Drug resistance against malaria
Seminar Prepared by:
Mohammed Musa
Mohammed Saadi
Ali Abdulazeem
Nora Shaker
Shilan Adnan
Parasitology
College of Medicine - University of Kirkuk
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Drug resistance against malaria
Seminar Prepared by:
Mohammed Musa
Mohammed Saadi
Ali Abdulazeem
Nora Shaker
Shilan Adnan
Parasitology
College of Medicine - University of Kirkuk
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
A presentation looking at the myths and facts of sexually transmitted infection given at the Wirral Community NHS Trust Infection Prevention & Control study day 2014
CAUTI and innovation in the Continence ServiceWirralCT
A presentation about preventing catheter associated urinary tract infections given at the Wirral Community NHS Trust Infection Prevention & Control study day 2014
Learning Objectives
Define the recurrent infections and differentiate the patient with a primary immunodeficiency (PID) from the "normal person“.
Recognize infectious signs and symptoms, and opportunistic infections of primary immunodeficiency that warrant screening and referral to a specialist.
Understand noninfectious signs and symptoms that should raise concern for primary immunodeficiency.
Determine appropriate testing for patients for whom immunodeficiency is suspected.
Discuss the management of patients with primary immunodeficiency.
Appreciate secondary causes of immunodeficiency
This slide contains information regarding HIV, ARV. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
Talk given on 29 Sep 2015 at the Royal College of Emergency Medicine annual meeting.
Key areas:
What are the issues with sepsis in children?
How will it apply to the UK Sepsis CQUIN?
The Paediatric Sepsis 6 and screening for sepsis in children.
Additional notes following main talk.
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of 17 diseases and 5 neglected conditions. Australia is fortunate in having only 2/17 NTDs and 3/5 neglected conditions. This presentation was delivered to rural doctors at a conference in Australia to raise awareness about NTDs and to stress the need for early disgnosis.
Preventive Medicine. It is also a unique medical specialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). Preventive medicine focuses on the health of individuals, communities, and defined populations. Its goal is to protect, promote, and maintain health and well-being and to prevent disease, disability, and death
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For the NHS to continue to meet patients’ changing needs in the 21st century and remain clinically and financially viable there must be a collective effort across the organisation to tackle variation in quality and outcomes at pace. To ensure trust clinical services develop in a way that supports this vision the trust has introduced a major transformation programme ‘Transforming Care Together’.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
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Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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The speakers included:
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Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
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Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
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According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
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The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
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Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
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VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
1. Panton Valentine Leukocidin
Staphylococcus aureus
(PVL-SA)
Helen Davies
Infection Prevention and Control Specialist
Nurse
2. What is PVL-SA?
•
• SA is a bacterium that commonly lives on
healthy skin
• PVL is a toxin produced by some strains of SA
• Damages white blood cells
• Carried by less than 2% of
SA
3. Clinical Features
• All SA including PVL-SAs can cause harm if
they get an opportunity to enter the body -
cut/graze
• Can cause boils or skin abscesses
• Infections of the lungs, blood, joints and
bones
• Some SA are more likely to cause
infections than others
•
4. Risk Factors
• Infection can occur in fit & healthy people
• Skin-to-skin contact eg close family member
during contact sports
• Contact with a contaminated item or surface
eg shared gym equipment
shared razors
shared towels
5. Management of cases
•
• General care
• Antibiotics
• Decolonisation
• Screening of household and close contacts
eg partners/children and treatment
6. Case Study 1
• 8 year old boy
• Previously fit and well
• Walked into A&E
• Blood cultures taken on admission
• Condition deteriorated
• Transferred out of area
• Communication
•
7. The bigger picture!
• Safeguarding
• Temporary re-location for family
• Siblings
• Screening
• Decolonisation
• Building relationships
• Gaining trust
8. Post Infection Review
(PIR)
• Timeline
• Contact
• Screening
• Devices
• Skin integrity
• Risk Factors
• Learning Outcomes – Preventing harm for the
future
9. Case study 2
• 6 year old girl
• Fit and well
• Recurrent boils
• Antibiotics
• Decolonisation
• Anxiety/reassurance
• Education – Preventing harm for the future
•
•
10. Case Study 3
•
• 31 year old male
• Gym/Steroid user (deltoid), Melanotan
• 29/1/12 A&E
• 30/1/12 ITU necrotising pneumonia
• 4/2/12 ICU for extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation (ECMO)
•
•
•
11. Case Study 3
•
• 7/2/12 result released
• 28/2/12 returned to acute
• 7/3/12 discharged home
•
•
•
•
•
12. Lessons to Learn
•
• Can increasing the number of stakeholders
increase the risk of error?
• Communication across trusts critical
• Keep clear time lines
• Leave no stone unturned
• Check, check and check again
•
•
Establish that this is not a new organism. There is evidence of an increase in the number of cases of boils around the 1950’s-60’s but there is also evidence which may link the deaths seen during and immediately post WWI which coincided with an influenza pandemic. We know that this can affect the fit and healthy predominantly but also has risk factors for the elderly and immunocompromised. An important factor is the issue of contacts and transmission within institutions
Virulent
Local, regional, national and global incidence
Risks are increased in shared households, universities, and highly populated facilities like prisons and within the military, healthcare
Not a new organism
There is evidence of knowledge of PVL since the 1920’s/30’s
There is anecdotal evidence that PVL may have been associated with the deaths following WWI (that were not influenza but pneumonia)
Affects all, larger number of cases in the fit and healthy
This is not a new organism
There is evidence of knowledge of PVL since the 1920’s/30’s
There is anecdotal evidence that PVL may have been associated with the deaths following WWI (that were not influenza but pneumonia)
Virulent
New Notes –
Staphylococcus aureus ('SA') is a bacterium (germ) that commonly lives on healthy skin.About
one third of healthy people carry it quite harmlessly, usually on moist surfaces such as the nostrils, armpits and groin. This is known as colonization.Some types of Staphylococcus aureus produce a toxin called Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and they are known as PVL-SAs. (Panton and Valentine were two doctors who first found this chemical which can kill white blood cells called leukocytes – hence ‘leukocidin’).
Outbreaks boils 50s/60s
Necrotising pneumonia
All SAs, including PVL-SAs, can cause harm if they get an opportunity to enter the body, for example through a cut or a graze. They can cause boils or skin abscesses and are occasionally associated with more serious infections of the lungs, blood, joints and bones. Some SAs such as PVL-SA are more likely to cause infections than others
Anyone can get a PVL-SA infection. Infection can occur in fit, healthy people. PVL-SA can be picked up by having:
• skin-to-skin contactwith someone who is already infected, for example close family or during contact sports, or
• contact with an item or surface that has PVL-SA on itfrom someone else, for example shared gym equipment, shared razors, shared towels
The skin acts as a vehicle
As we know there are a variety of organisms, including bacteria, that can pass from one person to another and from the environment.
We need to be realistic, and particularly focus on providing appropriate facilities within the environment in order to reduce risk.
Patients with indwelling devices, existing skin conditions and possibly IVDU which create greater risks for the individual but also act as a reservoir.
For staff as well as patients the importance of hand hygiene particularly within the healthcare setting is essential
Infact Wally was everywhere in this case. No one source could be found and it is important to follow every potential pathway to infection source
