Paper is manufactured from wood pulp or other fibrous materials. The paper and pulp industry uses wood, agricultural residues, and other fibrous materials to produce pulp, paper, board and other cellulose products. The modern invention of paper is credited to Ts'ai Lun of China in the 1st century AD. He created a sheet of paper using mulberry tree fibers treated with lime. Global paper production has increased significantly in recent decades, reaching over 400 million tonnes annually by 2010. The paper industry involves various health and safety hazards for workers from noise, heat, dust, chemicals and mechanical dangers.

1. Paper industry
Presented by Muhammad Zahid

2. What is paper?
It is the material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of
wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or
printing on, or as wrapping material.
What is the pulp and paper industry?
comprises companies that use wood, agro-residue and any
fibrous material which is suitable for making
paper and paper based products as raw material and
produce pulp, paper, board and other cellulose-based products

3. Invention and History of Paper
 Way before invention of paper, writing was first developed in the River
plains of Mesopotamia from 3100 BC. Clay was easily found in this
area & used as writing material
 The word paper is derived fromthe name of a reedy plant papyrus,
which grew mostly along the River Nile in Egypt around 3000B.C that
accepted & retained ink without blurring or smudging.
 Chinese used thinnstrips of bamboo to write in a single column or two
lines of threads were linked to each
bamboo strips for longer documents.

4. Discovery of paper
The invention of modern paper is credit to Ts’ai Lun of
china. He created a sheet of paper using mulberry tree that
treated with lime CaCO3 and mixed bamboo and other
fibers to get the paper of desired properties

5. The raw material used in production of paper and pulp in
Pakistan of two types
1. Nonwoody raw material:
Wheat straw
Rice straw
Bagasse Bamboo
Rag
Cotton stalk
Cotton linter
Kahi grass
Grasses
2. Woody raw material:
Poplar (hard wood)
Eucalyptus (hard wood)
Douglas fir (soft wood
Raw materials for paper Industry:

6. A mixture of cellulose material, such as wood, paper, and
rags, ground up and
moistened to make paper
Pulping Processes (Manufacturing Methods):
Three principal methods used for manufacturing of Paper
are
Pulp:
 Kraft process (Alkaline)
 Sulphite (Acidic)
 Neutral sulphite semi-chemical process (NSSC)
In Pakistan we used NSSC process for pulping

7. Flow sheet diagram for NSSC process:

8. Global Paper industry: Production
Paper and Paperboard Production – Global Market, 2002-20
The annual global paper and paperboard production was approximately 382.0 million tonnes in 2006. It is
increased to 402.0 million tonnes by 2010 and 490.0 million tonnes by 2020.
Paper production in 2012
In Asia the main producer of paper are China, Japan and India.

9. USE OF PAPER

10. Some major paper mills (Private & public sector) names are given below:
 Bulleh Shah Paper Mill,
 Misk paper mills
 century paper mills
 Empire Paper & Board Mills
 jasmine paper mills
 Sana paper mills
 Fiaz Paper and Board mills
 Ali Murtaza Paper Mills
 Usama Paper mills
 Al Aziz Paper mill
List of paper mills in Pakistan:

11. PHYSICAL HAZARDS-
NOISE
HEAT
DUST
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
HEALTH HAZARDS
WOOD DEBARKING,PAPERMACHINE,BOILER RECOVERY NOISE INDUCED HEARING
LOSS NOISE LEVELS AT CHIPPING,PAPER MACHINES WERE NOTED TO BE ABOVE
90dB
NOISE

12. HEAT
PULP COOKING,PULPING CHEMICAL RECOVERY,PAPER DRYING INVOLVE HIGH
TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURES AROUND PAPER MACHINES WERE RECORDED ABOVE 60 C
CAUSING HEAT EXHAUSTION AMONG WORKERS
RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA IRRITATIVE LUNG DISEASE CARCINOGEN
WOOD DUST
SOLIDS-SODIUM CHOLARATE,SODIUM SULPHATE,LIME,CALCIUM,ASBESTOES
LIQUIDS-SODIUM HYDROXIDE,TURPENTINE,SULPHUROUS
ACID,AQUEOUS CHLORINE DIOXIDE,BIOCIDES
GASES-SULPHUR DIOXIDE,CHLORINE DIOXIDE,OTHER VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SULPHUR DIOXIDE RESPIRATORY IRRITANT- DEATH DUE TO RESPIRATORY ILLNESS
CONTACT DERMATITIS- CALCIUM HYDROXIDE,GLUES,ADDITIVES
EYE IRRITANTS- CHLORINE,SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
CHAMICAL HAZARD

13.  INJURIES & ACCIDENTS- MOSTLY DUE TO
HANDLING OF HEAVY WEIGHTS OF PAPER
BALES AND ROLLS
 CAUGHT BETWEEN ROTATING ROLLS AND
EQUIPMENT[NIP POINTS]
 CRUSH BY FALLING AND TUMBLING OBJECTS
 OVER EXERTION INJURIES DUE TO REPETITIVE
WORK
MECHANICAL HAZARDS

14. THANK YOU