Gait control theory of pain given by Melzack & Wall in 1965. This is very much helpful for those medical/paramedical professionals who deal with subjects having pain.
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
Gait control theory of pain given by Melzack & Wall in 1965. This is very much helpful for those medical/paramedical professionals who deal with subjects having pain.
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
This lecture was delivered to second year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. This is just a brief overview about TENS, where the students explore the recent evidences of TENS on treatment of various musculoskeletal conditions in the subsequent classes.
This lecture was delivered to second year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. This is just a brief overview about TENS, where the students explore the recent evidences of TENS on treatment of various musculoskeletal conditions in the subsequent classes.
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Definition n classification •Pathophysiologyof pain. •Physiological Effects of pain. •Pharmacological & non-pharmacological methods of analgesia. •Principles of pain management.METHODS OF CONTROLLING METHODS OF CONTROLLING
Non-pharmacological Preoperative counseling TENS Acupuncture
Pharmacological Opioids •Im •IV infusion •IV PCA Local anaesthetics: •Local Infiltration •Nerve Blocks •Epidural Blocks NSAIDS •IM •IV infusion •IV PCA
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS PRE-OP COUNSELLING: Well informed patients about: •Nature of operation •Nature of post operative pain •Methods of analgesia available
Cope better with Post –op Pain
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS TENS (Trans Cutaneous electric nerve stimulation)
Stimulates afferent myelinated (A-beta) nerve fibers at 70hz
Inhibitory circuits within sp cord activated
Nerve impulse transmission reduced
Maximum benefit in neurogenic pain
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS OPIODS •Activate opiodreceptors within the CNS •Reduce transmission of nerve impulses by modulation in the dorsal horn
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS –Blocks the conduction of nerve impulses –Can be given with adrenaline because •Decreases absorption of L.A allowing larger doses •Also acts on alpha 2 receptors which potentiates analgesic effect
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
NASIDS –Blocks synthesis of PG’s –Only suitable for miledto moderate pain
PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT OF PAIN •Pre-emptive analgesia •Balanced or combination analgesia •Analgesia ladder
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
Balanced Analgesia –NASID are used in conjunction with opioids. –Reduces amount of opioids –Reduces side affect of opioids,ASSESMENT OF PAIN •Observe the behaviour of the patient •Monitor analgesic requirement of the patient –Visual Analogue Score( VAS )
–Verbal Rating Score ( VRS ) •None •Mild •Moderate •severe
Pain as an unpleasant emotional experience usually initiated by a noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to the central nervous system where it is interpreted as such
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
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According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...
Pain Gate theory.pptx
1. Prof. (Dr.) Nidhi Sharma
Professor, MMIPR, MM (DU),
Mullana-Ambala, Haryana
2.
3. According to this Gate-Control Theory of Pain
proposed by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
in 1965.
Activity in large diameter low threshold
mechanoreceptive (touch-related) nerve
fibers could inhibit the transmission of action
potentials from small diameter higher
threshold nociceptive (pain-related) fibers
through pre and post synaptic inhibition in
the dorsal horn of spinal cord.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQLFfvG
M7nI
4. Modulation of pain transmission
At the level of spinal cord
As already noted primary nociceptive afferent terminate at
the 2nd order neuron or T cells. The excitability of this
pathway can be altered by other inter neurons present in the
dorsal horn. The cells of Substantia gelatinosa have an
inhibitory influence on the transmission cell by Presynaptic
Inhibition of the nociceptive afferent terminals at the point
where they synapse with transmission cells.
Substantia Gelatinosa cells are inhibited when the
nociceptive afferents are activated, this reduces the
presynaptic inhibition and allows nociceptive information to
be passed to higher center.
Substantia Gelatinosa cells are stimulated by the activation
of low threshold large diameter A beta mechanosensitive
afferents. This leads to increase in presynaptic inhibition and
prevents the transmission of nociceptive information to be
passed to higher centers.
5. The Gate Control Theory of Pain is a mechanism, in the
spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the
brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived
pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself.
The 'gate' is the mechanism where pain signals can be let
through or restricted. One of two things can happen, the
gate can be 'open' or the gate can be 'closed':
If the gate is open, pain signals can pass through and
will be sent to the brain to perceive the pain.
If the gate is closed, pain signals will be restricted from
travelling up to the brain, and the sensation of pain won't
be perceived.
6. The pain gate mechanism is located in the dorsal horn of
the spinal cord, specifically in the Substantia gelatinosa.
The interneurons within the Substantia gelatinosa are
synapse to the primary afferent neurons, and are where
the gate mechanism occurs.
Thus, the substantia gelatinosa modulates the sensory
information that is coming in from the primary afferent
neurons.
Primary neurons come in three different types:
A-β fibers, large diameter fibers, have a quick
transmission of impulses, due to their myelination-
these type of fibers are activated by non-noxious
stimuli, such as light touch, pressure, and hair
movement.
7. A-δ fibers, a smaller diameter fiber- they are thinly
myelinated, and are stimulated by noxious stimuli, such
as pain and temperature, specifically sharp, intense,
tingling sensations.
C fibers, similar to A-δ fibers, have the slowest
transmission of impulse since they are not myelinated-
these type of fibers are activated by pain and
temperature, namely prolonged burning sensations.
8. If the interneurons in the substantia gelatinosa are
stimulated by the non-noxious large diameter A-β fibers, an
inhibitory response is produced and there are no pain
signals sent to the brain, and in this instance the 'pain gate'
is closed.
When the interneurons are stimulated by the smaller
diameter A-δ or C fibers, an excitatory response is
produced. In this case, pain signals are sent to the brain,
these can be modulated, sent back down through
descending modulation, and perceived as varying amounts
of pain.
The activation of the large diameter A-β fibers also can help
reduce and inhibit the transmission of the small diameter A-
δ and C fibers.
9. At the spinal cord-
The primary afferent neurons come from the periphery
and synapse with the second order neurons in the
dorsal horn in the spinal cord, and release respective
neurotransmitters or neuropeptides.
Possible neurotransmitters or neuropeptides that can be
released are:
Glutamate, which is excitatory - the activation of NMDA
receptors by glutamate decreases activation threshold,
and extends depolarization, which leads to activation of
the dorsal horn neurons.
10. Glycine and gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA),
which are inhibitory - glycine can bind onto NMDA,
while GABA has its own specific receptors.
Substance P is an excitatory neuropeptide - these
are found in C-fibers in the periphery, and respond to
tissue damage by causing vasodilation,
inflammation, and/or pain.
Endorphins and serotonin are released in the
descending pathway to also help with gate control
and the modulation of pain.
11. There are two types of second order neurons: wide
dynamic range (WDR) neurons, and nociceptive specific
(NS) range neurons.
The WDR neurons synapse to A-β, A-δ, and C fibers,
and therefore are activated by noxious and non-noxious
stimuli.
The NS neurons, on the other hand, only synapse to A-δ
and C fibers, thus are activated by noxious stimuli.
Third-order neurons, which are located in the brainstem
and diencephalon, transmit the pain signal to the cerebral
cortex, where the pain signal, from the A-δ and C fibers,
can be further modulated.
12. Pain modulation at Higher Centers: Gate control theory of
pain
If the nociceptive information is allowed through the gate
according to gate control theory of pain, then the traffic will
continue up the lateral spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord
through the thalamus and to the cerebral cortex.
As the stimulus passes through brain stem, it may cause an
interaction between Periaqueductal grey matter and
the raphe nucleus in the mid brain.
These nuclei form part of the Descending pain
suppression system and their neurons lead to the
excitation of Substantia Gelatinosa cells and thus will cause
inhibition of the pain transmission.
13. The endogenous opioids the enkephelins, endorphins
and dianorphins are involved in pain modulation at
this level.
They are thought to be associated to produce
analgesia related only to prolonged pain rather than
initial fast pain, produced when an injury first occurs.
Therefore the inhibitory effect of higher centers
influence the pain transmission mediated through C
fibres.
14. Modulation of pain by Physical Therapy
At the level of spinal cord The large diameter
mechanosensitive afferents can be stimulated by large
number of modalities. They can be stimulated by direct
simple mechanical stimulation of receptors in skin, muscles
and joints. Techniques used include- massage, joint
mobilisation, traction, compression, thermal stimulation,
TENS, IFT, electrical stimulation of muscles.
At the level of Higher Centres The Physio therapeutic
agents which cause stimuli to flow along nociceptive fibres
can stimulate the higher centers to inhibit to inhibit the pain
transmission. Modalities used include- ice, friction,
Ultrasonic therapy, UVR, low TENS, thermotherapy.
15. At the Peripheral level i) Chemical released by the tissue
injury may stimulate the nociceptive nerve ending. Degree of
stimulation depends on the amount of chemical present.
Therefore removal of these chemicals by the physio
therapeutic agents affecting the circulation may help to
reduce the level of nociceptive stimulation. Example- HEAT,
ICE, CONTRAST BATH.
ii) Nociceptive fibres have a maximum frequency at which
they can conduct. C fibres- 15 pulse/sec and A delta fibres-
40 pulse/sec. If higher frequency of stimulation is applied, a
physiologic block to conduction might occur. Example- TENS
and IFT.