This document provides information on recycling paper and plastic. It discusses the history of recycling and details the processes involved in recycling paper and plastic, including sorting, cleaning, deinking, and reprocessing recycled materials into new products. The benefits of recycling include reducing waste and preserving natural resources, though plastic is difficult to reuse and decompose. Proper recycling and reduction of plastic usage is important to reduce pollution and its harmful impacts on health and the environment.

2. CONTENTS
o What is Recycling?
o History of Recycling.
o Paper Recycling
o Plastic Recycling.

3. What Is Recycling ?
RECYCLING is the reprocessing of waste
materials into new products.
RECYCLING generally prevents the waste of
potentially useful materials , reduces the
consumption of raw materials and reduces energy
usage and hence greenhouse gas emmisions.
RECYCLABLES material also known as
“RECYCLABLE” or “RECYCLATES”.

4. History Of Recycling
Recycling has been a common practice
throughout human history.
IN PRE-INDUSTRIAL TIMES scrap
made of bronze and other precious
metals were collected in EUROPE and
melted down for perpetual reuse and in
BRITAIN dust and ash from wood and
coal fires was down cycled as a base
material in brick making.

5. PAPER RECYCLING BEGAN IN BRITAIN IN
1921.
RESOURCE CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
ESTABLISHED during the war were continued in
some countries without an abundance of natural
resources, such as JAPAN, AFTER THE WAR
ENDED.

6. What is Paper Recycling?
• Paper recycling is the process of turning
waste paper into new paper products.
• There are three categories of paper that can
be used as feedstock for making recycled
paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste and
post- consumer waste.

7. Recycled Paper Processing
• Sorting, Collection and Transportation
• Storage
• Re-pulping and Screening
• Cleaning
• Deinking
• Refining, Bleaching and Color stripping
• Paper making

8. What Paper is Recycled?

9. Recycled Paper Sources
• Households
-Newspaper
-Mixed waste
• Retail and wholesale
-corrugated
containers
• Offices, Institutions
• Printers and converters-
High grade deinking

10. Sorting, Collection and
Transportation

11. Storage

12. Re-pulping and Screening
The paper moves by conveyor to a big vat called a pulper,
which contains water and chemicals. The pulper chops
the recovered paper into small pieces. Heating the
mixture breaks the paper down more quickly into tiny
strands of cellulose (organic plant material) called fibers.
Eventually, the old paper turns into a mushy mixture
called pulp.

13. Screening
The pulp is forced through
screens containing holes
and slots of various shapes
and sizes. The screens
remove small
contaminants such as bits
of plastic and globs of glue.
This process is called
screening.

14. Cleaning
Mills also clean pulp by spinning it around in large
cone- shaped cylinders. Heavy contaminants like
staples are thrown to the outside of the cone and
fall through the bottom of the cylinder. Lighter
contaminants collect in the center of the cone and
are removed. This process is called cleaning.

15. Deinking
• In the deinking stage, the
goal is to release and
remove
the hydrophobic
contaminants
from the recycled paper. The
contaminants are
mostly printing ink and
stickies. Several processes
are used, most commonly
flotation or washing.
• Small particles of ink are
rinsed from the pulp with
water in a process called
washing. Larger particles and
stickies are removed with air
bubbles in another process

16. Washing Process
• Wash deinking consists of a washing
stage where dispersants are added to
wash out the printing inks. When the
pulp slurry is dewatered (thickened), the
medium to fine particles are washed out.
This process is most useful for removing
particles smaller than about 30 µm, like
water-based inks, fillers, coating particles,
fines and micro stickies.

17. Chemicals Used in Deinking
• Sodium hydroxide
• Soap
• Calcium salts
• Surfactants
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Talc
• Sulfuric acid
• Solvents

18. Refining, Bleaching and Color Stripping
During refining, the pulp is beaten to make the
recycled fibers swell, making them ideal for
papermaking. If the pulp contains any large
bundles of fibers, refining separates them into
individual fibers. If the recovered paper is colored,
color stripping chemicals remove the dyes from the
paper.

19. Papermaking
The pulp is mixed with water and chemicals to make it 99.5%
water. This watery pulp mixture enters the headbox, a giant
metal box at the beginning of the paper machine, and then is
sprayed in a continuous wide jet onto a huge flat wire screen
which is moving very quickly through the paper machine.

20. The sheet, which now resembles paper, passes
through a series of heated metal rollers which dry
the paper. If coated paper is being made, a
coating mixture can be applied near the end of
the process, or in a separate process after the
papermaking is completed. coating gives paper a
smooth, glossy surface for printing.

21. Finally, the finished paper is wound into a giant roll
and removed from the paper machine. One roll
can be as wide as 30 feet and weigh as much as 20
tons. The roll of paper is cut into smaller rolls, or
sometimes into sheets, before being shipped to
a converting plant where it will be printed or
made into products such as envelopes, paper bags
or boxes.

22. Paper Making At Home

23. Benefits of Recycling Paper
• Recycling newspaper saves 14% of landfill space
• Recycling one ton of paper can save 17 trees
• Reduces sulfur dioxide emissions
• Most paper can be recycled up to 8 times to
create new products
• Leaves more trees for the sustainability of our
environment
• Saves energy

24. Recycled paper uses
• Paperboard
• Folding box-
board
• Corrugated boxes
• Egg cartons
• Paper towels
• Tissue
• Toilet paper
• Newspaper
• Paper Bags
• Notebooks
• Calendars

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5
PLASTIC:
A wide range of synthetic or semi
synthetic organic solid materials
suitable for the manufacture of
industrial products.
Plastics are polymers of high
molecular weight.
They may contain other substances
to
improve performance and/or reduce
costs.
PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC
RESISTANT
INEXPENSIVE EASY TO
PRODUCE
DURABLE
ELASTIC

26. Decomposition
Non-
Renewable
Hard to Reuse
Difficult to
Recycle
Toxic
Threat to
Animals
Disadvantages of Plastic

27. PLASTIC POLLUTION
• It is the accumulation of plastic products in the
environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife
habitat, or humans.
• Plastic
composed of:
Toxic chemicals
Non biodegradable substances
• Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in
the manufacture of plastics.

28. • Many plastic products are reaching the end of their lifecycle, forming
non-biodegradable mountains of plastic waste.
• Some constituents of plastic such as Benzene and Vinyl chloride
cause:
a. Cancer
b. Birth defects
c. Damage to nervous and immune system
d. Adversely affect the blood and the kidneys

29. SOURCES OF PLASTIC WASTES
• Discarded fishing gear:
Responsible for up to
90% of plastic debris
• Landfills: Leaks toxins and
contaminates the nearby soil
and water
• Plastic thrown on land: Enter
into drainage lines and chokes
them resulting into floods as
experienced in Mumbai, India
in 1998.
• Agriculture: Includes films -
used for mulch, greenhouse
covers, and to wrap bales,
tubing and pipes. It also
includes nursery containers,
pesticide containers, silage
bags.

30. IMPACTS:
INGESTION
•187 species shown to ingest large plastic
pieces.
•Turtles mistake floating transparent plastic
bags for jellyfish and eat them.
•About 100,000 animals such as dolphins,
turtles whales, penguins are killed every
year due to plastic bags.
•Sea turtles, have been found to
contain large proportions of plastics in their
stomach.
•Seven of the world's turtle species are
already either endangered or threatened
for a number of reasons.
•The ingested plastic bag remains intact
even after the death and decomposition of
the animal.

31. WHY RECYCLE?
• In landfill, both synthetic and naturally
occurring polymers don’t get the necessary
exposure to UV and microbes to degrade.
• Landfills not destroy plastics , it preserve the
poison forever.
• The toxic chemicals escape from the
landfills and contaminates the water
sources.
• When there are too many plastic in landfills,
they are
often destroyed in incineration factories.
• Consequently it:
 Contributes to Greenhouse Effect
 Causes Lung Cancer
 Contaminates Soil

32. STEPS INVOLVED IN MECHANICAL RECYCLING:
 Cutting/shredding
 Contaminant separation
 Floating
 Milling
 Washing and drying
 Chemical washing
 Agglutination
 Extrusion
 Quenching

33. MAKING PLASTICS FROM PLANTS!!
WOW!
• Scientists have come up with a new technology
of making plastic from plant.
• Three bacterial enzymes have been introduced by
the scientists in the model plant Arabidopsis
thaliana.
• When the two enzymes are combined with the
plant, an organic polymer known as
Polyhdroxybutyrate-co- polyhydroxyvalerate (PHBV)
is produced.
• PHBV is extensively used to produce variety
of products like grocery bags, soda bottles,
flatware and disposable razors.
• The plastic when discarded are easily degraded.

34. ADVANTAGES OF REUSE
Reuse has certain potential advantages:
Energy and raw materials savings as replacing
many single use products with one reusable one
reduces the number that need to be
manufactured.
Cost savings for business and consumers as a
reusable product is often cheaper than the many
single use products it replaces.
Some older items were better handcrafted and
appreciate in value
Refurbishment can bring sophisticated
sustainable well paid jobs to underdeveloped
economies

35. OUR RESPONSIBILITY
It’s impossible to eliminate most
plastic from
daily life, but it’s prudent for our health
and
that of our environment to curb the use
of some.
Overall reduction in plastic usage, proper management for disposal
and public awareness would bring a great difference in present situation.
Separate .. Store..and hand over for proper recycling or disposal.
Do not let plastic litter the environment.
"Stop the Plastic Pollution, Be Part of the Solution"
SAVEEARTH

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