This document provides an overview of paint, including its composition, history, applications and properties. It discusses that paint contains pigments, binders, extenders, solvents and additives that form a solid film after application. Historically, ochre paints may have been used as early as 100,000 years ago. Key properties of ideal paint include ease of application, opacity, durability and flexibility. Paint can be applied as a solid, gas or liquid using various tools and methods depending on its form. Pakistan has significant natural resources used in paint production like minerals, gypsum and limestone.

1. INTRODUCTION:
 Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after
application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.
 Paints contain:
1.Pigment(s)
2.Binder (resin)
3.Extender
4.Solvent (sometimes called a thinner)
5.Additives

2. Paint can be applied as:
1. a solid
2. a gaseous suspension
3. a liquid

3. DEFINITIONS:
 Paints are homogeneous mixtures, are uniform throughout.
 Paint is composed of coloured pigment and a binder.
 Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life
of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a
barrier against environmental conditions.

4. HISTORY:
 In 2001 and 2004, South African archeologists reported finds
in Blombos Cave of a 100,000-year-old human-made ochre-
based mixture that could have been used like paint (Mayell,
2004).
 Cave paintings drawn with red or yellow
ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have
been made by early Homo sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago.

5. A charcoal and ochre cave painting of Megaloceros from Lascaux,
France.

6. A piece of Giant clam shell used to hold ochre paint in pre-dynastic ancient Egypt.
 Ancient colored walls at Dendera, Egypt, which were exposed for years to the
elements, still possess their brilliant color, as vivid as when they were painted
about 2,000 years ago.

7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
OF PAINTS:
Binder in paints:
The three most important binders (resins) used in modern paints are:
 acrylic polymers (resins)
 alkyd polymers (resins)
 epoxy polymers (resins)

8. Acrylic polymers (resins):

12. Alkyd polymers (resins):

14. Epoxy polymers (resins):

15. Pigments used in paints:
 Pigments give colour and opacity to paints.
 The most common inorganic pigment is white titanium dioxide
 Another widely used inorganic pigment is finely divided
calcium carbonate.
 Other pigments include iron oxides (black, yellow and red), zinc
oxide and carbon black, are also produced paints.

16. EARTH NATURAL PALETTE:
Yellow and Orange:
 Orpiment and Realgar.
Green:
 Malachite is a copper compound and is possibly the oldest known green
pigment used.
Hematite:
 Iron Oxide Cinnabar: Contains mercury; toxic Red
Blue.
Lazurite:
 Bright blue; very expensive Azurite: Blue with green tinge; basic copper
carbonate much cheaper; used by Michelangelo.

17. COMPONENTS OF PAINTS:
1. Vehicle:
 It is the combination of binder + diluent.
 Importsnt quantity in coatings formulation
2. Binder or film former:
 The binder is the film-forming component of paint. It is
the only component that is always present among all the
various types of formulations.
 The binder imparts different properties.
 Binders include synthetic and natural resins

18. 3. Diluent or solvent or thinner:
 The main purposes of the diluent are to dissolve the polymer
and adjust the viscosity of the paint.
 Its main function is as the carrier for the non volatile
components.
 This component is optional: some paints have no diluent.
 Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints, even the co-
solvent types.
 To spread heavier oils (for example, linseed) as in oil base
interior house paint, a thinner oi is required
 This component is optional
 Water as a diluent.

19. 4.Pigment and filler:
 Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to
contribute colour.
 Fillers are granular solids incorporate to impart toughness,
texture, give the paint special properties, or to reduce the cost
of the paint.
 Dyes
 Classification of pigments

20. Pigments can be classified:
1. natural
2. synthetic.
Natural pigments: include various clays, calcium
carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs.
Synthetics: would include engineered
molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium
carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silicas.

21. Additives:
 Additives normally do not significantly alter the percentages of
individual components in a formulation.
 Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can
have a wide variety of miscellaneous additives, which are
usually added in small amounts, yet provide a significant
effect on the product.

22. Art:
Watercolors as applied with a brush

23. The "painter's mussel", a European freshwater
mussel. Individual shell valves were used by
artists as a small dish for paint.

24. PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL PAINT:
Some of the typical attributes required can include:
 ease of application
 good flow out of application marks (e.g. brush-marking)
 forming a continuous protective film
 high opacity
 quick drying
 corrosion resistance

25.  water resistance
 heat resistance
 colour stability (i.e. against visible and ultraviolet
radiation)
 abrasion and scratch resistance
 Durability
 Flexibility
 easily cleaned

26. These are weathering racks. Paints have been applied to panels and are exposed, at angles
of 45° to the horizontal and south facing, to assess durability.
(By Q-Lab Europe Limited.)

27. APPLICATIONS:
 Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol)
or a liquid.
 As a solid (usually used in industrial and automotive applications),
the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high
temperature.
 As a gas or as a gaseous suspension, the paint is suspended in solid
or liquid form in a gas that is sprayed on an object.
 In the liquid application, paint can be applied by direct application
using brushes, paint rollers, blades, scrapers, other instruments, or
body parts such as fingers and thumbs.

28. APPLIED AS FORM USE METHOD
1. Solid Fine powder.
And called powder
coating.
Industrial and
automotive applications
Baked at high
temperature
2. Gas gaseous suspension.
And called spray
painting.
The paint sticks to the
object.
the paint is suspended
in solid or liquid form
in a gas that is sprayed
on an object.
3. Liquid Liquid form. Mixed
with water or oil as
solvent.
Allowing painting at
different heights
using brushes, paint
rollers, blades,
scrapers, other
instruments, or body
parts such as fingers
and thumbs.

29. SOURCE OF PAINTS IN PAKISTAN:
 The country has immense reserves of various minerals and natural resources.
Important minerals found in Pakistan are gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron
ore, rock salt, silver, gold, precious stones, gems,
marble, copper, coal, graphite, sulphur, fire clay, silica.

30. THE END