The document provides an overview of paper manufacturing, covering its definition, historical origins, and the processes involved in its production, including raw material preparation, digestion, bleaching, and the paper-making machine. It also discusses recycling, environmental impacts, and provides statistical data on paper usage and production in Pakistan, including major paper mills in the country. The paper industry is highlighted for its contributions and challenges related to deforestation, air, and water pollution.

2. What is paper:
It
is
the
material
manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of
wood or other fibrous substances, used for
writing, drawing, or printing on, or as
wrapping material.
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3. 
The word paper is derived from
the name of a reedy plant papyrus,
which grew mostly along the River
Nile in Egypt around 3000B.C.

The invention of modern paper is
credit to Ts’ai Lun of china
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Tsai-Lun of china
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4. Paper is formed by pulp.
Pulp:
A mixture of
cellulose
material, such as wood, paper, and
rags, ground up and moistened to
make paper.
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5.  Nonwoody raw material:
Wheat straw
Bagasse Bamboo
Cotton linter
Rice straw
Cotton stalk
Grasses
 Woody raw material:
Poplar (hard wood)
Eucalyptus (hard wood)
Douglas fir (soft wood)
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6. Kraft process (Alkaline)
Sulphite (Acidic)
Neutral sulphite semi-chemical process (NSSC)
 In Pakistan NSSC process is mostly used for pulping.
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7. • Cutting of Raw
material
• Drying Section
Screening
• Material Unit
• Blow Tank
Wet cleaning
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• Centrifugal
Screening
• Washing
Ready for
paper making
• Bleaching
• Digesting Unit
Thicking
(Paper industry)
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8. 
I.
This process utilizes sodium sulphite cooking liquor which is
buffered with sodium carbonate or NaOH to neutralize the organic
acid liberated from the raw materials.
Cutting of raw material:
The non-woody raw materials
come in the precut state and cut into
small chips before the further
processing.
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9.  Dry & Wet Cleaning:
Wheat straw is collected from the storage and is then sent for the
dry cleaning. For this purpose air is blown into the raw material.
o
Dry wheat straw is then subjected to wet cleaning, which removes
the remaining dust particles.
o
 Screening:
o
In most paper processes some type of
screening operation is required to remove
oversized and unwanted particles. Vibratory,
gravity and centrifugal separators used for
this process.
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10.  Digestion:
o As the raw material enters into the digester,
steam is introduced at the bottom and liquor
containing sodium sulphite is injected .
o It is revolved at 2.5 R.P.M and temperature
of 160-180oC is maintained
 Blow tank:
o
The cooked material from the digester
is blown into a blow tank and then pumped to
centrifugal screen for the separation of cooked
from uncooked materials.
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11.  Bleaching:
 In Pakistan, bleaching is done with chlorine or hydrogen peroxide.
After washing, the unbleached pulp is sent to the chlorinator where
chlorine at 4-5 bar pressure is injected.
 After chlorination pulp is washed with hot water at 60o C and then sent
to the storage tank. After drying the pulp is ready for manufacturing of
paper.
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12.  Paper making machine
 A basic fourdrinier type machine is used for paper making and a brief
description of its major components is given below:
Flow spreader
Press suction
Reel
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Head box
Dryer section
(Paper industry)
Fourdrinier
Calendar stock
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13.  Recycling of paper:
Some industry sources estimate that an
ordinary sheet of paper made from cellulose
fibers derived from wood can survive only
four to six trips through the recycling process.
 The paper is chopped and then subjected to a mixture of chemicals
to remove impurities and de-inked it chemicals.
 An ordinary newspaper can be recycled five (5) times.
o
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14.  Deforestation
Wood is used widely in the formation of
paper which cause deforestation.
 Air pollution
Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide are emitted during paper manufacturing.
 Water pollution
From treated water of paper industry organic
matter dissolved in fresh water.
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15.  According to the International organization for Standardization
(I.S.O) some recommended sizes are:
 Legal
 Letter
 Tabloid
 A0
 A1
 A2
 A3
 A4
 B1
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16.  Usage of paper (million matric tone) in Pakistan is given in the following table:
S.N.
Particular
Time of
Information
01
Country
02
Population (Million)
180.0
2012
03
Total Pulp/Paper/Paperboard
Production
1.079
2010
03.1
Writing & printing
0.258
2010
03.2
Others
0.821
2010
04
Import
0.409
2010
05
Export
0.008
2010
06
Net Consumption
1.480
2010
07
Per Capita Consumption
(Kg./year/person)
8.22
2010
08
No. of Pulp/Paper Mills
App. 10
2010
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Pakistan
(Paper industry)
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17. Some major paper mills (Private & public sector)
names are given below:
 Bulleh Shah Paper Mill,
 Misk paper mills
 Empire Paper & Board Mills
 Fiaz Paper and Board mills
 Ali Murtaza Paper Mills
 Usama Paper mills
 Al Aziz Paper mills
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18. COMPOSER:
• ADNAN ASLAM
• Muhammad Majid
• Muhammad Maaz
Akhtar
REG NO:
• (13-ME-008)
• (13-ME-109)
• (13-ME-108)
Subject:
• CHEMISTRY