Opium is obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and contains morphine and codeine. Afghanistan is the primary producer of opium, which is then processed into heroin. Opium is scored from immature seed pods to extract the latex, which is dried and scraped off. Heroin is derived from morphine in opium and is more potent, causing euphoria. Short-term effects include a "rush" but also nausea and long-term effects involve addiction, disease, and overdose death. Treatment includes antagonists like naloxone and maintenance therapies with methadone.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Opium (Afim), plant morphology, distribution, plant cultivation licenses, its active alkaloid as narcotics and Forensic applications with medicolegal aspects.
Affects of Substance Abuse on Mental Health - Opioids (Narcotics) zeeshan Shani
This slideshow is an endeavour to inculcate awareness and educate the youth and their parents about the usage, identification and affects of Narcotics (Opiods) Abuse.
1.Opiates
Common signs of opioid addiction
2.Morphine
3.Heroin
. Biological effects of morphine and heroin
. Social effects of morphine and heroin
. Causal factors in opiate abuse and dependence
. Addiction associated with psychopathology
. DSM-5 Diagnostic criteria For OUD
. Treatment
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
4. history
The first known cultivation of opium poppies was in
Mesopotamia
approximately 3400 BCE, by Sumerians.
who called the plant hul gil, the "joy plant
Opium production continued under the Babylonians
and Egyptians
5. Big challenge
11 October 2011 - Opium poppy-crop cultivation in
Afghanistan reached 131,000 hectares in 2011, 7 per
cent higher than in 2010, due to insecurity and high
prices.
78 per cent of cultivation was concentrated in
Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Day Kundi and Zabul
provinces in the south.
6. Opium latex content
Opium (poppy tears, lachryma papaveris) is the dried
latex obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver
somniferum).
Opium latex contains analgesic alkaloid morphine,
which is processed chemically to produce heroin and
other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the
illegal drug trade.
The latex also contains the closely related opiates
codeine and thebaine and non-analgesic alkaloids
such as papaverine and noscapine
7. Method of obtaining latex
The traditional, labor-intensive, method of obtaining
the latex is to scratch ("score") the immature seed pods
(fruits) by hand.
the latex leaks out and dries to a sticky yellowish
residue that is later scraped off, and dehydrated.
8. collection
scoring the pods with an iron
scoop (nushtar ) in the
afternoon
collected poppy juice in
the morning
Incisions are made three or four
times at intervals of
two to three days
Latex is bitter in taste
9.
10. Examples of Natural Substance
Opioids
Opium (mother drug)
Morphine (chief alkaloid ingredient of opium)
Codeine (minor alkaloid ingredient)
Thebaine (minor component but has stimulant
effect)
12. Heroin
Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is derived from the
morphine alkaloid found in opium and is roughly 2-3
times more potent.
A highly addictive drug, exhibits :
- Euphoric
- anxiolytic and
- analgesic central nervous system properties
13. Medical use
Under the chemical name diamorphine,
diacetylmorphine is prescribed as a strong analgesic
in the United Kingdom.
it is given via subcutaneous, intramuscular,
intrathecal or intravenous route.
Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in
severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction,
post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-
stage cancer and other terminal illnesses
14. Herion Administration
Heroin is most often:
- injected
- may also be vaporized ("smoked")
- sniffed ("snorted")
- used as a suppository
- orally ingested.
- Smoking and sniffing heroin do not produce a "rush"
as quickly or as intensely as intravenous injection.
Heroin can be addictive by any given route.
15. Herion Administration
Heroin is injected, sniffed/snorted, or smoked.
Abuser usually inject 4x’s daily.
Intravenous injection-rapid onset of euphoria (7 to 8
seconds).
Intramuscular injection-slow onset of euphoria (5 to 8
minutes).
16. Effect of heroin
Heroin is metabolized to morphine and other
metabolites which bind to opioid receptors in the
brain.
The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon
after a single dose and disappear in a few hours.
After an injection of heroin, the user reports feeling a
surge of euphoria (the "rush") and warm flushing of
the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities
17. Short –Term Effects of
Herion
"Rush."
Depressed respiration.
Clouded mental functioning.
Nausea and vomiting.
Suppression of pain.
18. Short –Term Effects of
Herion
Spontaneous abortion
Dry mouth, a heavy feeling in the extremities
Rush-accompanied by a warm flushing of the
skin.
Nausea, vomiting, and severe itching.
constricted ("pinpoint") pupils
19. Long Term Effects of Herion
Withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the
last time the drug is taken.
Endocarditis.
Symptoms of withdrawal include;
Restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia,
diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps
("cold turkey"), and leg movements.
20. Long-term Effects of Herion
Addiction
Infectious diseases, for
example, HIV/AIDS and
hepatitis B and C
Collapsed veins
Physical dependence
develops with higher doses
of the drug.
21. Long-term Effects of Herion
Abscesses
Infection of heart lining and valves
Arthritis and other rheumatic problems
Bacterial infections
Effects of heroin overdose may also include slow
and shallow breathing, hypotension, muscle spasms,
convulsions, coma, and possible death.
22. Treatment
Naloxone and naltrexone are medications that also
block the effects of morphine, heroin, and other
opiates. As an antagonists, they are especially useful as
antidotes. It may be use with buprenorphine
(Subutex®)
Methadone ( Dolophine®, Methadose®) , is a
synthetic opiate that can be used to treat heroin
addiction. it can block the effects of heroin for up to 72
hours with minimal side effects when taken orally.