Gait control theory of pain given by Melzack & Wall in 1965. This is very much helpful for those medical/paramedical professionals who deal with subjects having pain.
This lecture was delivered to second year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. This is just a brief overview about TENS, where the students explore the recent evidences of TENS on treatment of various musculoskeletal conditions in the subsequent classes.
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
Gait control theory of pain given by Melzack & Wall in 1965. This is very much helpful for those medical/paramedical professionals who deal with subjects having pain.
This lecture was delivered to second year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. This is just a brief overview about TENS, where the students explore the recent evidences of TENS on treatment of various musculoskeletal conditions in the subsequent classes.
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
Goniometry is the measuring of angles created by the bones of the body at the joints.1, 2, 3
The term goniometry is derived from two Greek words, gonia meaning angle and metron, meaning measure. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
System to measure the joint ranges in each plane of the joint is termed goniometry. 4
These measurements are done with instrument such as goniometer, a tape measure, inclinometers or by visual estimate.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Goniometry is the measuring of angles created by the bones of the body at the joints.1, 2, 3
The term goniometry is derived from two Greek words, gonia meaning angle and metron, meaning measure. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
System to measure the joint ranges in each plane of the joint is termed goniometry. 4
These measurements are done with instrument such as goniometer, a tape measure, inclinometers or by visual estimate.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. INTRODUCTION
Analgesic effect of interferential therapy – explained by inhibition type-C
nociceptive fibers.
Pain gate theory- developed by Melzack and Wall
4. the maximum frequency of transmission in C nerve fibers is 15 Hz and in Aδ
fibers is 40 Hz.
The application of frequencies higher than this could block transmission
along these fibers altogether
5. Short duration pulses at a frequency of 100 Hz may stimulate large diameter
nerve fibers which will have an effect on the pain gate in the posterior horn,
and inhibit transmission of small diameter noci-ceptive traffic.
6. In order to selectively activate the descending pain suppression system, a
frequency of 15 Hz is required.
The stimulation of small diameter fibers produced will eventually cause the
release of endogenous opiates (enkephalin and β endorphin) at a spinal
level.
7. PAIN PATHWAY
afferent fibers are of two types
A Delta fibers: Fast conducting large diameter myelinated fibers, which
conducts with a velocity of 5–30 m/s.
C-fibers: Slow conducting small diameter nonmyelinated fibers, which
conducts with a velocity of 2–5 m/s.
8. NEURONS INVOLVED IN PAIN
CONDUCTION
•
•
•
1.Primary: from the ‘nociceptors’)
to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
2.Secondary: from the dorsal horn
to the thalamus.
3.Tertiary: from thalamus to cortex
and awareness.
Tertiary
Neuron
Secondary
Neuron
Primary
Neuron
Nocicept
or
s
9.
10. CONTINUED..
primary afferent fibers transmit impulses from the sensory receptors to the
dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Second order afferent fiber carry sensory impulses from the dorsal horn of
the spinal cord to the brain.
First order neurons include A-alpha, A-beta, A-delta and C-fibers.
A-alpha and A-beta fibers are characterized by having large diameter
afferents and
A-delta and C-fibers are characterized by having small diameter afferents.
The second order afferents are nociceptive specific
11. A nociceptive neuron transmits pain signals.
Its cell body lies in the dorsal root ganglion.
A-delta and C-fibers transmits the sensation of pain.
Fast pain is transmitted over the larger, faster-conducting A-delta afferent
neurons and originates from receptors located in the skin.
Slow pain is transmitted by the C afferent neurons and originates from both
superficial (skin) and deeper (ligaments and muscle) tissue.
12. Most nociceptive second-order neurons ascend to higher centers along one
of three tracts:
(1) Lateral spinothalamic tract,
(2) Spinoreticular tract, and
(3) Spinoencephalic tract,
with the remainder ascending along the spinocervical tract or as projections
to the cuneate and gracile nuclei of the medulla.
Approximately 90% of the wide dynamic range second-order afferents
terminate in the thalamus.
14. AND
CLOSING THE GATE ARE:
The amount of activity in the pain fibers.
The amount of activity in other peripheral fibers
Messages that descend from the brain.
15. GATE MAY BE CLOSED BY:
Physical Pain - Analgesic Remedies Emotional Pain - Being in a ‘good’
mood
Behavioral Factors - Concentrating on things other than the injury
Relaxation and Contentment – Mental factors: - work, T.V., book,
Activity - Taking exercise,
counter-stimulation- heat, massage, acupuncture
16. GATE IS OPENED BY
Physical Factors - Bodily injury
Emotional Factors - Anxiety & Depression
Behavioral Factors - Attending to the injury and concentrating on the pain
Lack of Activity – Mental Factors –