The document summarizes the paper and pulp industries. It discusses the history and spread of papermaking from China to other parts of Asia and Europe. It then describes the modern papermaking process, including key steps like debarking, chipping, cooking, screening, washing, bleaching, and drying. It also discusses the kraft pulping process, recovery of chemicals through evaporation and combustion in recovery boilers, and recycling of chemicals to produce green liquor. The document provides an overview of the global and Indian paper industries and their raw material sources, outputs, and growth trends.
it is about paper and pulp wood industry..it gives idea about processing of manufacturing of plywood....its too interesting....so download please...to create a own industry it will be too useful to you.....all the process given are so simple...and easy to understandable
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The environmental impact of paper is significant, which has led to changes in industry and behavior at both business and personal levels. With the use of modern technology such as the printing press and the highly mechanized harvesting of wood, disposable paper has become a cheap commodity. This has led to a high level of consumption and waste. With the rise in environmental awareness due to the lobbying by environmental organizations and with increased government regulation there is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry.
Paper industry Presentation
Things you want to include in this Presentation.
This presentation includes:
Paper History
Paper Making in China
Paper Making in Japan
Paper Making in Arabs
Paper Making in Europe
Definition of Paper
Requirement for Paper Making Industry
Manufacturing Method
Flow Chart of NSSC Paper Making Industry
Process For Paper Manufacturing
Application of Papers
Types of Paper
Energy Usage in Paper Making industry
Waste Generation Points
Air Pollution
Sources of Waste Water
Pollutants in Effluents
Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Waste
Recovery Process
Biological Treatment By Stabilization Ponds
Polymer induced Flocculation
Environmental Problem
How To Protect our Environment From
Hazardous of Paper industry
Organic Solvent Pulping
Acid Pulping
Biopulping
Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) Bleaching
Management and disposal of solid wastes
Anaerobic Digestion
Composting
Steam Reforming
Wet Oxidation
Treatment of gas emissions
“How is the paper industry planning to reduce its carbon footprint?”
Recycling of Paper
Pulp and Paper Industry (Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, ...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibers, generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. In developing countries, about 60% of cellulose fibers originate from non wood raw materials such as bagasse, cereal straw, bamboo, reeds, esparto grass, jute, flax, and sisal. The main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing are: Raw material preparation and handling, Pulp manufacturing, Pulp Washing and Screening, Chemical recovery, Bleaching, Stock Preparation, and Papermaking.
See more
https://goo.gl/MqZ7s4
https://goo.gl/jByd5s
https://goo.gl/4KnBEM
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Pulp and Paper Industry, Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, Corrugating Medium Paper, Newspapers Hardboards, Pulp and paper processing industry, Pulp and paper making business, Investment Opportunity for Pulp & Paper, Paper Manufacturing Plant, Pulp from Bamboo, Profitable pulp and paper business, Pulp and paper production, Manufacture of corrugating medium paper, Feasibility of recycled newspapers hardboards, Paper mill in India, Best small and cottage scale industries, Book of Pulp and Paper, Paper Board and Paper-based Technology, Book on Pulping and Papermaking, Business guidance for Pulp and paper industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Drying of Paper, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hard-Board manufacturing, How to Start a Pulp and paper industry?, How to Start a Pulp and paper Production Business, How to start a successful Pulp and paper business, How to Start Pulp and paper Processing Industry in India, How to Start-Up a paper converting Business, Industry of pulp and paper, Kraft Paper manufacturing, Kraft Paper production, Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Manufacture of pulp and paper, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Pulp and paper Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Pulp and paper processing industry, Paper and pulp industries, Paper and Pulp Production Technology book, Paper Making Small Business Manufacturing, Paper Production, Paper production line, Paper Production: The Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Paper, Pulp and Paper Conversion, Papermaking Science and Technology book, Production of Kraft Paper, Production of Soda Semi-Chemical Pulp, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Pulp and paper manufacturing, Project for startups, Pulp and paper Based Profitable Projects, Pulp and paper Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industriesSooraj Garg
This Presentation contains Importance of ZLD, What is ZLD, Challenges in ZLD and a case study of a pulp and paper Industry named "Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited, Karur Tamil Nadu"
it is about paper and pulp wood industry..it gives idea about processing of manufacturing of plywood....its too interesting....so download please...to create a own industry it will be too useful to you.....all the process given are so simple...and easy to understandable
............................................................
............................................................
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
The environmental impact of paper is significant, which has led to changes in industry and behavior at both business and personal levels. With the use of modern technology such as the printing press and the highly mechanized harvesting of wood, disposable paper has become a cheap commodity. This has led to a high level of consumption and waste. With the rise in environmental awareness due to the lobbying by environmental organizations and with increased government regulation there is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry.
Paper industry Presentation
Things you want to include in this Presentation.
This presentation includes:
Paper History
Paper Making in China
Paper Making in Japan
Paper Making in Arabs
Paper Making in Europe
Definition of Paper
Requirement for Paper Making Industry
Manufacturing Method
Flow Chart of NSSC Paper Making Industry
Process For Paper Manufacturing
Application of Papers
Types of Paper
Energy Usage in Paper Making industry
Waste Generation Points
Air Pollution
Sources of Waste Water
Pollutants in Effluents
Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Waste
Recovery Process
Biological Treatment By Stabilization Ponds
Polymer induced Flocculation
Environmental Problem
How To Protect our Environment From
Hazardous of Paper industry
Organic Solvent Pulping
Acid Pulping
Biopulping
Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) Bleaching
Management and disposal of solid wastes
Anaerobic Digestion
Composting
Steam Reforming
Wet Oxidation
Treatment of gas emissions
“How is the paper industry planning to reduce its carbon footprint?”
Recycling of Paper
Pulp and Paper Industry (Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, ...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibers, generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. In developing countries, about 60% of cellulose fibers originate from non wood raw materials such as bagasse, cereal straw, bamboo, reeds, esparto grass, jute, flax, and sisal. The main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing are: Raw material preparation and handling, Pulp manufacturing, Pulp Washing and Screening, Chemical recovery, Bleaching, Stock Preparation, and Papermaking.
See more
https://goo.gl/MqZ7s4
https://goo.gl/jByd5s
https://goo.gl/4KnBEM
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Pulp and Paper Industry, Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, Corrugating Medium Paper, Newspapers Hardboards, Pulp and paper processing industry, Pulp and paper making business, Investment Opportunity for Pulp & Paper, Paper Manufacturing Plant, Pulp from Bamboo, Profitable pulp and paper business, Pulp and paper production, Manufacture of corrugating medium paper, Feasibility of recycled newspapers hardboards, Paper mill in India, Best small and cottage scale industries, Book of Pulp and Paper, Paper Board and Paper-based Technology, Book on Pulping and Papermaking, Business guidance for Pulp and paper industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Drying of Paper, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hard-Board manufacturing, How to Start a Pulp and paper industry?, How to Start a Pulp and paper Production Business, How to start a successful Pulp and paper business, How to Start Pulp and paper Processing Industry in India, How to Start-Up a paper converting Business, Industry of pulp and paper, Kraft Paper manufacturing, Kraft Paper production, Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Manufacture of pulp and paper, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Pulp and paper Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Pulp and paper processing industry, Paper and pulp industries, Paper and Pulp Production Technology book, Paper Making Small Business Manufacturing, Paper Production, Paper production line, Paper Production: The Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Paper, Pulp and Paper Conversion, Papermaking Science and Technology book, Production of Kraft Paper, Production of Soda Semi-Chemical Pulp, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Pulp and paper manufacturing, Project for startups, Pulp and paper Based Profitable Projects, Pulp and paper Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industriesSooraj Garg
This Presentation contains Importance of ZLD, What is ZLD, Challenges in ZLD and a case study of a pulp and paper Industry named "Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited, Karur Tamil Nadu"
Pulp and Paper Manufacturing and Treatment Of Waste Water
is About:
What is Fiber?
Lignin?Hemicellouse?
Real Explanation of Photosynthesis?
SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscope) Pictures of Trees
Can Plants Survive in Green Light?
How the Pulp is Produced from The Trees (Video) ?
Can We Use Other Than Trees for Pulp Preparation?
Some Information about Locally Located oldest Paper Mills
How the Waste Water Treated from Industries?
Keep printing, Use paper, But save treeMamdooh Amin
Recycling paper do not save enough the trees, because of the huge increasing of paper demand. Finding an alternative source of raw material for paper manufacturing instead of wood is the solution.
Paper, Pulp and Paperboard Production from Bamboo. Profitable Bamboo Processing Industry
Bamboo is a quickly renewable resource. Bamboo is the single fastest growing species of plant on the planet with some species growing more than a meter a day. In sharp contrast to trees which require decades to recover from harvesting, bamboo reaches maturity in 3 to 5 years or less and when it is cut, the stem is left in the soil to sprout a new shoot and start the growing process again.
Paper has been made from bamboo for hundreds of years. The commercial process uses actual bamboo canes for pulp. Bamboo paper is attracting the attention of companies and individuals looking for eco-friendly printing and sustainability. Despite the digital revolution, the demand for paper is growing globally.
See more
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Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Paper_Pulp_and_Paper_Board_from_Bamboo, #Paper_from_Bamboo, Making Bamboo Paper, Bamboo Paper, How to Make Paper Pulp from Bamboo? Paper Making Process, How Paper is Made, #Paper_Production, #Pulp_from_Bamboo, Process for Making a Pulp from Bamboo, Bamboo Pulp-Making Process, Bamboo Pulp, Pulp and Papermaking, Paper Manufacturing Plant with Pulp from Bamboo, #Bamboo_Pulp_Manufacture, Bamboo Pulp Making, Bamboo Pulp Manufacture in India, Bamboo Pulp Making Process, Pulp Production from Bamboo, Bamboo Paper Pulp Manufacturing, Process for Making a Pulp from Bamboo, #Paperboard_from_Bamboo, #Bamboo_Paperboard, Paper, Pulp and Paper Board from Bamboo, Paperboard, Paper and Paperboard Production, Production of Pulp from Bamboo, #Products_made_from_Bamboo, Pulp and Paper Industry, Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process, Paper Production Process, Paper Production Process Diagram, Paper Industry, Paper Manufacturing Process PPT, Paper Business Ideas, Paper Mill Business Plan, How to Start Paper Making Business, Paper Manufacturing Business Opportunities, Paper Manufacturing Business Plan, Paper Manufacturing Business Plan Pdf, Paper Manufacturing, Paper Manufacture, Paper Mills/Paper Manufacturing, Paper Manufacturing & Processing, How to Start a Cardboard Box Manufacturing Business? Packaging Box Manufacturing, Paperboard Manufacture, How to set up a Corrugated Box Manufacturing Unit in India, Corrugated Cardboard Box Making Business Plan, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing Industry, Paper Board Manufacture, Production of Paper Cartons, Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Manufacturing, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Paper_Manufacturing_Business, Project Report on Pulp Production from Bamboo, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Pulp Production from Bamboo
A Manual on Corrugated Fiberboard BoxesYogesh Pandey
This manual is simple guide to understand the all the aspects of Corrugated fiber board boxes. This book covers following:
1. Introduction,
2. Brief Introduction about paper
3. Components of the corrugated board,
4. Manufacture of the corrugated box,
5. Nomenclature of the corrugated box,
6. Main features of CFB boxes,
7. Designing & Style of boxes,
8. Quality Parameters and their Attributes,
9. Defects in Corrugated boxes,
10. Testing of corrugated boxes
Green Computing and Sustainable Environment – Introduction of E-documents and...AM Publications,India
Green computing” represents environmentally responsible way to reduce power and environmental e-waste. Green computing is the practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability outdated products and factory waste. It is known that the demand for computing devices rises as the people seek faster way of doing things. The most important issue is the sustainability or sustainable development and it is the key challenge for the environmentalists today. Quite a number of methods have been suggested to ensure sustainability. One important issue is minimum use of papers. Papers are wastage of natural resources. Papers are produced from wood pulp which leads to deforestation. The production of paper releases many by-products which harms the environment. In the present paper the authors have made a systematic study on various issues while producing printed papers which are not good for the environment as well as for the future generations. The authors also propose the negative impacts of paper on the environment can be negated by using E-documentation.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
4. Paper has a rich, colourful history which has
spanned the world's geography and its cultures.
Tracing its development , offers us insight into
humanity's relentless imagination, creativity and
sometimes folly.
Paper as we know it today comes from another
source - China.
it wasn't until the 3rd century that the secret art
of papermaking began to creep out of China, first to
Vietnam and then Tibet. It was introduced in Korea
in the 4th century and spread to Japan in 6th.
5. Papermaking spread slowly throughout Asia to Nepal
and later to India. It made its true push westward
in 751AD
The birth of the modern paper and printing industry
is accredited to JOHANN GUTENBURG
In Europe and America,in the 18th century the mass-
production of paper became a thriving industry
supplying huge volumes of paper for the production
of newspapers, books, magazines, paper bags, toilet
paper, money and a huge variety of other purposes -
including clothing, chimney's and even coffins!
6. Papermaking today is a large, capital-intensive industry,
characterized by high-speed machines and complex systems of
control for manufacturing to close tolerances thousands of
products vital to education, communications, marketing, packaging,
construction, etc.
Throughout the 19th century, pulp and paper was largely a domestic
industry, serving the gradually increasing needs
With the 1960s came the greatest surge of expansion in the
industry since the 1920s, spurred by provincial governments’
eagerness for new industrial investment .
Over the past 20 years the most significant development in the
industry's fibre requirements has been the tremendous increase in
the use of wood chips, reject lumber and other wood residues from
saw mills . Also, large areas of public forestland was made available
to obtain raw material from..
7.
8. These paper mills are manufacturing
industrial grades, cultural grades and other
specialty papers. The paper industry in India
could be classified into 3 categories
according to the raw material consumed.
Wood based
Agro based &
Waste paper based
9. The Indian Paper Industry is among the top 12 Global
players today, with an output of more than 13.5 Million
tonnes annual with an estimated turnover of Rs. 35000
Crores.
Paper Industry in India is moving up with a strong
demand push and is in expansion mode to meet the
projected demand of 20 Million tonnes by 2020. Thus
paper industry in India is on the growth trajectory and is
expected to touch 8.5% GDP in the coming years.
Therefore, the growth of Industry will out span the
present growth rate of 6.5%.
The average salary for a chemical engineer in the Indian
paper and pulp industry is around 7 l.p.a.
10. The pulp and paper industry comprises
manufacturing enterprises that convert cellulose
fibre into a wide variety of pulps, papers and
paperboards. About 95% of their fibre comes from
wood from forests, the balance from wastepaper
and a very small quantity of linen and cotton rags.
Wood is reduced to fibre by mechanical means or
by cooking in chemicals.
The fibres are then mixed with water, adhering to
one another as the water is removed by pressure
and heat.
This is the fundamental principle of papermaking.
11.
12.
13. Ample supply
Available to pulp mill throughout the year
Should not deteriorate in storage
High yield of quality fibre
Capable of being collected and stored in a small
area and transported, if necessary at low cost
Cost of conversion to paper must be low
Quality of paper made must be competitive
Must not have a higher priority use
15. Softwood
Contain more lignin than hardwoods
Longer and coarser fibre than hardwoods
Strength to withstand stretching and tearing
Improves the runnability of paper on the machine.
Greater amount of lignin means that more amount of chemicals and
energy
Include coniferous and non coniferous woods .... E.g.: pine, spruce
etc..
Hardwoods
Provide Smooth surface
Primarily used in the production of printing paper because short
fiber pulp improves the printing properties of paper
E.g...... Acacia, lemon, gum, birch, eucalyptus, pinus, patula,
paper mulberry, rubber plant wood etc..
16. Non wood fibres
Annual crops: flax, kenaf, hemp etc.- often grown especially
for paper production
agricultural residues: rye, wheat straw, bagasse, etc.. (
vegetable wastes, fruit pulp etc.. – newer alternatives being
researched on) - byproducts of crops grown for other uses
Straw: rice, wheat, bagasse, barley, reeds, etc..
Grasses and reeds: lemon, panni, Ulla, siru, munji,
Sabai grass, bamboo etc...
ADVANTAGES OF NON WOOD FIBRES:
Non wood fibers can reduce the amount of chemicals needed
for pulping as well as shorten time, thus saving energy.
The high cellulose content of cotton linter (85% to 90%)
compared to that of wood (35% to 49% cellulose) and the
low lignin content of hemp (3%) make these non wood fibers
valuable for papermaking
17. List of materials Cellulose (%)
Lignin (%)
Wood
Coniferous 40-45
26-34
Deciduous 38-49
23-30
Non wood
Rice Stalk 28-48
12-16
Wheat straw 29-51
16-21
Barley Stalk 31-45
Table shows that non
wood not just rich
with cellulose fibres
but the
composition of lignin
is also low. So, it is
easy to be degraded
and consumed short
period of time
compared to wood
fibres in chemical
18. Recovered fibre (recycled paper)
Grade determined by the process used in
manufacturing the virgin pulp when the paper
was first made and contaminants added to or
picked up by paper in recovery from solid
waste or recycle collection process
Contaminants: ink, wax and clay coatings, non
fibre filler materials used in
paper, adhesives, tape, staples, pieces of
plastic, metal, dirt etc
19. For chemical pulping:
Sodium sulfite, carbonate, or hydroxide.
In the kraft pulp process the active
cooking chemicals (white liquor) are sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide
(Na2S)
20. Half of the wood raw material is utilized as chemical
pulp fiber. The other half is utilized as fuel for
electricity and heat generation. In fact, a pulp mill has
two main lines. Wood is turned into pulp on the fiber
line.
Energy is produced on the chemical recovery line from
the wood material cooked in the liquor; the cooking
chemicals are recovered for reuse. In the chemical
recovery line, the black liquor is evaporated and
combusted in a recovery boiler, and the energy content
of the dissolved wood material is recovered as steam
and electricity.
The chemical pulping process generates more energy
than it uses.
21. Water is intricately associated with all the three stages of paper
production namely, pulp making, pulp processing, and paper/paper
board manufacturing, and their associated activities of cooking,
bleaching, and washing.
With more than 17,000 gallons of water used for every ton of
pulp produced, the pulp and paper sector remains the largest user
of industrial process water in the U.S. and the second largest in
Europe.
About 85 percent of the water consumed in the pulp and paper
industry is used only for processing, thus, leading to the
generation of large volumes of contaminated wastewater.
It is also one of the largest producers of wastewater. The paper
22. The largest paper producing countries like
China, US, Germany, Japan, Canada, use
predominantly wood.
Bamboo is an ideal raw material. India is the
first country in the world to use bamboo as
the basic raw material for making paper.
Bamboo and pulpable timber continue to be
the basic raw materials for the paper
industry in India.
23. ITC Limited – PSPD
Water and energy consumption per ton of
paper produced:
Water: averaging around 43kL
Energy: averaging around 1027 kWh
Raw material base:
Wood: around 52%
Imported pulp: around 27%
Waste paper: around 21%
24. Tamil nadu newsprint and papers limited (TNPL)
Water and energy consumption per ton of paper produced:
Energy: 1522 kWh
Water: 55kL
Raw material base:
Bagasse pulp: 55%
Hardwood pulp:35%
De-inked pulp: 10%
Century pulp and paper (Mumbai, Maharashtra)
Water and energy consumption per ton of paper produced:
Water: 57 kL
Steam: 8.37 tons
Power: 1291 kWh
Raw material base:
Wood, bagasse and recycled fibre
25. Rainbow papers limited ( Ahmadabad, Gujarat)
Water and energy consumption per ton of paper produced:
Water: 15 Kl
Energy: 544 kWh
Raw material base:
Waste paper and ready pulp
Trident limited (dhaula, barnala, punjab)
Water and energy consumption per ton of paper produced:
Water: 48 kL
Energy: 981 kWh
Raw material base:
Wheat straw as agro residue raw material for straw pulp –
(50-80%)
Eucalyptus and veneer waste from plywood industries for
wood pulp -rest
26.
27. Paper pulp: groundwood, chemical, semi
chemical pulps- bleached or unbleached
Reuse pulp: recycled or repulped paper
products like newspapers, paperboard
etc..mixed with new pulp
Miscellaneous cellulose pulp:
straw, linen, cotton, jute, rags
Speciality pulp: inorganic fibres such as
asbestos and glass
29. Pulp can be divided into two principal types:
chemical
mechanical pulp.
In fact there are more than two types of
pulp . Pulp from recovered paper poses a
different challenge for the papermaker as it
often has to be de-inked and other
contaminants removed.
30. The two processes of mechanical pulping are stone
groundwood (fiber is torn from the side of short logs
with grindstones) and refiner groundwood (wood chips
are passed through disc refiners). Mechanical pulping
does not separate the cellulose fiber from the lignin in
the wood, while chemical pulping does.
In chemimechanical pulping, the wood is softened with
chemicals before grinding. There is also a process called
thermomechanical pulping, where the wood is softened
with heat and then disc-refined under pressure.
31.
32. Chemical pulping uses chemicals to separate the cellulose from the
lignin. This creates pulps with different properties that can be used
for higher quality paper. The three types of chemical pulping are
Kraft, Sulfite, and semichemical.
The Kraft process, also called the sulfate process, involves an
alkaline treatment with solutions of sodium sulfide and sodium
hydroxide. In 1987 Kraft pulping was 95% of the total chemical
pulping.
Sulfite pulping began with the use of calcium as the sulfite liquor
base. Today the base has been changed to magnesium, ammonia, or
sodium. This allows for the recovery of spent liquor.
The semichemical pulping process involves cooking wood chips in a
neutral solution of sodium sulfite and sodium carbonate or sodium
hydroxide. Only some of the lignin is removed, and then the pulp
38. Debarking is the process of
removing bark from wood. Debarking generally involves
the use of industrial machinery into which the log or
stake is placed. Generally they are powered by
hydraulic motors.
39. The wood chips are then cooked in pressurized vessels
called digesters. In a continuous digester, the materials
are fed at a rate which allows the pulping reaction to be
complete by the time the materials exit the reactor.
Digestion is done to remove the lignin and hemicellulose
content .
Wood chips + NaOh + Na2S -----
-> Black Liquor
40. • Steam from the hot slurry passing through the tank is
recovered. This steam is used for the preheating of
chips. This tank has high concentration of pulp slurry
• Reduces the pressure of steam from 80 to 10 atm
before entering the blow tank.
41. Screening of the pulp after pulping is a process
whereby the pulp is separated from
large shives, knots, dirt and other undigested residues.
The accept is the pulp. The material separated from
the pulp is called reject.
Cooking liquors are separated from the cellulose
fibers. Pulp washers use counter current flow
between the stages such that the pulp moves in
the opposite direction to the flow of washing
42. • Bleaching of wood pulp is the chemical
processing carried out on various types of wood
pulp to decrease the color of the pulp, so that it
becomes whiter.• Traditionally chlorine based
oxidizing agents were used for
this process but due to the
formation of dioxins and other
undesirable products, the usage
of chlorine has been
discontinued.
• In the modern and improved bleaching stage, hydrogen
peroxide is added along with sodium hydroxide, which
44. Q. WHY THIS PROCESS?
1. Pulp produced is stronger than that made by
other pulping processes.
2. Acidic sulfite processes degrade cellulose more than the
kraft process, which leads to weaker fibers.
3. Mechanical pulping processes leave most of the lignin in
the fibers.
4. The kraft process can use a wider range of fiber sources
than most other pulping processes.
45.
46. •The black liquor (lignin-rich) produced
from the Sulfate pulp production
contains 95-98% of digested chemicals.
• To reduce air and water pollution and
to balance economy of operation, these
chemicals should be removed before
disposal.
47.
48.
49. • It is a series of single
effect evaporators of 5-6
stages of calandria
equipment followed by disk
evaporators .
• After the first step the
black liquor is about 20 -
30% solids. At this
concentration
the rosin soap rises to
the surface and is skimmed
off.
. The weak black liquor is
further evaporated to 65%
or even 80% solids and
50. •Organic carbon burns in
smelting furnace , supplying
necessary heat and CO2 .
• The combustion is carried
out such that sodium
sulphate is reduced to
sodium sulphide by the
reaction :
NaR(lignin salt) +air
Na2CO3 + CO2
51. •Molten slag is
produced
• Here organic
carbon present in
black liquor is
burned.
• High pressure 28
atm to 30atm steam
is produced.
•The reaction that
takes place inside
furnace is :
Na2SO4 + 2C-----
52. The molten salts from the recovery
boiler are dissolved in a process
water known as weak wash.
This process water, also known as
weak white liquor is composed of all
liquors used to wash lime mud
and green liquor precipitates. The
resulting solution of sodium
carbonate and sodium sulphide is
known as "green liquor .
This liquid is mixed with calcium
oxide , which becomes calcium
hydroxide in solution, to regenerate
the white liquor used in the pulping
process through an equilibrium
reaction :
Na2S + Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 ←→
Na S + 2 NaOH + CaCO
53. A clarifier is
used as a
filter to
remove solid
particulates or
suspended
solids from
liquid
It separates
as filtrate and
sludge .
Filtering
medium is
monel metal .
55. Calcium
carbonate precipitates from
the white liquor and is
recovered and heated in
a lime kiln where it is
converted to calcium
oxide (lime):
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Calcium oxide (lime) is reacted
with water to regenerate the
calcium hydroxide used in
reaction :
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
It precipitates lime mud.
Carbonate is causticized by
adding Ca(OH)2 .
57. Definition
‘ fourdrinier ‘ method of
production
Finishing
Chemical additives
58. Paper is a thin material produced by pressing
together moist fibers- cellulose pulp , derived
from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them
into flexible sheets.
Basic raw materials include-
Fibrous : containing groundwood, paper products
(recycled) , asbestos and glass
Non-Fibrous: clay, talc ,glue , waxes , glycerol
,titanium dioxide , zinc sulfide , calcium
carbonate
59. Modern papermaking began in the early 1800s in Europe with
the development of the Fourdrinier machine, which produces a
continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These
machines have become very large, up to 500 feet in length,
producing a sheet 400 inches wide, and operating at speeds of
The Fourdrinier press
60. The Fourdrinier machine is made of four
sections – Forming Section or Wet End, Wet
Press Section, Dryer Section and Calendar
Section.
62. Headbox
Because wood pulp fiber has a strong
tendency to clump, it needs to start off
with a very high percentage of water
content, allowing the pulp to have an even
distribution, the slurry (or furnish) held in
the Headbox which contains around 99%
water.
Rollers
The furnish travels down the Slice onto
the revolving Wire at the Breast Roller
point of contact and then over a series
of relatively small, parallel rolls of steel
or brass tubing called "table rolls." It
then passes over several suction boxes,
under a roll covered with woven or parallel
wires, called a "dandy roll," and over one
63. Forming board
device found under the wire on Fourdinier paper machines, just after
the headbox; used to prevent premature removal of too much water
during sheet formation.
Wire
Fine mesh polyester fabric on which the paper sheet is formed by
stock draining through it
Suction boxes
aka ‘Uhle Box’ is found in the press section; used to remove water
and detergents from the press felts.
Suction couch rolls
Suction rollers hold the furnish to the mesh and help remove the water
content. By the time the paper or web has reached the Wet Press
64. The Wet Press Section carries the wet web between a series of
rollers under high pressure to squeeze more water from the paper,
much like a mangle. The Felts (polymeric fabrics) support the web and
also aid water removal by absorption. As the web enters the third
section the paper web consistency can be as high as 40%.
Wet web strength factors-
Fiber lengths
Moisture content
Latency(kinked,curled fibers)
Inter fiber friction (affected by refining , surfactants )
Surface tension
Process variations
65. Steam heated rollers in the Dryer Section cause further water
removal through evaporation . It is in the Dryer Section that the
web will be treated with Sizing to change the characteristics of
the paper and via a coating unit, the surface will be covered with
calcium carbonate or china clay for coated papers such as gloss,
silks and velvet types. The stock is usually about 95% solids by the
time it comes off the last dryers.
66. Calendering
A calender is a device with two or
more rollers through which the paper is
run. The compression of the rollers and
the application of heat give the paper
its smooth and glossy properties. It
also gives it a more uniform thickness.
The pressure applied to the web by
the rollers determines the finish of
the paper.
After calendering, the web has a
moisture content of about 6%
(depending on the furnish). It is wound
onto a roll called a tambour or reel,
and stored for final
cutting and shipping
67. • Coating
Coating improves the opacity, lightness, surface smoothness,
lustre and color-absorption ability of paper.
Coating means that a layer is applied to the paper, either
directly in the papermaking machine or separately.
Varieties of coated paper range from pigmented to cast-
coated.
The coat consists of a mix of pigments, extenders such as
china clay and chalk, and binders such as starch or latex.
In addition, various chemicals are added to give the paper
the desired characteristics.
68. Why do we need to add additives?
Improves fiber to fiber bonding
Retain fiber & fines, giving better yield from
the same raw material
Better glaze & stiffness
Increase in breaking length, double fold, tear
factor & other strength properties w.r.t.
writing / printing paper industry.
Improves the formation of paper and fiber
distribution
69. Wet strength additive : ensures that the paper retains its
strength when wet. Very important for making tissue papers.
Chemicals used are urea formaldehyde ,poly-
amines
Dry strength additive : chemicals which enhance the strength of
the paper at its normal condition. includes compression
strength, bursting strength, tensile breaking strength etc. Typical
chemicals used are as cationic starch and polyacrylamide (PAM)
derivatives--acts as binder of fibers
Colorants : Basically used to give the paper a specific color,
improving the tone of the paper at the same time.
Optical brightening agents: makes paper more white by
absorbing UV light from fluorescence and re-emits in the blue
region
70.
71. Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on
its intended use.
For representing value: paper money, bank
note, cheque, security , voucher and ticket
For storing information: book, notebook, magazine, news paper, art &
letters.
For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people.
For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, Packing & Wrapping
Paper, and wallpaper.
For cleaning: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels and facial tissue
For construction: papier-mâché, origami, paper planes, quilling, paper
honeycomb, used as a core material in composite materials, paper
engineering, construction paper and paper clothing
For other uses: emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper, litmus
paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical
insulation paper (see also dielectric and permittivity) and filter paper
72.
73. Recycling 1 tonne of paper :
1.Saves approximately 17 trees.
2.Don’t use approximately 380 gallons
of oil.
3.Saves 4000KW of power.
4.Saves 3 cubic yards of landfill space.
5.7000 galloons of water.