ducts that carry away the products they form, sperm or eggs. Embryologically, urinary and reproductive organs arise from the same or
adjacent tissues and maintain close anatomical association
throughout the organism’s life.
1. DEFINITION
These are the membranes which do not form any part of
the embryo proper but performs various functions which
assist in the development of the embryo . These are
discarded at the time of hatching. These membranes
formed outside the embryo.
2. Types of Extra Embryonic Membranes
Yolk Sac
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois
3.Discussed Their
At Time of ORIGIN
It's FUNCTION
After HATCHING
4. AMNIOTIC CAVITY
............................END......................................................
The topic discussed here is the Process of fertilization, different stages of fertilization, Implantation, Gastrulation, Formation of foetal membranes, Development of Embryo, Labor & Parturition
Implantation and placentation , and overviewPranjal Gupta
Implantation and formation of placenta is an essential developmental process during human embryogenesis as it marks the connection between maternal and fetal blood, a condition specific to mammals more precisely eutherians. It works as a passage of required nutrients to the growing embryo and collection of its waste. It also discusses various types of placenta that are seen in mammals.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Extra embryonic membranes
1. AMNIOTE and ANAMNIOTE
• Reptiles, birds and mammals embryos are
covered by an umbrella like covering
called amnion filled with fluid which
prevents it from dessication, they are
called AMNIOTES
• Fishes and amphibians lay eggs in water,
so no problem of dessication , so no
amnion and are called ANAMNIOTES
2. The blastoderm in amniotes ( reptiles, birds,
mammals ) not only give rise to the embryo, but
also to certain structures that lie outside the
embryo. They have evolved to enable the birds to
lay eggs on land and the eggs to develop on dry
land.
So EXTRA EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES are
those extra embryonic structures which are
formed from extra embryonic tissues but lie
outside the developing embryo
EXTRA EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
3. During amniote development, four
extraembryonic membranes form around the
embryo:
The chorion functions in gas exchange
The amnion encloses the amniotic fluid
The yolk sac encloses the yolk
The allantois disposes of waste products and
contributes to gas exchange
EXTRA EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
The extraembryonic membranes in mammals
are homologous to those of birds and other
reptiles and develop in a similar way
5. YOLK SAC
• It is found in animals with polylecithal and
meiolecithal eggs ( reptiles, birds ,
prototherians ) with meroblastic cleavage
and yolk is not disributed into blastomeres,
so there is need to digest the yolk lying
outside.
• Yolk sac of amniotes (formed of
splanchopleur )differ from anamniotes
( formed of endo, meso, ectoderm )
6. YOLK SAC IN DIFFERENT
VERTEBRATES
• In fishes, it is present in most of
elasmobranchs ( scoliodon- viviparous fish
) and teleosts where it act as yolk sac
placenta to exchange materials between
vessels of embryo and mother.
• In amphibians, it is present in those with
polylecithal eggs like Necturus but absent
in others with mesolecithal eggs
whereyolk is evenly distributed in
blastomeres.
7. YOLK SAC IN CHICK
• -Formed of extraembryonic
splanchnopleur with endoderm inner
and splanchic mesoderm outer side.
At first , yolk sac has a wide opening
into the midgut.
• -As development proceedes ,its
passage into the midgut is reduced to
a narrow YOLK SAC STALK or
UMBILICAL STALK, whose opening is
called UMBILICUS.
• -Formed completely on 9th day of
incubation
8.
9. • -Serves to digest the yolk and to
transfer the products of digestion to
the embryo.
• -Digestion by endodermal cells
• -At first distribution by diffusion , then
by vitelline veins and arteries on
development of AREA VASCULOSA.
• -As the yolk is digested, yolk sac
becomes small and before hatching is
withdrawn into body cavity.
10.
11.
12.
13. YOLK SAC IN MAMMALS
• It act as yolk sac placenta in marsupials. In the
beginning yolk sac has a wide connection with the
midgut but later becomes narrow and called yolk stalk
or vitelline duct through which vitelline vessels pass.
• It is vestigeal in human beings. Its formation in absence of
yolk points to their reptilian ancestory. It first appears in the
form of trophoblast. Trophoblast develop villi which
absorbs uterine secretions temporarily till placenta is formed
after which it start degenerating.
• -It looses nutritive role early and then functions as
haemopoietic organ, a site of blood cells formation.
14.
15.
16. FUNCTIONS OF YOLK SAC
• Primary function is to act as yolk reservoir
and extra embryonic gut.
• It also helps in respiration in embryos of
reptiles and birds.
• In marsupials, yolk sac and chorion form
yolk sac placenta or chorio-vitelline.
19. Amnion
-Amnion formation starts after 30 hrs of incubation
-Formed of somatopleur ( ectoderm and somatic mesoderm )
by folding
-Head & tail fold, amniotic umbilicus, seroamniotic
connection on 4th day
-Amnion , the inner arc of inner ectoderm & outer mesoderm
with amniotic cavity filled with amniotic fluid.
-It serves as a water cushion to protect the embryo from
mechanical injury, also neutralises the effects of changes in
external temperature, prevent embryo dessication.
20.
21. CHORION
Chorion as outer arc with outer ectoderm &
inner mesoderm
Space between amnion and chorion is called
choriotic cavity containing fluid which
provides further protection to the embryo ,
also provides space for growth of Allantois.
Chorion later becomes pressed against the
shell membrane and plays important role in
gaseous exchange as allantochorion, the
lung and placenta in eutherians except
primates where only chorion participates in
placenta formation
22. • For formation a body fold is developed
from yolk sac
• -Tail fold grows more rapidly than head
fold,
Amnion & Chorion in mammals
23. -Absent in anamniotes as respiration and waste lost by diffusion in water
-Arises on third day of incubation, develops as a blind downgrowth from the floor
of hindgut.
-Formed of splanchnopleur ( splanchnic mesoderm & endoderm ) from ventral
side of hind gut
-Endoderm on inner side, splanchnic mesoderm on outer side
-Grows in choriotic cavity, fuses with somatic mesoderm of chorion and forms
allantochorion .It becomes highly vascularised, functions as extraembryonic
lung ,gaseous exchange taking place between the blood in it and external air
through shell.
-Allantois retains connection with the hindgut asAllantoic stalk. Later the
allantoic and yolk stalk form umbilical cord by being surrounded by common
body wall.
-
ALLANTOIS
24.
25.
26.
27. FUNCTIONS OF ALLANTOIS
• Allantois serves to store nitrogenous waste matter, uric acid, outside the
embryo proper , so help in excretion and act as extra embryonic kidney.
During hatching allantois with nitrogenous wastes is left behind.
• In eutherians, allantois plays no excretory role as nitrogenous wastes of
embryo pass into maternal blood through placenta.
• Allantochorion in most eutherians except primates forms allantoic placenta.
• Also forms Allantoamnion which serves as a soft , elastic cushion protecting
the embryo from shocks.
• It is reduced in human beings.
• In most mammals it carries out excretion, respiration and nutrition.
• The base of allantois forms urinary bladder in amniotes except in birds.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. PFA of two years 2015 and 2017.
http://www.mdurohtak.ac.in/pdf/Question_Booklets/Ent_exa
m_session_2015_16/M.Sc.%20Life
%20Sciences_ent_exam_2015_booklet.pdf
http://www.mdurohtak.ac.in/pdf17/admission2017_18/Ent_e
xam_ques_booklets/life%20sc%20booklet%20answer
%20key%20mducee2017.pdf