Opportunistic infections and aids
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This document discusses opportunistic infections that can occur in AIDS patients with low CD4 counts. It outlines the most common opportunistic infections such as PCP pneumonia, candida esophagitis, and cryptococcal meningitis. It also provides guidelines for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections for patients with CD4 counts below 200 or 100, including recommendations for Bactrim/Septra or Zithromax.
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oppurtunistic infection in HIV/AIDS AND IRIS
HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by destroying CD4 cells. When CD4 cell counts drop below certain levels, opportunistic infections (OIs) like Pneumocystis pneumonia or tuberculosis can occur. Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) can sometimes cause immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), where the immune system's recovery causes inflammation and worsening of symptoms from a pre-existing OI. IRIS is managed by continuing ART alongside anti-inflammatory drugs.
Oral manifestation of AIDS
The document summarizes early signs and symptoms of AIDS, oral manifestations of HIV, and concludes with the importance of early testing. Early signs may include brief flu-like symptoms appearing 2-4 weeks after infection. As the virus destroys immune cells over years, mild infections and chronic symptoms develop, including swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss and fever. Late-stage AIDS is marked by opportunistic infections causing symptoms like night sweats, cough, diarrhea and oral lesions. Oral manifestations include fungal, viral and bacterial lesions as well as neoplastic lesions like Kaposi's sarcoma. Early testing is key to stopping the spread of HIV and improving survival.
HIV (AIDS)
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, providing definitions and descriptions. It begins by defining HIV as the human immunodeficiency virus that infects and damages cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells. It then defines AIDS as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged. The document goes on to provide a brief history of HIV/AIDS, describing its identification and naming over time. It concludes by outlining global statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS and discussing the Bangladesh situation.
HIV/AIDS
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was first identified in 1981 and there have been two major strains identified, HIV-1 and HIV-2.
2. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be transmitted sexually or through contact with infected blood.
3. There are three phases of HIV infection eventually resulting in AIDS if not treated. Antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent AIDS.
HIV AIDS presentation
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS. It defines HIV as a virus that attacks the immune system and destroys the body's ability to fight infections and diseases. It is transmitted through certain body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The presentation details how HIV infects and replicates within immune cells called CD4 cells. It explains the stages of HIV infection from the initial window period to the development of AIDS when the immune system is severely compromised. Treatment options are discussed as well as strategies for prevention.
Guia prevencion y tx infecciones oportunistas por vih
The document provides guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents, last updated in 2015. It is intended as a reference for clinicians, health care providers, patients, and policy makers in the United States. The guidelines are developed by a panel of experts through a process that includes literature review, drafting of recommendations, and multiple rounds of review.
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Similar to Opportunistic infections and aids
HIV
The document provides an outline on HIV pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment. It discusses how HIV causes immunosuppression leading to opportunistic infections affecting the respiratory, cardiac, neurological, ophthalmological, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. Common opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis depending on CD4 count. Health care providers need to consider acute HIV infection and opportunistic diseases in patients presenting with related symptoms.
Infections in Immunocompromised Pts
This document discusses infections in immunocompromised patients. It begins by describing the various microbes that can cause infection, including bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. It then discusses the different types of underlying immune defects that determine infection risk, such as humoral versus cell-mediated defects. The document outlines various factors that influence the risk of infection, including the level of immunosuppression, transplant organ, graft-versus-host disease, exposures, and immune-modulating medications. It presents several case examples of infections in immunocompromised patients.
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This document discusses Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a fungal infection affecting immunosuppressed individuals. It covers the biology and risk factors, noting the key risk is immunosuppression with a CD4 count below 200. Clinical manifestations include fever and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves tests of respiratory secretions, with PCR and beta-D-glucan also used. Treatment is typically TMP-SMX for mild or severe cases. Prophylaxis is recommended for those with a CD4 below 200 or other risk factors. Managing treatment failure may require trying alternative drugs or increasing steroids.
Sexually transmitted infections
1) Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea and chlamydia are increasing worldwide. They can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and increase HIV risk if left untreated.
2) Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are commonly transmitted during sex and cause urethritis. N. gonorrhoeae is treated with ceftriaxone while C. trachomatis is treated with azithromycin to address increasing antimicrobial resistance.
3) Untreated STIs in pregnant women can lead to infant health issues like ophthalmia neonatorum. Screening and treatment of sexual partners is important to control the spread
Update management of CAP
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common infectious disease worldwide and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The document discusses definitions, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for CAP according to guidelines from IDSA/ATS. Key points include common bacterial and atypical pathogens causing typical and atypical CAP; use of severity assessment scores to determine hospitalization and ICU needs; recommendations for empirical antibiotic therapy based on patient factors; and considerations for MRSA coverage and broad-spectrum therapy.
Aids approach patients
This document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and HIV. It defines AIDS as being caused by HIV, which attacks and destroys the immune system. As the immune system weakens from HIV, opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis pneumonia and cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma can develop. The document covers the normal immune system, stages of HIV infection from acute to AIDS, common opportunistic infections seen at different CD4 counts, and treatments for HIV and associated conditions.
Aids approach patients
This document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It describes how HIV attacks and destroys the immune system, leading to AIDS. It outlines the stages of HIV infection from initial infection through asymptomatic infection to AIDS. It details many opportunistic infections and conditions that can occur in AIDS patients as a result of their weakened immune systems, such as Pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma. It also discusses how antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis can slow progression to AIDS and prevent opportunistic infections.
Prevention of Infection
The document discusses infection prevention and control in both hospital and community settings. It covers sources of infection, transmission of infection, patterns of infection like outbreaks and epidemics, general infection control principles of removing reservoirs, interrupting transmission and increasing host resistance. It also discusses specific hospital-acquired infection syndromes like UTIs and wound infections, problematic multi-drug resistant pathogens like MRSA and C. difficile, and the importance of hand hygiene and isolation procedures to control cross-infection in hospitals.
Navin presentation for hiv disease
1. HIV was first described in 1981 and is caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses which deplete CD4 lymphocytes. As of 2000, 58 million people were infected globally and 21.8 million had died.
2. Cardiac manifestations are common in HIV/AIDS patients, occurring in 28-73% of patients. Prior to antiretroviral therapy, cardiac disease was usually only detected at autopsy.
3. Guidelines recommend regular echocardiograms to monitor cardiac dysfunction in HIV patients, with increased frequency if abnormalities are detected. Endocarditis prevalence is increased in HIV patients.
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This document discusses HIV and periodontal disease. It provides background on HIV, describing its identification in 1983 and the two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. It reviews pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV as well as stages of infection. The relationship between periodontal disease and HIV is complex, with some studies finding higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in HIV+ individuals compared to controls, while other studies found limited differences or no relationship when accounting for CD4 count and ART. Periodontal disease in HIV patients can include conditions like linear gingival erythema and necrotizing ulcerative periodontal diseases.
Transplant emergencies
This document discusses common complications and emergencies that may occur in transplant patients presenting to the emergency department. It notes that infection is the most common reason for admission within the first year, with a variety of potential infectious etiologies outlined. It also discusses rejection, the effects of immunosuppressive medications, and graft-versus-host disease. Specific complications that may arise include urinary tract infections, renal artery thrombosis, biliary issues, and dysrhythmias. Treatment approaches for various infections, rejection, and complications are provided.
HIV and TB coinfection
This document discusses HIV and TB co-infection. It notes that HIV increases the risk of developing active TB due to immunosuppression. Diagnosing TB is more difficult in HIV patients as sputum smears can be negative and symptoms are atypical. WHO recommends treating TB first before beginning antiretroviral therapy for co-infected patients, and directly observed treatment to ensure adherence. Clinical trials are exploring optimal antiretroviral regimens for co-infected patients.
Opportunistic parasitic infections
Toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and microsporidiosis are opportunistic parasitic infections that can occur in people with weakened immune systems, especially those with HIV/AIDS and CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3. Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and can lead to encephalitis. Cryptosporidiosis causes diarrhea and is caused by Cryptosporidium parasites. Microsporidiosis can cause diarrhea or other infections and is caused by various microsporidian protists. Diagnosis involves examination of stool, tissue, or imaging and treatment focuses on anti-parasitic drugs and immune reconstitution with antiretrov
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This document discusses a case of an HIV-positive inmate presenting with diarrhea. It provides differential diagnoses, recommended tests, treatment options, and infection control measures. The inmate tests positive for Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. Metronidazole is recommended to treat these, along with supportive care. Hand washing and excluding the inmate from food work is advised to prevent spread. Drug interactions between the treatments and antiretrovirals are considered.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.pptx
This document provides an overview of lower respiratory tract infections, including acute bronchitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, community-acquired pneumonia, and risk stratification tools. It discusses the epidemiology, causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches for these common lung infections. Mortality from respiratory infections is high worldwide, with lower respiratory tract infections ranked third globally. Pneumonia is frequently caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and other typical and atypical bacteria, as well as respiratory viruses. Clinical features and severity scoring systems like CURB-65 are used to determine the need for hospitalization and guide management.
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Pneumonia Micro2
Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the lung that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. The causes and symptoms vary depending on the infecting organism and age of the patient. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals for some viral cases, and antifungals for fungal pneumonia. Prevention methods include vaccinations for specific types of pneumonia as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
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