Adnan Aslam Adnan Course: Bs.Mechanical Engineering HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXLA , ISLAMABAD,PAKISTAN.....

2. What is paper:
It
is
the
material
manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of
wood or other fibrous substances, used for
writing, drawing, or printing on, or as
wrapping material.
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3. 
The word paper is derived from
the name of a reedy plant papyrus,
which grew mostly along the River
Nile in Egypt around 3000B.C.

The invention of modern paper is
credit to Ts’ai Lun of china
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Tsai-Lun of china
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4. Paper is formed by pulp.
Pulp:
A mixture of
cellulose
material, such as wood, paper, and
rags, ground up and moistened to
make paper.
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5.  Nonwoody raw material:
Wheat straw
Bagasse Bamboo
Cotton linter
Rice straw
Cotton stalk
Grasses
 Woody raw material:
Poplar (hard wood)
Eucalyptus (hard wood)
Douglas fir (soft wood)
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6. Kraft process (Alkaline)
Sulphite (Acidic)
Neutral sulphite semi-chemical process (NSSC)
 In Pakistan NSSC process is mostly used for pulping.
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7. • Cutting of Raw
material
• Drying Section
Screening
• Material Unit
• Blow Tank
Wet cleaning
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• Centrifugal
Screening
• Washing
Ready for
paper making
• Bleaching
• Digesting Unit
Thicking
(Paper industry)
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8. 
I.
This process utilizes sodium sulphite cooking liquor which is
buffered with sodium carbonate or NaOH to neutralize the organic
acid liberated from the raw materials.
Cutting of raw material:
The non-woody raw materials
come in the precut state and cut into
small chips before the further
processing.
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9.  Dry & Wet Cleaning:
Wheat straw is collected from the storage and is then sent for the
dry cleaning. For this purpose air is blown into the raw material.
o
Dry wheat straw is then subjected to wet cleaning, which removes
the remaining dust particles.
o
 Screening:
o
In most paper processes some type of
screening operation is required to remove
oversized and unwanted particles. Vibratory,
gravity and centrifugal separators used for
this process.
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10.  Digestion:
o As the raw material enters into the digester,
steam is introduced at the bottom and liquor
containing sodium sulphite is injected .
o It is revolved at 2.5 R.P.M and temperature
of 160-180oC is maintained
 Blow tank:
o
The cooked material from the digester
is blown into a blow tank and then pumped to
centrifugal screen for the separation of cooked
from uncooked materials.
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11.  Bleaching:
 In Pakistan, bleaching is done with chlorine or hydrogen peroxide.
After washing, the unbleached pulp is sent to the chlorinator where
chlorine at 4-5 bar pressure is injected.
 After chlorination pulp is washed with hot water at 60o C and then sent
to the storage tank. After drying the pulp is ready for manufacturing of
paper.
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12.  Paper making machine
 A basic fourdrinier type machine is used for paper making and a brief
description of its major components is given below:
Flow spreader
Press suction
Reel
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Head box
Dryer section
(Paper industry)
Fourdrinier
Calendar stock
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13.  Recycling of paper:
Some industry sources estimate that an
ordinary sheet of paper made from cellulose
fibers derived from wood can survive only
four to six trips through the recycling process.
 The paper is chopped and then subjected to a mixture of chemicals
to remove impurities and de-inked it chemicals.
 An ordinary newspaper can be recycled five (5) times.
o
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14.  Deforestation
Wood is used widely in the formation of
paper which cause deforestation.
 Air pollution
Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide are emitted during paper manufacturing.
 Water pollution
From treated water of paper industry organic
matter dissolved in fresh water.
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15.  According to the International organization for Standardization
(I.S.O) some recommended sizes are:
 Legal
 Letter
 Tabloid
 A0
 A1
 A2
 A3
 A4
 B1
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16.  Usage of paper (million matric tone) in Pakistan is given in the following table:
S.N.
Particular
Time of
Information
01
Country
02
Population (Million)
180.0
2012
03
Total Pulp/Paper/Paperboard
Production
1.079
2010
03.1
Writing & printing
0.258
2010
03.2
Others
0.821
2010
04
Import
0.409
2010
05
Export
0.008
2010
06
Net Consumption
1.480
2010
07
Per Capita Consumption
(Kg./year/person)
8.22
2010
08
No. of Pulp/Paper Mills
App. 10
2010
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Pakistan
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17. Some major paper mills (Private & public sector)
names are given below:
 Bulleh Shah Paper Mill,
 Misk paper mills
 Empire Paper & Board Mills
 Fiaz Paper and Board mills
 Ali Murtaza Paper Mills
 Usama Paper mills
 Al Aziz Paper mills
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18. COMPOSER:
• ADNAN ASLAM
• Muhammad Majid
• Muhammad Maaz
Akhtar
REG NO:
• (13-ME-008)
• (13-ME-109)
• (13-ME-108)
Subject:
• CHEMISTRY