Papaver somniferum
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habitat habit, useful parts ,morphology and anatomy of useful parts,phytochemicals and pharmaceutical uses of Papaver somniferum.
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Papaver somniferum (Opium)
The document discusses the pharmacognostic features, chemical constituents, uses, mechanisms of action, dosage, and side effects of opium derived from the Papaver somniferum plant. Key points include: (1) Major alkaloids in opium include morphine, codeine, and thebaine; (2) Morphine and codeine are used as analgesics, while codeine also acts as an antitussive; (3) Heroin is more potent than morphine due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier; (4) Opium can cause side effects like constipation, nausea, sedation, and respiratory depression if taken in excess.
Opium
Opium is obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and contains morphine and codeine. Afghanistan is the primary producer of opium, which is then processed into heroin. Opium is scored from immature seed pods to extract the latex, which is dried and scraped off. Heroin is derived from morphine in opium and is more potent, causing euphoria. Short-term effects include a "rush" but also nausea and long-term effects involve addiction, disease, and overdose death. Treatment includes antagonists like naloxone and maintenance therapies with methadone.
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Factors influencing the cultivation of medicinal plants include altitude, temperature, rainfall, day length, soil properties, and pests. Altitude, temperature, rainfall, and day length can each affect the growth and secondary metabolite production of plants. The soil properties of texture, fertility, and pH are also important factors. Pests like fungi, bacteria, insects, and weeds must be controlled to prevent damage to cultivated plants. Fertilizers, manures, and biofertilizers can be used to maintain soil fertility.lemongrass oil
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OPIUM POPPY DATA DOCUMENTS.ppt
Major project for B Pharm final year for nake to encourage your knowledge...and keep briefly discussed.
All the data which i gave or written on this document are totally valid or good for my personal knowledge.
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The document discusses the pharmacognostic features, chemical constituents, uses, mechanisms of action, dosage, and side effects of opium derived from the Papaver somniferum plant. Key points include: (1) Major alkaloids in opium include morphine, codeine, and thebaine; (2) Morphine and codeine are used as analgesics, while codeine also acts as an antitussive; (3) Heroin is more potent than morphine due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier; (4) Opium can cause side effects like constipation, nausea, sedation, and respiratory depression if taken in excess.
Opium
Opium is obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and contains morphine and codeine. Afghanistan is the primary producer of opium, which is then processed into heroin. Opium is scored from immature seed pods to extract the latex, which is dried and scraped off. Heroin is derived from morphine in opium and is more potent, causing euphoria. Short-term effects include a "rush" but also nausea and long-term effects involve addiction, disease, and overdose death. Treatment includes antagonists like naloxone and maintenance therapies with methadone.
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants
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Factors influencing the cultivation of medicinal plants include altitude, temperature, rainfall, day length, soil properties, and pests. Altitude, temperature, rainfall, and day length can each affect the growth and secondary metabolite production of plants. The soil properties of texture, fertility, and pH are also important factors. Pests like fungi, bacteria, insects, and weeds must be controlled to prevent damage to cultivated plants. Fertilizers, manures, and biofertilizers can be used to maintain soil fertility.lemongrass oil
This document summarizes information about lemongrass oil, including its botanical name, production, cultivation parameters, uses, and trade. Lemongrass oil is extracted from Cymbopogon citratus grass through steam distillation. It grows in tropical climates with high sunlight and humidity. Common uses of lemongrass oil include use in insect repellents and as a preservative, pesticide, and culinary herb. Global production is around 1300 tonnes annually, with major producers including China, Indonesia, and India.
Artemisia.pptx
Artemisia is a plant from the daisy family found in parts of Asia and the Middle East. It contains the compound artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria. Artemisinin and its derivatives are the most effective drugs currently available for treating drug-resistant malaria. The plant also contains other compounds like santonin which are used as anthelmintics to treat parasitic worm infections. Solvent extraction, especially using propylene glycol methyl ether, is commonly used to separate artemisinin from the Artemisia annua plant for medicinal use.
Dioscorea
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
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This document provides an overview of the mint species Mentha piperita, or peppermint. It discusses the plant's taxonomy, description, cultivation, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and uses. Peppermint is native to Europe and used widely in flavoring, fragrance, medicine, and pharmaceutical products. It contains high levels of menthol and other compounds that give it antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties useful for treating conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, headaches, and nausea. Peppermint oil and tea are among the most common products derived from the plant.
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Ephedra
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- It contains over 19 alkaloids, including morphine, codeine, and heroin. Morphine is the main active constituent.
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Brahmi
Brahmi is a succulent herb found in wet, damp areas in India up to 1200 meters in elevation. It has flat, obovate leaves that are green with a bitter taste. Brahmi contains alkaloids like bacoside A and B, as well as other chemical constituents. It is used as a nervine tonic to treat conditions like asthma, epilepsy, and insanity, and has laxative, diuretic, and potential anticancer properties. It can be cultivated throughout the year in warm, humid conditions.
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Myrrh
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This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogenous plant compounds that have physiological effects. It describes their characteristics, sources, uses, and importance in pharmacy. Key points include: alkaloids are bitter and derived from amino acids; sources include various plant families; uses include analgesic, narcotic, and mydriatic effects; important alkaloids include morphine, codeine, nicotine, and atropine. Tests are outlined to identify the presence of alkaloids. The document also classifies and describes important alkaloid groups such as tropane and solanaceous alkaloids.
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- Opium is the dried latex extracted from incisions made in unripe poppy capsules of Papaver somniferum.
- It contains over 19 alkaloids, including morphine, codeine, and heroin. Morphine is the main active constituent.
- Opium has medical uses as a powerful analgesic for pain relief and is also used as an antitussive and antispasmodic. However, it can also be addictive.
Coriandrum sativum (Coriander)
This document summarizes information about Coriandrum Sativum L., commonly known as coriander or cilantro. It contains essential oils such as linalool and fatty oils like oleic acid. Coriander has various pharmacological actions including being aromatic, anti-arthritic, stimulating digestive secretions, and being anti-ulcer, anti-lipidemic, anti-spasmodic, and more. The daily dose is 1-3 grams of powdered seeds or a freshly prepared cup of infusion between meals. Overdose may cause liver damage and skin sensitivity. It should be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.
Brahmi
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Resin by pooja
This document provides information on various types of resins. It begins by defining resins and their general properties such as being heavier than water, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. It then classifies resins based on their chemical constituents such as acid resins, ester resins, resin alcohols, resin phenols and resenes. Examples are given for each classification. The document also discusses various crude drugs that contain resins and resin combinations, including their botanical source, chemical constituents and uses.
Myrrh
Myrrh is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem and branches of Commiphora molmol trees found in northeast Africa and southern Arabia. The trees are small, around 3 meters high, and contain schizogenous ducts and lysigenous cavities filled with a yellowish granular liquid. After making incisions in the bark, the oleo-gum resin exudes and hardens into reddish-brown tears ranging from 1.5-3 cm in diameter with an aromatic, bitter, and acrid taste and odor. Myrrh contains volatile oil, resin, gum, and bitter principles and is used in perfumes, incense, and as an antiseptic and stimulant
Dioscorea deltoida
This document provides information on the plant Dioscorea deltoidea. It discusses the plant's classification (genus Dioscorea, family Dioscoreaceae), synonyms, geographical distribution in Nepal and northwest Himalayas, morphology and microscopic characteristics of its tubers/rhizomes. It also covers the plant's cultivation, chemical constituents including diosgenin, traditional medicinal uses to treat gastric issues, dysentery and as a source of steroidal drugs, and formulations/dosage. Safety of D. deltoidea is considered relatively low risk.
Cinnamon
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Black pepper
Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
2. azadriachata indica(neem)
This document provides information on the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), including its nomenclature, biological source, cultivation, collection, macroscopic and microscopic properties, chemical constituents, pharmacological uses, and commercial applications. Key points include: neem has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine and has a wide range of medicinal properties; it is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia; and extracts from neem leaves, bark, and seeds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic and other pharmacological effects.
Pharmacognosy: Karela ( Bittergourd )
Karela, also known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, comes from the plant species Momordica charantia. The summary describes its botanical name, family, synonyms and appearance as a dark green, oblong fruit with a distinct warty exterior. It contains several active constituents like charantin and momordicin that have blood sugar lowering and cathartic effects. The document provides details on its physical and chemical properties, chemical composition including fatty acids, and traditional uses like as an antidiabetic agent and for treating various other conditions. Wax gourd is listed as a substitute for karela.
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Synonyms: Radix Ginseng, Shin-seng.
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The roots of the cultivated perennial herbs of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and of Panax schin seng (Chinese ginseng) (Fam. Araliaceae).Collected from 5-6 years old plants, in autumn, carefully cleaned and dried.
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4 ipecacuanha, senega, jalap, aconite and gentian
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- 2. PALAVER SOMNIFERA • Habitat- probably originated in south america & cultivated in different parts of the world . • Cultivated in some parts of India like UP, MP and rajasthan.
- 3. HABIT • Poppy is erect,annual plant • Rarely branched • Leaves are linear or ovate • Bluish white,purple or violet large flowers
- 6. MORPHOLOGY OF CAPSULES • Capsules vary in size and shape, being ovoid or globular & depressed at the apex and base. • 3-4 in diameter • Pale yellowish-brown & often with dark spots.
- 7. •At the base is a short piece of pedicel and thalamus, which appears as a slight swelling on the stalk, is marked with scars left by the fall of the perianth parts. •At the apex is persistent ,seaside, radiate stigma with about 8-16 rays
- 8. PHTOCHEMICALS • Morphine • Narcotine • codeine • thebaine • heroin • papaverline
- 9. •Mecoic acid exist in combination with morphine •Mucilage • sugar • salts of calcium and magnesium •wax
- 10. HEROIN • It is a derivative of morphine and is more potent that morphine • Morphine can cross the blood brain barrier but due to its conjugation it becomes lipid insoluble.Wherein heroin is lipid soluble and cross the blood brain barrier easily and act on the limbic system of brain. • The limbic system that is associated with emotions is stimulated and dream like sensation are produced.
- 11. USES •To relief pain •To treat cough • To treat intestinal spams And respiratory spams
- 12. •Used as a sedative. •To treat diarrhoea and abdominal cramping. •Relax involuntary muscle. •Poppy seed oil is used as a vehicle for parentrals.
- 13. MORPHINE • Morphine binds to opioid receptors present on the surface of nerve cells and sets of chains of reactions inside the cell and causes cell membrane to be less excitable.This Means that the nerve impulses are not generated as the nerve cell becomes sluggish.
- 14. •Also effects in pain processing areas of brain. •Therefore it causes drowsiness, nausea,respiratory depressions etc. •Effects on GIT includes decreased motility and secretion,increasing resting tone And spams, all of which combine to produce constipation. •Causes increase tone of urinary bladder wall.
- 15. PAPAVERINE •It is direct smooth muscle relaxant independent of muscle innervations. •The musculature of the large blood vessels including coronary, systematic and pulmonary arteries.
- 16. •The resulting vasodilation has been potentially attributed inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphidiesterases. •This causes increase in intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP by decreases in calcium ions.
- 17. THEBAINE •It is not medicinally used. •But important as substrate in semi synthesis of other compounds.
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