1) The document discusses the role of Panchagavya, a liquid formulation made from cow's five products, in crop growth. It provides details on the ingredients, method of preparation, composition, recommended doses and effects of Panchagavya on various crops like rice, maize and sorghum. 2) Research findings from several studies show that application of Panchagavya increases growth, yield and nutritional quality of crops like blackgram, chickpea, cowpea and babycorn. Optimal doses and stages of application are identified. 3) Some constraints in adopting Panchagavya include lack of awareness, contamination risks, slow action and limited availability. Further research is needed

1. MASTER’S SEMINAR
ON
ROLE OF PANCHAGAVYA
IN FIELD CROPS
Department of Agronomy
Institute of Agriculture Science
S O A (Deemed to be University)
Bhubaneswar , Odisha
Presented by:
Sougata Mahanta
M.sc.Ag (Agronomy)
4th semester

2.  Organic agriculture is a comprehensive production management system which promotes
and enhances health of agro-ecosystem, including bio-diversity, soil biological activity
and biological cycles.
 It gives importance to the use of management practices particularly theuse of off-farm
inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems
(Raghavendra et al., 2014).
 Organic farming is based on the system-oriented approach and the use of organic liquid
product like Panchagavya resulted in higher growth, yield and quality of crops and hence
there had been an increasing interest in the use of liquid formulations.
 Panchagavya is a special preparation made from five by-products of cow (cow dung,
urine, milk, curd,ghee.) along with certain other ingredients, has the potential to play the
role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant system.
INTRODUCTION
1

3. INGREDIENTS OF PANCHAGAVYA
 Cow dung-7 kg
 Cow ghee- 1 kg
 Cow urine- 3 lit
 Cow milk- 3 lit
 Cow curd-2 lit
 Water-10 lit
 Tender coconut water-3 lit
 Jaggery - 3 kg
 Well ripened banana-12 nos.
.
2
Source: Borgohain et al.;
2020

4. FLOW CHART OF PANCHAGAVYA
Mix thoroughly fresh cow dung (7kg) + Cow ghee (1 kg)
Incubate for 2 days
Add Cow urine (3 lit) + 10 lit of water
Stir properly (morning and evening, daily for 1 week)
Add Jaggery - 3 kg
Add Cow milk (3 lit)
Add Cow curd (2 lit)
Add coconut water (3lit)
Add 12 ripened bananas
The whole mixture is to be incubated for two weeks
and the preparation should be filtered through double
layered muslin cloth and stored in bottle under
refrigerator and used as and when required.
3

5. Chemical
composition
pH : 5.45
EC dSm2 : 10.22
Total N (ppm) : 229
Total P (ppm) : 209
Total K (ppm) : 232
Sodium(ppm) : 90
Calcium(ppm) : 25
COMPOSITION OF PANCHAGAVYA
Microbial Load
Fungi : 38800/ml
Bacteria : 1880000/ml
Lactobacillus : 2260000/ml
Total anaerobes
: 10000/ml
Acid formers : 360/ml
Methanogen
: 250/ml
Source: Chakraborty et al., 2019
Biochemical
parameters
IAA (ppm) : 8.5
GA (ppm) : 3.5
Cytokinin
(µg/ml)
: 3.12
Ascorbic
Acid(µg/ml)
: 13.00
4

6. RECOMMENDED DOSES OF PANCHAGAVYA
 Spray system- 3% solution was found to be most effective compared to the higher and
lower concentrations investigated. Three litres of Panchagavya to every 100 litre of water is
ideal for all crops. The power sprayers of 10 litre capacity may need 300 ml/tank. When
sprayed with power sprayer, sediments are to be filtered and when sprayed with hand
operated sprayers, the nozzle with higher pore size has to be used.
 Flow system-Panchagavya can be mixed with irrigation water 50 lit/ha through drip
irrigation.
 Seedling treatment-3 % solution of panchagavya can be used to soak the seed before
planting.Soaking for 20 min. is sufficient. Rhizomes of Turmeric, Ginger and sets of
Sugarcane can be soaked for 30 minutes before planting.
 Seed storage-3 % panchagavya solution can be used to dip the seeds before drying.
 General schedule of application of Panchagavya
 At Pre flowering phase : Once in 15 days
 At Flowering and pod setting stage : Once in 8-10 days
 At Fruit/Pod maturation stage : Once during fruit/pod maturation
5

7. Time of application of Panchagavya for different crops is given
as follows:
Crops Time schedule
Rice 10,15,30 and 50th days after transplanting
Sunflower 30,45 and 60 days after sowing
Black gram Rainfed: 1st flowering and 15 days after
flowering
Irrigated: 15, 25 and 40 days after sowing
Green gram 15, 25, 30, 40 and 50 days after sowing
Castor 30 and 45 days after sowing
Groundnut 25 and 30th days after sowing
6 Source: Selvaraj et al., 2007

8. Beneficial Effects of Panchagavya
Panchagavya is a component of crop production and it plays a crucial role in each and
every component of crop management like integrated soil fertility management, integrated
pest management, integrated disease management
 Effect of panchagavya on plants
 Plants sprayed with Panchagavya habitually produce bigger leaves and develop denser
canopy.
 Branching is relatively high.
 The rooting is prolific and intense.
 The roots spread and grow into deeper layers were also observed.
7

9.  Effect of panchagavya on soil fertility
 Panchagavya improves fertility status in soils by increasing macronutrients,
 micronutrients and beneficial microorganisms thus increase soil health.
 It improves water holding capacity of soils because it acts as a organic manure.
 It encourages growth and reproduction of beneficial soil microorganisms
 It increases nutrient uptake in plants and enhances plant growth.
 Effect of panchagavya on pest and diseases
 It increases immunity power in plants thereby confers resistance against pest and
diseases
 various beneficial metabolites produced by microorganisms such as organic acids,
 hydrogen peroxide and antibiotics, which are effective against various pathogenic
microorganisms
8

10. 9
Effect of panchagavya in different crops
Paddy
 Increases tillering
 Absence of chaffy grains
 Grain weight is increases by 20%
 Improved cooking quality
 Harvest is advanced by 15 days
 Reduced percentage of broken rice during milling
Maize, Sorghum, Barley
 Increased plant growth
 Increased palatability
 Increases nutrients in plants
 Harvest is advanced by 10 days
Source: Raghavendra et al., 2014

11. Problems, Constraints, Barriers and
Difficulties in Adopting Panchagavya
 Lack of awareness about its uses
 Sometimes during fermentation contamination occurs
 Slow action
 Limited availability of its products in markets
 Iten courages weed growth also as it is non selective
 Less utilisation by farmers
 It may reduce quality of the produce sometimes
10

12. RESEARCH FINDING

13. TABLE 1. EFFECT OF DOSES OF PANCHAGAVYAAND ITS STAGE OF APPLICATION ON
GROWTH AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF ORGANIC BLACKGRAM
Treatment Plant
Height
(cm)
Dry Matter
(g Plant-1)
Leaf Area
Index
Number
Of Pods
Plant-1
Number Of
Seeds Pod-1
Test Weight
(g)
control 27.00 6.29 1.48 19.11 5.32 33.58
Panchagavya 2% 29.82 6.52 1.56 23.54 5.51 34.75
Panchagavya 4% 35.89 7.20 1.92 27.42 6.78 38.46
Panchagavya 6% 33.03 6.75 1.63 24.99 6.11 35.97
Panchagavya 8% 31.24 6.65 1.60 24.66 5.80 35.86
Panchagavya 10% 30.87 6.56 1.58 23.99 5.73 35.41
C.D.5 % 1.44 0.39 0.20 1.42 0.52 2.11
Stage Of Panchagavya Application
Branching 30.56 6.55 1.57 22.86 5.64 34.63
Flowering 30.38 6.45 1.52 23.50 5.69 34.96
Branching
+Flowering
32.2 6.92 1.76 25.23 6.12 37.09
C.D.5 % 0.94 0.26 0.13 0.93 0.34 1.38
Choudhary et al. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(10): 1627-1632, Rajasthan
11

14. Table 2. EFFECT OF PANCHAGAVYA ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA
TREATMENT Plant height
(cm) at 90 DAS
Number of
nodules/plant
Seed yield
(kg/ha)
Stover
yield
(kg/ha)
B:C ratio
T1=Foliar spray of panchagavya @2% at branching stage 47.4 7.90 1609 2016 2.54
T2=Foliar spray of panchagavya @2% at flowering stage 45.6 5.87 1582 1863 2.49
T3=Foliar spray of panchagavya@2% at branching+
flowering stage
47.7 8.83 1664 2107 2.56
T4= Foliar spray of panchagavya@4% at branching stage 51.6 12.73 1934 2364 3.00
T5=Foliar spray of panchagavya @4% at flowering stage 50.7 11.20 1880 2323 2.92
T6=Foliar spray of panchagavya @4% at
branching+flowering stage
54.9 15.67 2054 2483 3.05
T7=Foliar spray of panchagavya @6% at branching stage 49.6 10.60 1721 2121 2.62
T8=Foliar spray of panchagavya @6% at flowering stage 48.6 10.07 1677 2110 2.56
T9=Foliar spray of panchagavya @6% at
branching+flowering stage
50.7 11.33 1760 2175 2.53
T10=RDF(20-40-0 NPK kg/ha) 52.7 13.90 1973 2397 2.87
C.D.at 5 % 5.2 1.68 308 331
Gaur et al, , International Journal of Chemical Studies 2017; 5(2): 265-26 , Gujarat
12

15. TABLE 3. : GROWTH ATTRIBUTES OF COWPEA AS INFLUENCED BY PANCHAGAVYA.
Treatment Plant height
(cm)
Number of
branches
Number of
leaves
Leaf area(cm2) Leaf area
index
P0-Control 59.51 6.42 19.91 697.03 1.03
P1-Panchagavya
2.5%
59.66 6.91 21.00 778.84 1.15
P2-Panchagavya
5%
64.01 7.40 22.73 831.99 1.23
P3-Panchagavya
7.5%
61.41 7.63 24.16 929.38 1.38
CD(P=0.05) 4.04 0.43 1.31 69.24 0.10
Sutar et al. International Journal an legume research (2018) 6(42): Bengaluru
13

16. TABLE 4 : EFFECT OF PANCHAGAVYA FOLIAR SPRAY ON THE GROWTH OF
GREENGRAM CV. K-851 (POT CULTURE)
Treatments Root (cm) Shoot (cm) Total R/s ratio No. of lateral
roots
No. of root
nodules
Control 9.60 9.18 18.78 1.045 16.4 11.8
Panchagavya
2%
9.87 11.06 20.93 0.892 19.2 14.9
Panchagavya
3%
10.40 12.74 23.14 0.816 24.8 16.6
Panchagavya
4%
8.28 10.68 18.96 0.775 18.4 18.0
Panchagavya
5%
10.52 11.34 21.86 0.927 20.4 22.2
Kumaravelu et.al, Int. J. Plant Sci.,4 (2),(2009), Puducherry
14

17. 15
Treatment Plant height
(Cm)
Number of
leaves(nos)
Dry matter
accumulatio
n
(G/m2)
Leaf area
index
(Lai)
Crop growth
rate
(G/m2/day)
80 kg N + 60 kg P + 40 kg K (control) 88 8.36 670.3 6.59 16.29
40 kg N + 3 sprays of 4% panchagavya 91.4 8.6 736.96 6.4 18.52
40 kg N + 4 sprays of 3% panchagavya 99.87 9 651.79 5.17 16.29
40 kg N + 4 sprays of 4% panchagavya 101.6 9.13 540.69 6.48 13.33
60 kg N + 3 sprays of 4% panchagavya 114.7 9.53 803.62 5.06 19.63
60 kg N + 4 sprays of 3% panchagavya 117.67 9.27 1466.52 8 41.48
60 kg N + 4 sprays of 4% panchagavya 82.6 8.8 959.16 5.05 24.07
80 kg N + 3 sprays of 4% panchagavya 92.07 9.6 888.8 5.28 13.33
80 kg N + 4 sprays of 3% panchagavya 114.07 8.87 951.76 5.5 22.96
80 kg N + 4 sprays of 4% panchagavya 107 9.27 744.37 5.85 21.48
Cd (p = 0.05) 20.73 100.72 1.28 12.16
Table 5: Effect Of Different Levels Of Nitrogen And Panchagavya On Growth Attributes Of
Babycorn.
Sreethu et al. International Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences 15(2): 243-246, 2020:

18. TABLE 6. EFFECT OF DOSES OF PANCHAGAVYA AND ITS STAGE OF
APPLICATION ON YIELD AND ECONOMICS OF ORGANIC BLACKGRAM
TREATMENT
Seed Straw Biological
Harvest
index
(%)
Gross return
( ₹ ha-1 )
Net return
( ₹ ha-1 )
B:C ratio
Doses of panchagavya
control 519 1272 1791 29 58918 36918 1.68
Panchagavya 2% 686 1512 2198 31 76914 54614 2.45
Panchagavya4% 801 1735 2536 32 89642 67042 2.96
Panchagavya 6% 715 1534 2249 32 79926 57026 2.49
Panchagavya 8% 697 1519 2217 32 78068 54868 2.36
Panchagavya 10% 690 1505 2195 32 77322 53822 2.42
C.D.5 % 57 168 193 31 6063 6063 0.27
YIELD (Kg/Ha-1)
Choudhary et al . Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(10): 1627-1632, Rajasthan
16

19. TABLE 7: EFFECT OF SOILAPPLIED PANCHAGAVYA AND FOLIAR
APPLIED LEAF EXTRACTS YIELD AND ECONOMICS OF
GROUNDNUT
Treatment *Quantity
of
panchagav
ya(l/ha)
Pod
yield
(kg/ha)
Halum
yield
(kg/ha)
Biologica
l yield
(kg/ha)
Total
cost
( ₹/ha)
Gross
cost
(₹/ha)
Net
return
(₹/ha)
Levels of soil applied panchagavya
Control 0 1266 1532 2798 16518 43319 26801
One
litre/m2
648 1721 2320 4041 24576 59887 35311
Two
litre/m2
1296 2149 2814 4962 35635 74405 41771
Three
litre/m2
1944 2347 2960 5307 40693 80803 40110
CD
(P=0.05)
130 113 242 6881 1927
*Quantity of panchgavya excluding dilution with water (15 times with water); Interaction is non-
significant.
Kumawat et al. Journal of Food Legumes 26 (1&2), (2013)
,Rajasthan
17

20. Table 8. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUE ON GRAIN YIELD & STRAW YIELD OF FOXTAIL
MILLET
- Grain yield(kg/ha) Straw yield(kg/ha)
T1 RDF(40:20:0)NPK kg/ha 1014 2689
T2 FYM 12.5 t/ha 902 2279
T3 FYM+RDF 1131 3101
T4 Enriched FYM 750 kg/ha 1073 2932
T5 Enriched FYM+RDF 1526 4166
T6 Enriched FYM+3% Panchagavya one
spray at 20 DAS
1224 3656
T7 Enriched FYM+3% Panchagavya two
spray at 20 and 40 DAS
1461 4007
T8 Enriched FYM+RDF+3% Panchagavya
one spray at 20 DAS
1739 4750
CD
(P=0.05)
154.3 442.9
Treatment
Krishnamurthy el al. International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(2) 2121-2123 ; Tamil N
18

21. TABLE 9. EFFECT OF LIQUID MANURE ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES, YIELD AND
B:C OF SUMMER GREEN GRAM
TREATMENT YIELD ATTRIBUTES YIELD B.C
No of
pod/plant
No of seed/pod Test weight
(gm)
Grain yield
(Kg/ha)
Stover yield
(Kg/ha)
Harvest index
(%)
T1 (Jivamrut + FYM) 22.2 10.0 35.5 959.7 2887.9 24.94 2.64
T2 (Sanjivak + FYM) 20.9 10.0 32.2 716.1 2194.8 24.60 2.42
T3 (Panchagavya
+FYM)
25.1 11.1 37.1 1085.4 3224.1 25.18 2.98
T4 (Cow urine +
FYM)
19.4 9.9 35.3 661.2 1935.1 25.48 2.03
T5 (Cow urine +
Vermiwash +FYM)
20.7 10.1 34.5 743.2 2258.7 24.75 2.41
T6 (Vermiwash
+FYM)
20.1 9.6 36.5 682.9 2228.1 23.45 2.12
T7 (Vermicompost
+FYM)
23.5 10.5 35.6 1011.5 3036.9 24.98 2.84
T8 (Control) 17.7 9.0 35.6 312.9 1917.1 14.03 1.01
CD (P=0.05) 1.73 0.59 1.51 92.81 129.19
Chongre et al.;, CJAST, 38(6): 1-7, 2019; Nadia, West
Bengal
19

22. CONCLUSION
`  Panchagavya is used as fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural operations.
Panchagavya is an organic product recommended for the improvement in
organic agriculture.
 Cow dung is being used for different purposes from the ancient time and has a
significant role in crop growth because of the content in humid compounds and
fertilizing bio elements available.
 Panchagavya improves fertility status in soils by increasing macronutrients,
micronutrients and beneficial microorganisms thus increase soil health. It
improves water holding capacity of soils because it acts as organic manure.
 The beneficial microorganisms from Panchagavya and their establishment in the
soil improved the sustainability of agriculture as the microorganisms presenting
the rhizosphere environment around the roots influence the plant growth and
crop yield.
20

23. REFERENCES
Gaur PM, Tripathi S, Gowda CLL, Ranga GV, Sharma HC, Pande S et al. Chickpea seed production manual.
Patanchaeru, 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid
Tropics, 2010, 28.
Gopal Lal Choudhary, S.K. Sharma, Kendra Pal Singh, Sanju Choudhary and Bazaya, B.R. 2017. Effect of
Panchagavya on Growth and Yield of Organic Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper].
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(10): 1627-1632.
Krishnamurthy L, HD Upadhyaya, CLL Gowda, J Kashiwagi, R Protohuman, S Singh et al. Large variation for
salinity tolerance in the core collection of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauvois) Germplasm. Crop
and Pasture Science. 2014; 65(4):353–361.
Rajesh, M., and Kaliyamoorthy, J. 2013. Changes in morphological, biochemical and yield parameters of
Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper due to panchagavya spray. International Journal of Modern Plant & Animal
Sciences, 1(2): 82-95.
Sangeetha, V., and Thevanathan, R. 2010. Effect of panchagavya on nitrate assimilation by experimental plants.
Journal of American Science, 6(2): 76-82.
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24. THANK YOU